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#GST111 Lesson9

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35 views2 pages

#GST111 Lesson9

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r292hj5nrg
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GST111-LESSON (9)

LOGIC ABD CRITICAL THINKING

Critical thinking is a systematic process which involves examining information sources, arguments,
theories while interpreting, analyzing and explaining how they work. Below are aspects of critical
thinking;

A) SYLLOGISM

Syllogism is a type of logical reasoning where the conclusion is gotten from two linked premises
(prepositions or ideas from which conclusions are drawn). It is also a classical form of fact deduction,
specifically an argument consisting of a major and a minor premise and a conclusion. Syllogism came
into English through the Anglo-French word from Latin called 'syllogismus', meaning "to infer." Example;

1. kindness is praiseworthy (premise1)

Virtue is praiseworthy (premise2)

Therefore, Kindness is a virtue (conclusion)

B) INDUCTION

Induction is used to describe reasoning that involves using specific observations, such as observed
patterns, to make a general conclusion. Induction starts with a set of premises, based mainly on
experience or evidence. It uses those premises to generalize a conclusion that may be true or false.
Example;

1.Professionals commence their daily work from 9am (premise1)

At 8am, every morning Jackson leaves his apartment (premise2)

Jackson might be a professional (conclusion)

C) DEDUCTION

Deduction on the other hand involves starting from a set of general premises and then drawing a
specific factual conclusion that contains no more information than the premises themselves. Example;

1. An apple is a fruit (premise1)


All fruits are good (premise2)

Therefore, Apples are good (conclusion)

D) ABDUCTION

Abduction, is making a probable conclusion from what you know. Abductive Reasoning is the process of
using existing knowledge to draw conclusions, make predictions, or construct explanations. For instance,
if you see an abandoned bowl of hot soup on the table, you can use abduction to conclude the owner of
the soup is likely returning soon.

Other aspects of critical reasoning include analogy, generalisation and explanation. While analogy is a
comparison between one thing and another, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification,
generalization is taking one or a few facts and making a broader, more universal statement. For
instance, if all the girls you know play with dolls, you might make the generalization that all girls play
with dolls. Finally, explanation is a rationale in which reason functions as evidence in support of a
conclusion.

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