CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The use of poultry manure, NPK, and lime to amend soil is essential for improving the nutrient

content of soil in selected farmer's fields in Umuahia, Abia State. These amendments have a

direct impact on the macro and micro nutrient content of the soil, which in turn affects the

quality of the crops grown in the field. This article will discuss the effects of these amendments

on the macro and micro nutrient content of the soil in the selected farmer's fields in Umuahia,

Abia State.

Poultry manure is an excellent source of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) as well as

other micronutrients. It is also high in organic matter, which improves soil structure and

increases water-holding capacity. The application of poultry manure to the soil increases the

soil's fertility and higher crop yields (Adebayo et al., 2018).

NPK stands for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. These three elements are essential for plant

growth and development. The application of NPK to the soil increases the nutrient content of the

soil, which in turn increases yields. NPK is especially beneficial for crops that require higher

nutrient levels, such as vegetables and fruits (Adediran and Ogunsanwo, 2016).

Lime is a natural soil amendment that increases the pH of acidic soils. The application of lime to

acidic soils increases the nutrient availability of the soil and improves crop productivity. Lime

also helps to reduce the toxicity of certain metals, such as aluminum, which can be toxic to

plants (Omotoso et al., 2018; Ayodele and Lawal, 2016).

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1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

As population pressure increases and fallow cycles shortened, rapid depletion of nutrients in

smallholder farms is one of the major problems affecting food production in Africa including

Ethiopia (Achieng, et al., 2010). Soil nutrient replenishment is therefore a prerequisite for halting

soil fertility decline. Organic sources of plant nutrients as organic amendment could remain the

principal sources for the maintenance of soil fertility and environmental quality, and this may

also accomplished through the application of mineral and organic fertilizers (Bationo, et al,

2004; Friesen, 2005). Organic materials derived from plants and animals might possess many

characteristics that can improve soil fertility, quality of the environment and enhance crop

performance.

1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM

Throughout history, people who raise livestock and poultry have used manure as a fertilizer, soil

amendment, energy source, even construction material. Manure contains many useful, recyclable

components, including nutrients, organic matter, solids, energy, and fiber. With today’s

technology, manure can be used more efficiently and in more ways than ever, which should

mitigate many of the environmental impacts that result when manure is treated as a waste.

Farmers, gardeners, landscapers, and others commonly use livestock manure as a fertilizer to

provide nutrients needed for crop production. Manure nutrients have real value as fertilizer.

Manure’s fertilizer value will increase as the price of commercial fertilizers increase.

Like commercial fertilizer, manure must be managed properly to avoid environmental impacts.

Manure has fertilizer value in its raw form; however, processing manure through digestion,

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composting, or other means can yield materials that are more portable and whose nutrients are

more available to plants, more balanced to crop needs, or less prone to environmental losses.

During integrated nutrient management involving PM, NPK, Lime, it is, therefore, necessary to

investigate the effects of PM, NPK, Lime on soil nutrients for the growth of the crop. Overall,

this study highlights the importance of optimizing the importance of amending the soil.

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate

1. Effects of lime in correcting acidity alone and with other treatments.

2. Effects of poultry manure on the soil nutrients

3. Complimentary use of pm, lime and mineral fertilizer on: correcting soil acidity and

improving soil fertility

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 OVERVIEW OF MACRO AND MICRO NUTRIENTS IN AGRICULTURE

Macronutrients are essential elements that plants need in large amounts for normal growth and

development. These elements include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca)

and magnesium (Mg). These nutrients are essential for photosynthesis, respiration, and the

synthesis of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Furthermore, they influence the production of

enzymes, hormones, and other metabolic compounds. Micronutrients, on the other hand, include

essential elements like iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B),

molybdenum (Mo), and chlorine (Cl). These nutrients are required in small amounts, but are

essential for plant growth and development (Lieth and Irmler, 1975).

Several studies have demonstrated that the availability of macro and micro nutrients in the soil is

important for crop production. For example, soil nitrogen and phosphorus are essential for crop

growth and development, and nitrogen is the most important nutrient for crop production. The

availability of nitrogen is also important for the synthesis of proteins and enzymes. Phosphorus is

important for the growth of root systems, and potassium is important for the production of

energy in plants. Calcium and magnesium are important for the formation of cell walls and for

the production of hormones, and iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum, and

chlorine are essential for various metabolic processes (Smith and Bolan, 2008; Buresh and

Jackson, 1989; Smith, 2004).

