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138 views2 pages

Axens Ertc 22

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krishna
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Sustainable aviation fuel: prepare

for take-off!
Axens

D
espite the unprecedented drop in global air traffic traditional jet kerosene (currently up to 50 vol%), and the
due to the Covid-19 crisis in the past years, pas- blend does not require any equipment change, special
senger numbers and cargo volumes are anticipated infrastructure, or modification of the supply chain, limiting
to increase in the coming decades. Greenhouse gas (GHG) supply-chain investment requirements.
emissions from aviation contribute to 2% of total GHG According to the IEA, SAF currently accounts for 0.1%
emissions, with just over 600 Mt of CO₂ production in 2020. of global jet fuel consumption: producing SAF today is cur-
While a range of solutions, including technical, opera- rently more expensive than producing fossil-based jet fuel.
tional, and behavioural, are required to reduce aviation A combination of consumer pricing, regulatory, and incen-
emissions, it is recognised that liquid fuels will continue tive programmes is therefore required to expand SAF pro-
to be the dominant fuel for air travel through to 2050, and duction, regardless of the pathway.
there are many technology options to transition from fossil-
derived jet fuel to sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). All roads leading to SAF
SAF is an alternative to fossil jet fuel and a promising Among the seven pathways currently certified under the
solution to decarbonise the aviation sector. It is produced ASTM D-7566 specification for synthetic kerosene to be
from either: blended into Jet A1 pool, Axens provides de-risked tech-
• Renewable or waste-derived bio-based resources that nology for the three main pathways.
meet sustainability criteria depending on the source, such Each of these pathways can significantly reduce fuel
as renewables oils and fats, lignocellulosic biomass, wastes, lifecycle GHG when compared to fossil baselines, with
low-carbon intensity (CI) inedible starches, and sugars reductions well over 90% possible when utilising advanced
• Captured carbon dioxide combined with green hydrogen cellulosic feedstocks and/or green power:
(produced via the electrolysis of water using electricity from
renewable sources (so-called e-kerosene) Vegan®: Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA)
SAF is a drop-in fuel, meaning it can be blended with pathway: Vegan is a flexible solution to produce renewable

Atol®
1 2 3 4
Any ethanol Dehydration Oligomerisation Hydrogenation Fractionation Sustainable
source aviation
fuel
Futurol®

Figure 1 Main sustainable aviation fuel pathways

Lipids Vegan®
Fats, veg oils, UCO, etc. HVO

Lignocellulosic biomass BioTfuel® Gasel®


Wood residue, Gasification + Fischer-Tropsch
agriculture residue, Fischer-Tropsch (FT) + upgrading
energy crops
Sustainable
Futurol™ 2G ethanol ATJ aviation
2G enzymatic Alcohol to Jet fuel
conversion
Green H2,
carbon capture, waste,
low-Cl, inedible starches 1G/2G alcohol
and sugars

Figure 2 Alcohol to Jet pathway

www.digitalrefining.com December 2022 1


diesel and SAF through the hydrotreatment of a wide to 70 million litres, of advanced bioethanol in synergy with
range of lipids (renewable vegetable oils and animal fats). green energy production.
This technology allows producers to effectively address
environmental regulations and sustainability targets, and Combination of Enzymatic conversion + Alcohol to Jet
secure energy diversification with drop-in premium qual- pathways: Combining Futurol and the Alcohol to Jet pro-
ity products. Vegan technology includes a hydrotreatment cesses provides the possibility of producing ultra-low CI –
(HDT) section and a hydroisomerisation (HDI) section. The or even carbon-neutral, advanced SAF from lignocellulosic
HEFA pathway offers the possibility to revamp existing biomass. This chain has many advantages, including:
hydrotreatment units and turn them into HEFA units to pro-  A two-stage investment plan to either produce advanced
duce SAF. bioethanol first (with Futurol), then subsequently build an
Alcohol to Jet block
Gasel®: Fischer Tropsch (FT) pathway: Gasel technology  To produce SAF from low-CI, 1G ethanol (with ATJ),
converts synthesis gas (H₂+CO) from various origins – bio- decarbonise the SAF over time with the introduction of
mass, captured carbon oxides – into a flexible slate of ultra- advanced bioethanol
clean liquid fuels (XTL), including SAF. This Fischer-Tropsch  Utilising a ‘hub and spoke’ approach by building multiple
route is commonly accepted as one of the most promising small Futurol plants near feedstock sources that all feed
mid-term solutions for the production of alternative fuels a centralised ATJ plant that captures economies of scale.
and petrochemicals, including biomass-to-liquids (BTL) and These advantages make the ATJ pathway unique in today’s
e-fuels. It includes syngas purification and Fischer-Tropsch continuously evolving environment.
synthesis and product upgrading.
Conclusion
BioTfueL®: Gasification pathway: BioTfueL technology Many different types of technologies and pathways are
unlocks SAF and advanced biofuels production from energy now available to produce SAF, and Axens is uniquely
crops and agricultural and forestry residues (including positioned to bring de-risked technologies to three of the
wood industry residues) via a thermochemical pathway. primary pathways (HEFA, ATJ, and Biomass to Liquids via
This technology enables access to a wide range of biomass Gasification and Fischer-Tropsch). Each pathway has dis-
and positions itself as a sustainable alternative to vegetable tinct regional feedstock-specific, economies of scale and
oil and food-based renewable fuels. Axens is the only licen- techno-economic advantages, with each one having a role
sor offering a BTL solution from biomass to liquid. It relies to play depending on the individual project context. Meeting
on a four-step process: pretreatment, gasification, syngas the demands of the aviation sector will likely require the
conditioning, and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and upgrading. implementation of multiple project pathways, including
those listed here. Axens can perform feasibility studies to
Ethanol to Jet pathway: Ethanol to Jet (ETJ) is the process select the right pathway(s) with the right business model
by which 1G or advanced bioethanol (2G) is converted in order to come up with the most optimised solution to fit
to SAF via different steps: dehydration, oligomerisation, any need.
hydrogenation, fractionation (see Figure 1). This differen- The common threads running through these technolo-
tiating technology bundle approach utilises already com- gies are flexibility, reliability, and the realisation of decades
mercially proven processes, with over 100 homogeneous of technology development, demonstrating that Axens is
and heterogeneous reference units, 70 hydrogenation ref- ready to meet the challenges of scaling up SAF capacity in
erences, and four dehydration references. the coming years.

Futurol®: Enzymatic conversion pathway: Futurol converts Contact: Yvon.BERNARD@axens.net


lignocellulosic biomass from from energy crops and agricul-
tural and forestry residues (including wood industry resi-
dues), into cellulosic ethanol (advanced bioethanol). This LINKS
cellulosic ethanol can then be converted to SAF with the ATJ
More articles from: Axens
process described above. Futurol relies on a four-step pro-
cess: pretreatment, biocatalysts production, hydrolysis and More articles from the following categories:
Alternative Fuels
fermentation, and products recovery. Futurol was selected
Emissions Reduction
by INA, in Croatia, to produce 55,000 tonnes, equivalent

2 December 2022 www.digitalrefining.com

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