MA108 ENDSEM 12-06-2023 10:00-12:00 Maximum Marks: 30

Name: Green Division:

Roll No: Tutorial Batch:
1. Write your Name, Roll No., Division, Tutorial Batch.
2. This is a question paper cum answer booklet. At the end of the exam, only this booklet
will be collected for evaluation. Write the answers in the space provided against each ques-
tion. Separate sheets will be provided for rough work.
3. There are sixteen questions.
4. No books, notes, calculators, mobile phones, electronic devices are permitted.
5. There is no negative marking.

1. The curve in the x-y plane through the point (0, 1) and having the slope 4x3 at each point
(x, y) is given by [1]

y(x) = x4 + 1

y
y
2. Consider the IVP: y 0 = x + 4x4 e− x , y(1) = 0. The solution of the above IVP is [2]

y(x) = x ln x4 ∀ x > 0.

3. The solution set of

(sin x)y 000 (x) + xy 00 (x) + x2 y 0 (x) + x3 y(x) = 0

π π
for 4 <x< 2 is a vector space of dimension d, where [1]

d= 3.

4. Possibly multiple correct answers. Every solution of the DE y 00 (x) + αy 0 (x) + βy(x) = 0,
where α, β ∈ R, tends to 0 as x → ∞, if [1]

a. α < 0, β < 0, α2 − 4β > 0.

b. α > 0, β > 0 and α2 − 4β > 0.
c. α > 0, α2 − 4β < 0.

Write the correct option(s) here: Ans. (b), (c) .

5. Let x−1 and x−1 ln x be two solutions of x2 y 00 + axy 0 + by = 0, for x > 0, and a, b ∈ R. Then
[1+1]
a = 3 and b = 1 .

1 + x4 , x < 0
 
1, x<0
6. Possibly multiple correct answers. Let φ1 (x) = , φ2 (x) = ,
1, x≥0 1 + x4 , x ≥ 0
and φ3 (x) = 4 + x4 , x ∈ IR. [1]
Write the correct option(s) here: Ans. (a) .

1
 a. The functions φ1 , φ2 , φ3 are linearly independent on [−1, 1].
b. The Wronskian W (φ1 , φ2 , φ3 )(x) 6= 0 for all x ∈ [−1, 1].
c. There exist functions p1 , p2 , p3 defined and continuous on [−1, 1] such that φ1 , φ2 , φ3
are solutions of
y 000 (x) + p1 (x)y 00 (x) + p2 (x)y 0 (x) + p3 (x)y(x) = 0,
for all x ∈ [−1, 1].
7. Let L(y)(x) = (1 + x2 )y 00 (x) − 2xy 0 (x) + 2y(x) for all x > 0. [3]
a. Let φ1 , φ2 be two linearly independent solutions of L(y)(x) = 0 for x > 0. Given that
φ1 (x) = x, for x > 0, find
φ2 (x) = x2 − 1 .

Or φ2 (x) = C1 x + C2 (x2 − 1), for any C1 , C2 ∈ IR with C2 6= 0.

b. If yp (x) = v1 (x)φ1 (x) + v2 (x)φ2 (x) is a particular solution of L(y)(x) = x3 + x, then

x2
v1 (x) = − + ln(x2 + 1) and v2 (x) = x − tan−1 x .
2

C1 x2
x − tan−1 x − + ln(x2 + 1) + d1 , and v2 (x) = 1
x − tan−1 x + d2 ,



Or v1 (x) = − C2 2 C2
for any constants d1 , d2 ∈ IR and C1 , C2 same as in [a].
8. Possibly multiple correct answers. The function r(x) = xex + xe−x is annihilated by [1]
a. D4 − 2D2 + 1
b. D2 − 2D + 1
c. D5 + D4 − 2D3 − 2D2 + D + 1.
Write the correct option(s) here: Ans. (a), (c) .