In addition to their importance for crop production, macro and micro nutrients are also essential

for soil health. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are important for the formation of soil

organic matter, which is essential for soil fertility and soil structure. Calcium, magnesium, and

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boron are important for the formation of clay particles, which are important for soil aggregation.

Iron, manganese, zinc, copper, and molybdenum are essential for the activity of enzymes and

bacteria in the soil, and chlorine is important for the balance of soil acidity. Overall, the literature

review reveals that macro and micro nutrients are essential for crop production and soil health.

As such, it is important for farmers to ensure that the soil is adequately supplied with these

nutrients in order to maximize crop yields and soil quality (Wang and Chien, 2001).

2.2 IMPORTANCE OF NUTRIENT CONTENT FOR CROP GROWTH AND YIELD

Nutrient content is a key factor in crop growth and yield. Nutrients are essential for the healthy

growth of all crops and are necessary for the maintenance of their health and productivity.

Nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium provide essential macronutrients, while

micronutrients such as calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and boron are also necessary for crop growth

and yield.

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are essential macronutrients for crop growth and yield.

Research has shown that these nutrients are essential for the growth, development, and

productivity of crops (Hoffman and Huggins, 2010; Rees et al., 2011). Nitrogen is important for

the growth of leafy and stem tissues, while phosphorus is necessary for the development of root

systems and energy storage (Rees et al., 2011). Potassium is important for cell division, enzyme

activity, and photosynthesis (Hoffman and Huggins, 2010).

Calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and boron are also important micronutrients for crop growth and

yield. Calcium plays a role in the development of cell walls and root systems, while magnesium

is important for photosynthesis and enzyme activity (Rees et al., 2011). Sulfur is important for

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the production of proteins, while boron is important for cell wall structure, root growth, and

photosynthesis (Hoffman and Huggins, 2010).

Research has also shown that the content of these nutrients in the soil can greatly influence crop

growth and yield. Nutrients must be present in the soil in the right amounts and in the right

proportions in order for crops to reach their full potential (Rees et al., 2011). If the nutrient

content is too low, crops will not be able to grow and develop properly, leading to lower yields

(Hoffman and Huggins, 2010).

There are several methods used to measure nutrient content in crops. These include soil testing,

leaf tissue testing, and stem and root analysis (Rees et al., 2011).

Soil testing is a common method used to measure the nutrient content of soils. This method

involves collecting a sample of soil from the field and analyzing it for nutrient content. The

results of the analysis can then be used to determine the nutrient levels in the soil and inform

decisions about fertilization (Hoffman and Huggins, 2010).

Leaf tissue testing is another method used to measure the nutrient content of crops. This method

involves collecting a sample of leaves from the crop and analyzing them for nutrient content. The

results of the analysis can then be used to determine the nutrient levels in the leaves and inform

decisions about fertilization (Rees et al., 2011).

Stem and root analysis is a method used to measure the nutrient content of stems and roots. This

method involves collecting a sample of stems and roots from the crop and analyzing them for

nutrient content. The results of the analysis can then be used to determine the nutrient levels in

the stems and roots and inform decisions about fertilization (Hoffman and Huggins, 2010).

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2.3 SOIL AMENDMENTS: TYPES AND MECHANISMS

Soil amendments are materials added to soils to improve their health and fertility. They can be

organic or inorganic, and can range from compost to fertilizers. Organic soil amendments are

materials that are derived from living organisms, such as compost, manure, and green manures.

These materials improve soil structure, increase organic matter content, and provide nutrients.

Compost is a mix of partially decomposed organic materials, including yard and kitchen waste

that provides nutrients and improves soil structure. Manure is the excrement of grazing animals,

and can add both nutrients and organic matter to soils. Green manures are plants grown

specifically to add organic matter and nutrients to soils (Rao et al., 2012).

Inorganic soil amendments are materials that are mined or synthesized, such as fertilizers and

limestones. Fertilizers are materials that supply essential nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus,

and potassium, to plants. Limestones are materials that contain calcium carbonate, which can

help to neutralize soil acidity. Soil amendments can have a range of mechanisms for improving

soil health. Compost, for example, can improve soil structure by providing organic matter that

binds soil particles together. Manure and green manures can add nutrients, such as nitrogen, to

soils. Fertilizers and limestones can add essential nutrients or adjust soil pH, respectively (Barber

et al., 1987).

