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Problem Sheet 3 1

The document is a problem sheet containing 14 problems related to differential equations. It covers topics like finding general solutions to homogeneous and non-homogeneous second order linear differential equations, verifying linear independence of solutions, using the method of variation of parameters, and using the method of undetermined coefficients. The problems progress from simpler concepts to more advanced ones involving Wronskians, linear independence, and various solution methods.

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Sri Krish
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104 views2 pages

Problem Sheet 3 1

The document is a problem sheet containing 14 problems related to differential equations. It covers topics like finding general solutions to homogeneous and non-homogeneous second order linear differential equations, verifying linear independence of solutions, using the method of variation of parameters, and using the method of undetermined coefficients. The problems progress from simpler concepts to more advanced ones involving Wronskians, linear independence, and various solution methods.

Uploaded by

Sri Krish
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Department of Mathematics, IIT Madras

MA 2020 - Differential Equations, Instructor: Prof. A. K. B. Chand


2022-2023 : First Semester - BATCH-1
Problem Sheet-3: Second Order Linear Homogeneous/Non-homogeneous Differential Equations

1. Show that y1 = e−x and y2 = e2x are solutions of the equation y 00 − y 0 − 2y = 0. Also find the general
solution.

2. Show that each of the functions y1 (x) = sin x − sin 3x


3
and y2 (x) = sin3 x is a solution of the differ-
ential equation y 00 + (tan x − 2 cot x)y 0 = 0. Further, verify that y = c1 y1 + c2 y2 is not the general
solution of the differential equation.

3. Find the general solution of the following equations where one solution y1 is given:
(a) x2 y 00 + xy 0 − y = 0, y1 = x; (b) y 00 + y = 0, y1 = sin x;
(c) (1 − x)2 y 00 − 2xy 0 + 2y = 0, y1 = x; (d) x2 y 00 + xy 0 + (x2 − 14 )y = 0, y1 = x(−1/2) sin x;
(e) xy 00 − (2x + 1)y 0 + (x + 1)y = 0, y1 = ex ; (f) )x2 y 00 + xy 0 − 4y = 0; y1 = x2

4. Solve the following:


(a) y 00 + 3y 0 − 54y = 0; (b) y 00 + 4y 0 + 4y = 0; (c) y 00 − 6y, +13y = 0;
(d) y 00 − 9y, +20y = 0; (e) 16y 00 − 8y 0 + y = 0; (f ) y 00 = 4y;
(g) y 00 + 4y = 0, y(0) = 3 and y 0 (0) = 8; (h) y 00 − 5y 0 + 6y = 0, y(1) = e2 and y 0 (1) = 3e2 ;
(i) y 00 + 8y 0 − 9y = 0, y(1) = 2 and y 0 (1) = 0; (j) y 00 + 4y 0 + 5y = 0, y(0) = 1 and y 0 (0) = 0.

5. Solve the following problems by using the method of variation of parameters:


e−x ex
(a) y 00 + 2y 0 + y = x2
; (b) y 00 + a2 y = sec ax; (c) y 00 − 3y 0 + 2y = 1+ex
;
(d) y 00 − 2y 0 − 3y = 64xe−x ; (e) y 00 + 2y 0 + y = e−x log x; (f) 2y 00 + 3y 0 + y = −3x
;
(g) y 00 − 4y 0 + 3y = (1 + e−x )−1 ; (h) y 00 + y = sec x tan x; (i) x2 y 00 − 4xy 0 + 6y = 21x−4 ;
(j) x2 y 00 − 2xy 0 + 2y = x3 cos x; (k)xy 00 − y 0 = (3 + x)x2 ex ;
(l) y 00 + x1 y 0 − 1
x2
y = log x, given that y1 = x and y2 = 1/x are two linearly independent solutions of
its reduced equation;
(m) (x2 + x)y 00 + (2 − x2 )y 0 − (2 + x)y = x(x + 1)2 , if the complementary function is c1 ex + c2 /x.

6. Verify that y = c1 x−1 + c2 x5 is a solution of x2 y 00 − 3xy 0 − 5y = 0, on any interval [a, b] that does
not contain the origin.

7. Consider the differential equation x2 y 00 + xy 0 − 4y = 0.


(a) Show that x2 and 1/x2 are linearly independent solutions of it on the interval 0 < x < ∞.
(b) Write the general solution of the given equation.
(c) Find the solution that satisfies the conditions y(2) = 3, y 0 (2) = −1. Explain why this solution is
8. Given that x, x2 and x4 are all solutions of x3 y 000 − 4x2 y 00 + 8xy 0 − 8y = 0. Also show that they are
linearly independent on 0 < x < ∞ and write the general solution.

9. Define the Wronskian W (y1 , y2 ) of any two differentiable functions y1 and y2 defined in an interval
(a, b) ⊂ R. Show that W (y1 , y2 ) = 0 if y1 and y2 are linearly dependent.

10. If y1 and y2 are any two solutions of a second order linear homogeneous ordinary differential equation
which is defined in an interval (a, b) ⊂ R, then W (y1 , y2 ) is either identically zero or non-zero at any
point of the interval (a, b).

11. Consider the two functions f (x) = x3 and g(x) = x2 |x| on the interval [−1, 1].
(a) Show that their Wronskian W (f, g) vanishes identically.
(b) Show that f and g are not linearly dependent.

12. Find a second order homogeneous linear ODE for which the given functions are solutions. Show
linear independence by the Wronskian. Solve the IVP.
(a) 1, e−2x ; y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = −1
(b) e−kx cos πx, e−kx sin πx, y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = −k − π

13. Solve, using the method of undetermined coefficients:


(a) y 00 − 3y 0 + 2y = 14 sin 2x − 18 cos 2x; (b) y 00 − 4y 0 + y = x2 − 2x + 2;
(c) y 00 + 9y = 2 sin 3x + 4 sin x − 26e−2x + 27x3 ; (d) y 00 − 2y 0 + 2y = ex sin x;
(e) y 00 − 2y 0 + y = xex ; (f) y 00 + 10y 0 + 25y = 14e−5x ;
(g) y 00 − 3y 0 = x + ex sin x (h) y 00 + 2y = ex + 2.

dn
14. Find the general solution of each of the following equations: (Note Dn ≡ dxn
).

(a) (D3 − 4D2 + 5D − 2)y = 0;

(b) (D2 − 3D + 2)y = (4x + 5)e3x ;

(c) (D2 − 2D + 3)y = 3e−x cos x;

(d) (D3 − 2D2 − 5D + 6)y = 18ex ;

(e) (D2 + 25)y = 50 cos 5x + 30 sin 5x;

(f) (D3 − 2D2 + 4D − 8)y = 8(x2 + cos 2x);

(g) (D3 + 3D2 − 4)y = 12e−2x + 9ex .

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