9. The least possible n for which y(x) = sin2 x is a solution of some nth -order linear differential
equation [2]
y (n) (x) + a1 y (n−1) (x) + . . . + an y(x) = 0
for a1 , . . . , an ∈ R is
Ans. 3 .
10. Let p, q, r be continuous functions on R and L(y)(x) = y 00 (x) + p(x)y 0 (x) + q(x)y(x). If
2 2 2
φ1 (x) = 1 + ex , φ2 (x) = 1 + xex , φ3 (x) = (1 + x)ex + 1
are solutions of L(y)(x) = r(x), x ∈ R, then [4]
a. Two linearly independent solutions of L(y)(x) = 0 on R are given by
2 2
y1 (x) = ex and y2 (x) = xex .
2 2 2
(or, y1 (x) = c1 ex + c2 , for some constants c1 , c2 , with c1 6= 0 and y2 (x) = d3 xex + d2 ex + d3 ,
for some constants d1 , d2 , d3 , with d3 6= 0.)

2
 b. The functions p and r are given by

p(x) = −4x and r(x) = 4x2 − 2 .

11. Let L(y)(x) = y 000 (x) − 5y 00 (x) + 6y 0 (x). [3+1]

a. A basis of solutions of L(y)(x) = 0 is given by

y1 (x) = 1 ,
y2 (x) = e2x ,
and y3 (x) = e3x .

b. The solution of the IVP: L(y)(x) = 12x, y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 35 , y 00 (0) = 2 is given by

5
y(x) = x2 + x .
3

s2 + 9
12. The inverse Laplace transform L−1 of the function F (s) = for s > 3 is given by
(s2 − 9)2
[2]

L−1 (F )(t) = t cosh 3t .

e3t + e−3t


(i.e., L−1 (F )(t) = t .)
2
13. Possibly multiple correct answers. Let f : [0, ∞) → IR be a continuous function of exponen-
tial order. Let F (s) = L(f )(s), for s > 0, denote the Laplace transform of f . [1]

a. If F (s) = 0 for all s > 0, then f (t) = 0, for all t ≥ 0.

−s2
b. lim F (s)e 2 = 1.
s→∞
c. If f is differentiable on [0, ∞), then f 0 is also of exponential order.

Write the correct option(s) here: Ans. (a) .


Rt 0 t<1
14. Let g(t) = 0 (t − x) sin x dx and f (t) = . Then the Laplace transform
g(t − 1) t ≥ 1
L(f ) of f is given by [1]

e−s
L(f )(s) = .
s2 (s2 + 1)

15. Consider the IVP: y 00 (x) + 4y 0 (x) + 4y(x) = x3 e−2x , y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 3. The Laplace
transform L(y) of the solution y of the IVP is given by [2]

1 5 6
L(y)(s) = + 2
+ .
s + 2 (s + 2) (s + 2)6

3
 The solution y of the IVP is given by

x5
 
−2x
y(x) = e 1 + 5x + .
20

2
16. Do there exist functions p, q continuous on R such that y(x) = ex sin(x2 ) + x3 cos x is a
solution of y 00 (x) + p(x)y 0 (x) + q(x)y(x) = 0 on R? Justify your answer. [2]
2
Ans. No, there cannot exist p, q continuous functions on R such that y(x) = ex sin(x2 ) +
x3 cos x is a solution of y 00 (x) + p(x)y 0 (x) + q(x)y(x) = 0 on R.
2
Reason: Let y(x) = ex sin(x2 ) + x3 cos x for all x ∈ IR. Note that y(0) = 0 and y 0 (0) = 0. If
there exist p, q continuous functions on IR such that y(x) is a solution of y 00 (x) + p(x)y 0 (x) +
q(x)y(x) = 0 on R, then y(x) satisfies the IVP

y 00 (x) + p(x)y 0 (x) + q(x)y(x) = 0, y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0.

But then the uniqueness of solution of the second order linear ODE with continuous coeffi-
2
cients implies that y(x) = 0 for all x ∈ IR which is not the case since y(x) = ex sin(x2 ) +
x3 cos x.
So, y(x) cannot be a solution of y 00 (x) + p(x)y 0 (x) + q(x)y(x) = 0 on R, for any continuous
functions p, q defined on IR.