Studies have shown that soil amendments can be effective in improving soil health and fertility.

Studies conducted in India, for example, found that compost and green manures had beneficial

effects on soil fertility and crop yields. Other studies in the United States found that fertilizers

were effective in improving soil fertility and crop yields. Limestones have been found to be

effective in adjusting soil pH and improving soil structure (Blum, 2004).

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2.3.1 Types of Amendments Considered

2.3.1.1 Poultry manure

Poultry manure is a valuable soil amendment because it is a natural source of nitrogen,

phosphorus, and potassium, which are essential for healthy soil. In addition, poultry manure is a

good source of organic matter, which improves the soil’s structure and increases water and

nutrient retention. Poultry manure also contains beneficial microorganisms that improve the

soil’s fertility and help to break down organic matter into plant-available nutrients (Abidin et al.,

2014).

The addition of poultry manure to soil also helps to reduce nutrient leaching and runoff, which

can occur when fertilizers are applied to the soil. This is because poultry manure slowly releases

nutrients over time, which prevents them from being lost to leaching and runoff. Poultry manure

has been shown to improve soil structure and increase water and nutrient retention. It also

increases the abundance and diversity of beneficial soil microorganisms, which helps to break

down organic matter and increase the availability of essential nutrients. Furthermore, the addition

of poultry manure to soil has been shown to reduce the amount of fertilizer needed to produce a

crop (Aulakh and Sandhu, 2011).

In addition to its benefits, there are some drawbacks to using poultry manure as a soil

amendment. One of the main issues is the potential for contamination with heavy metals and

toxins, such as arsenic, lead, and mercury, which can be found in poultry manure. Therefore, it is

important to test the poultry manure before using it as a soil amendment to make sure it is safe

for use (Collins, 2008).

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Poultry manure is a valuable soil amendment because it is a natural source of essential nutrients

and beneficial microorganisms. It can improve soil structure, increase water and nutrient

retention, and reduce the need for fertilizer. However, it is important to test the manure before

using it to make sure it is safe for use (Kebreab et al., 2006).

2.3.1.2 NPK

NPK is one of the most widely used soil amendments because it contains essential nutrients for

healthy crop growth. Nitrogen is an important component of photosynthesis and protein

synthesis, and it aids in the growth of foliage. Phosphorous is necessary for the production of

energy, and it is important for root development. Potassium helps to regulate water balance, and

it also helps plants to resist disease and stress (Ahmad and Singh, 2020)

NPK can be applied to the soil in a variety of ways. Fertilizers are one of the most common

forms of NPK application, and they can be applied through broadcast spreading or through direct

injection. Organic fertilizers, such as manure and compost, are also used to provide NPK to the

soil. Additionally, soil can be enriched with NPK through the use of cover crops and green

manures (Kumari and Kumar, 2020).

Once NPK is applied to the soil, it is available for plant uptake. The mechanisms by which plants

take up NPK vary depending on the form of the amendment. For example, ammonium and

nitrate forms of nitrogen are rapidly taken up by plants, while phosphorous is slowly taken up by

plants through the process of diffusion. Potassium is taken up by plants in both inorganic and

organic forms (Rashid et al., 2018).

In addition to providing essential nutrients for plant growth, NPK can also improve soil structure

and fertility. NPK helps to maintain soil pH, which can improve nutrient availability and

9
promote microbial activity. Additionally, NPK can help to increase the cation exchange capacity

of the soil, which can improve water retention and nutrient uptake by plants. This literature

review has explored the ways that NPK can be used as a soil amendment and the mechanisms by

which it improves soil fertility. NPK is a widely used amendment because it contains essential

nutrients for crop growth. Additionally, it can improve soil structure and fertility by maintaining

soil pH and increasing cation exchange capacity (Toor and Naeem, 2020).

2.3.1.3 Lime

Lime, or calcium carbonate, is a common soil amendment used to increase soil pH and improve

soil structure. It is an effective tool for managing soil acidity and can be used to improve plant

growth and nutrient availability, as well as to reduce the risk of plant diseases. This review

provides an overview of the literature on the mechanisms by which lime influences soil

properties and plant health (Bakker and van Veen, 2003).

Lime is known to have a positive impact on soil structure by enhancing soil aggregation, which

increases its porosity and water-holding capacity. Lime is also known to increase the availability

of essential nutrients, such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, by reducing soil

acidity. Lime also helps to reduce soil-borne plant pathogens, such as Pythium and Fusarium, by

raising soil pH and reducing the activity of certain enzymes (Chen et al., 2016).

Lime is also known to improve the availability of nitrogen to plants. It does this by increasing the

solubility of nitrogen in soil, making it more accessible to plants. Lime also increases the activity

of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which helps to increase the availability of nitrogen to plants (Das and

Choudhary, 2005).

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Finally, lime is known to reduce the toxicity of certain heavy metals, such as lead, arsenic, and

mercury, in soil. This is due to the fact that lime binds to these metals, which reduces their

availability to plants (McLaughlin and Ryan, 2003).

Overall, lime is a beneficial soil amendment that can improve soil structure, increase nutrient

availability, and reduce soil-borne plant pathogens. It is also effective at reducing the toxicity of

heavy metals in soil. Thus, lime is an important tool for managing soil acidity and improving

plant health (Santos and Almeida, 2015).

2.3.2 Application Methods

2.3.2.1 Application of poultry manure as a soil amendment

The application of poultry manure to soil has been found to be beneficial in improving soil

fertility due to its high nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content. Poultry manure also contains

other essential plant nutrients such as potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), and calcium

(Ca). In addition, poultry manure contains high levels of humic acid, which is beneficial in

improving soil structure and improving water-holding capacity (Bastidas-Obando and Coronado-

Vázquez, 2015).

Studies have shown that the application of poultry manure as a soil amendment can increase crop

yields significantly. For example, a study conducted in India found that the application of poultry

manure increased maize yields by up to 42%. Similarly, another study in Iran found that

application of poultry manure increased wheat yields by 17% (Davoodi et al., 2018).

In addition, the application of poultry manure as a soil amendment has been found to be

beneficial in improving soil physical and chemical properties. Poultry manure has been found to

11
improve soil pH, reduce bulk density, and improve water infiltration rate. It has also been found

to reduce soil erosion and reduce the amount of nutrients leached from soil (Meng et al., 2014).

However, there are some drawbacks to the application of poultry manure as a soil amendment.

For example, it is a potential source of contamination with heavy metals, parasites, and

pathogens. In addition, poultry manure has a high content of salt, which can lead to salinization

of soil. Therefore, proper management of poultry manure is important to ensure its benefits

without any negative impacts (Singh et al., 2018).

The application of poultry manure as a soil amendment has been found to be beneficial in

improving soil fertility and crop yields. However, proper management is required to ensure its

positive benefits without any negative impacts.

2.3.2.2 Application of NPK as a soil amendment

A soil amendment is any material that is added to soil in order to improve its physical and/or

chemical properties. One of the most commonly used soil amendments is NPK, which stands for

nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium (Chandra et al., 2020).

NPK is an important soil amendment because it provides essential nutrients for plants. Studies

have shown that applying NPK can increase crop yields, improve soil structure, and improve soil

fertility. It can also help to reduce the levels of toxic metals in the soil, such as lead and

cadmium. In addition, NPK can improve the water-holding capacity of soils, which can be

beneficial for crop growth (Das and Bhattacharyya, 2016).

Although NPK can be beneficial, it also has some potential drawbacks. For example, if applied

in excess, it can lead to nutrient runoff and leaching, which can lead to eutrophication and other

12
environmental issues. In addition, if not managed properly, NPK can be a source of pollution, as

it can release nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gases (Manninen and Päivänen, 2020).

NPK is a widely used soil amendment that can provide significant benefits to crop yields and soil

fertility. However, it is important to use it properly and in moderation, as overapplication can

lead to environmental issues (Rajput et al., 2018).

2.3.2.3 Application of lime as a soil amendment

Studies have shown that lime can effectively raise the pH of acidic soils, helping to make

nutrients more available to plants. In a study conducted by Riond et al. (2020), lime was applied

to an acidic soil and soil pH was measured throughout the growing season. They found that lime

was effective in raising the pH of the soil, and that the effects were sustained over time.

Lime can also be used to reduce soil compaction and improve soil structure. In a study conducted

by Patra et al. (2015), lime was applied to compacted soil and soil structure was evaluated over

time. The results showed that the application of lime improved the structure of the soil, making it

more porous and allowing for better water drainage and air circulation.

In addition to improving soil structure, lime can also promote beneficial microbial activity. In a

study conducted by López et al. (2018), lime was applied to soil and the microbial community

was evaluated over time. They found that the application of lime increased microbial biomass

and diversity, which can lead to improved soil health.

The application of lime as a soil amendment has been studied extensively, and there is a wealth

of literature available on the subject. Studies have shown that lime can effectively raise the pH of

acidic soils, reduce soil compaction, and promote beneficial microbial activity. It is an important

13
tool for improving soil fertility and structure, and should be considered when managing soils.

2.4 EFFECTS OF AMENDMENTS

2.4.1 Impact of Organic Amendments on Nutrient Content

Organic amendments can play an important role in maintaining and improving soil fertility.

Organic amendments are materials of plant, animal, or microbial origin that are added to soil to

increase the amount of organic matter in the soil. They can also provide nutrients to plants and

help improve soil structure and water holding capacity. The application of organic amendments

to soil can increase the availability of nutrients, improve soil structure and water holding

capacity, and enhance microbial activity.

Organic amendments can add nutrients to the soil, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

These nutrients can be used by plants, as well as by soil microbes to support microbial growth

and activity. Organic amendments can also improve the structure of the soil, which can result in

improved water and nutrient holding capacity. Organic amendments can also increase the

availability of nutrients to plants, as well as improve the soil’s ability to store and retain nutrients

(Schulte et al., 2010).

Studies have shown that the addition of organic amendments to soil can improve soil fertility and

increase the availability of nutrients to plants. For example, a study by Schulte et al. (2010)

found that the addition of organic amendments to soil increased the availability of phosphorus,

nitrogen, and potassium to plants. Similarly, a study by Nardi et al. (2012) found that the

addition of compost to soil increased the availability of phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium to

plants.

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The addition of organic amendments to soil can also improve the structure of the soil and

increase water and nutrient holding capacity. A study by Wang et al. (2012) found that the

addition of organic amendments to soil improved the structure of the soil, which resulted in

increased water and nutrient holding capacity. Similarly, a study by Sun et al. (2009) found that

the addition of organic amendments to soil improved soil structure, increased water and nutrient

holding capacity, and increased the availability of phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium to plants.

2.4.2 Increase in organic matter and nutrient retention

Organic matter and nutrient retention are important components in soil health and productivity.

However, many soils are deficient in organic matter and nutrients due to intensive farming

practices, poor management, and soil erosion. Soil amendments are materials added to soils to

improve their physical and chemical properties, and one such amendment is the use of organic

matter. This paper reviews the literature to evaluate the effects of adding organic matter to soils

on organic matter and nutrient retention.

Studies have shown that the addition of organic matter to soils can increase organic matter and

nutrient retention, resulting in better soil structure, improved water holding capacity, increased

microbial activity, and higher nutrient availability. For example, a study conducted in India

found that adding organic matter to soils increased organic matter and nitrogen retention,

resulting in an improved soil fertility and better crop yields. Similarly, another study in the

United States found that adding organic matter to soils increased the amount of organic matter

and phosphorus retention, resulting in higher crop yields (Kumar et al., 2008).

The addition of organic matter to soil can also increase the microbial activity in the soil, which

can further improve organic matter and nutrient retention. Studies have shown that increased

15
microbial activity can increase the availability of organic materials and minerals, leading to

improved nutrient retention. For example, a study in China found that the addition of organic

matter to soils increased the microbial activity, resulting in increased organic matter and

phosphorus retention (Gebhardt et al., 2010).

Organic matter addition can also increase the water-holding capacity of soils. This can result in

improved nutrient retention, as water-holding capacity is an important factor in nutrient

availability. For example, a study in India found that the addition of organic matter to soils

increased water-holding capacity and nutrient retention, resulting in improved crop yields (Li et

al., 2014).

The addition of organic matter to soils can result in increased organic matter and nutrient

retention, which can improve soil fertility and crop yields. Studies have shown that the addition

of organic matter to soils can increase the microbial activity, water-holding capacity, and nutrient

retention, resulting in improved crop yields. Therefore, the use of organic matter amendment is a

viable option for improving soil health and productivity (Gautam and Agarwal, 2009).

2.4.3 Influence on microbial activity and nutrient mineralization

Soil amendments are materials that are added to the soil to improve its physical, chemical, and

biological properties, and to increase the availability of essential nutrients and minerals.

Examples of soil amendments include organic matter (e.g. compost, manure, peat, etc.), minerals

(e.g. limestone, gypsum, etc.), and synthetic fertilizers (e.g. urea, ammonium nitrate, etc.). The

application of soil amendments to soil can have a significant impact on the microbial activity and

nutrient mineralization of the soil. The purpose of this literature review is to examine the

influence of different soil amendments on microbial activity and nutrient mineralization.

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Organic matter is one of the most common soil amendments. The addition of organic matter to

soil can have a positive effect on microbial activity and nutrient mineralization. For example, a

study conducted by Wang et al. 2015) found that the addition of compost to soil increased the

microbial biomass, increased the activity of nitrifying bacteria, and increased the rate of nitrogen

mineralization. Similarly, a study conducted by Chen et al. (2014) found that the addition of

organic matter to soil increased the microbial biomass, increased the activity of nitrogen-fixing

bacteria, and increased the rate of nitrogen mineralization. In addition, a study conducted by

Wang et al. (2011) found that the addition of compost to soil increased the rate of phosphorus

mineralization.

Minerals are a common soil amendment and can have a significant impact on microbial activity

and nutrient mineralization. For example, a study conducted by Fu et al. (2014) found that the

addition of limestone to soil increased the microbial biomass and increased the rate of nitrogen

mineralization. Similarly, a study conducted by Sun et al. (2009) found that the addition of

gypsum to soil increased the activity of nitrifying bacteria and increased the rate of phosphorus

mineralization. In addition, a study conducted by Zhang et al. (2009) found that the addition of

potassium to soil increased the activity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and increased the rate of

nitrogen mineralization.

Synthetic fertilizers are also a common soil amendment and can have an impact on microbial

activity and nutrient mineralization. For example, a study conducted by Zhang et al. (2011)

found that the addition of urea to soil increased the activity of nitrifying bacteria and increased

the rate of nitrogen mineralization. Similarly, a study conducted by Wang et al. (2012) found that

the addition of ammonium nitrate to soil increased the activity of nitrifying bacteria and

17
increased the rate of nitrogen mineralization. In addition, a study conducted by Wang et al.

(2013) found that the addition of urea to soil increased the rate of phosphorus mineralization.

2.4.4 Influence of inorganic amendments on nutrient availability

Soil amendment is a process that can be used to improve the physical and chemical properties of

soil. It can involve adding nutrients, organic matter, or other materials to the soil to increase its

productivity and fertility. Inorganic amendments are a type of soil amendment that can be used to

improve soil fertility. These amendments often contain a variety of essential nutrients, such as

nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which can help improve soil fertility and increase crop

yields.

In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the potential influence of inorganic

amendments on nutrient availability in soils. Studies have shown that inorganic amendments can

have a positive effect on soil fertility, including increased nutrient availability and improved soil

structure. However, there is still much to be learned about the effects of these amendments on

nutrient availability.

To better understand the potential influence of inorganic amendments on nutrient availability, it

is important to examine the existing literature. Several studies have been conducted to assess the

effects of inorganic amendments on nutrient availability in soils. A review of these studies

reveals that inorganic amendments can have a significant impact on nutrient availability in soils.

For example, a study by Hosseini et al. (2019) found that the addition of inorganic amendments

significantly increased the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in soils. The

authors concluded that inorganic amendments were effective in increasing the availability of

essential nutrients in soils. Similar results were found in a study by Zhang et al. (2020), which

18
showed that the addition of inorganic amendments improved the availability of several essential

nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

In addition to increasing the availability of essential nutrients, inorganic amendments can also

improve soil structure and reduce soil compaction. Studies have shown that inorganic

amendments can improve soil structure by increasing porosity and reducing bulk density. This

can lead to increased water infiltration and improved root growth, which can ultimately lead to

increased crop yields.

Overall, it is clear that inorganic amendments can have a significant impact on nutrient

availability in soils. Studies have demonstrated that inorganic amendments can increase the

availability of essential nutrients and improve soil structure, leading to increased crop yields and

improved soil fertility.

2.4.5 pH adjustment and nutrient solubility

Soil amendment is a process which involves the addition of materials to soil to improve its

physical, chemical, and biological properties, such as fertility, structure, and water-holding

capacity. Soil amendment can also be used to adjust the pH of soil and to increase the solubility

of certain nutrients. This article will review the literature on the pH adjustment and nutrient

solubility as an effect of some soil amendments.

The primary goal of soil amendment is to improve soil fertility and crop productivity. Soil pH is

an important factor in soil fertility, as it affects the availability of essential nutrients for plant

growth. It is therefore important to adjust the pH of soil to its optimal range for optimal crop

growth. Several soil amendments have been used to adjust the pH of soil, including lime,

gypsum, elemental sulfur, and various organic amendments. Studies have shown that these soil

19
amendments can effectively increase the pH of acidic soils and decrease the pH of alkaline soils

(Awaisu et al., 2018; Haque et al., 2020).

In addition to pH adjustment, soil amendments can also increase the solubility of certain

nutrients. This is important as it increases the availability of these nutrients for plant growth.

Organic soil amendments, such as manure, compost, and biosolids, have been found to be

effective at increasing the solubility of phosphorus, potassium, and other essential nutrients

(Awaisu et al., 2018; Haque et al., 2020). This can lead to improved crop yields and plant health.

Soil amendment is an effective way to adjust the pH of soil and increase the solubility of certain

nutrients. The use of various soil amendments, such as lime, gypsum, elemental sulfur, and

organic amendments, can effectively increase the pH of acidic soils and decrease the pH of

alkaline soils. In addition, organic soil amendments can be used to increase the solubility of

essential nutrients, such as phosphorus and potassium, leading to improved crop yields and plant

health.

2.4.6 Alteration of nutrient fixation and leaching

Soil amendments are substances that are added to soil to improve its fertility and physical

properties. They can be organic or inorganic materials, and can be applied to soil to increase the

availability of nutrients, improve soil structure, reduce erosion, and reduce leaching of nutrients

from the soil. Among the various soil amendments, the alteration of nutrient fixation and

leaching as an effect of some soil amendment is an important topic of study. This literature

review will discuss the effect of some soil amendments on nutrient fixation and leaching in soils.

Nutrient fixation refers to the process of converting atmospheric nitrogen into forms that can be

used by plants, and can be accomplished through biological or chemical processes. Biological

20
nitrogen fixation is the process of converting nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into a form that

can be used by plants, and can be accomplished by certain bacteria, fungi, and other

microorganisms. Chemical fixation is the process of converting nitrogen gas from the

atmosphere into ammonia or nitrates through chemical reactions (Abbaspour et al., 1994).

Studies have shown that certain soil amendments can have an effect on nutrient fixation. For

example, the addition of rock phosphate to soil has been shown to increase the availability of

phosphorus in the soil, and consequently, the rate of biological nitrogen fixation. Other soil

amendments such as compost, manure, and biosolids have also been found to increase the

availability of phosphorus and other micronutrients, thus increasing the rate of biological

nitrogen fixation (Adesodun and Nkongolo, 2009). Leaching is the process of washing nutrients

out of the soil, and can be caused by excessive irrigation or rainwater. Leaching of nutrients can

have a negative effect on soil fertility, and can lead to the loss of important nutrients from the

soil.

Studies have shown that certain soil amendments can reduce the leaching of nutrients from soils.

For example, the addition of compost or biosolids has been shown to increase the soil's water-

holding capacity, thus reducing the leaching of nutrients from the soil. Other soil amendments

such as gypsum and rock phosphate have also been found to reduce the leaching of nutrients

from the soil (Magdoff and Harold, et al., 2000).

The addition of certain soil amendments has been shown to have an effect on nutrient fixation

and leaching. The addition of rock phosphate, compost, and biosolids can increase the

availability of phosphorus and other micronutrients, thus increasing the rate of biological

nitrogen fixation. In addition, the addition of compost and biosolids has been shown to increase

21
the soil's water-holding capacity, thus reducing the leaching of nutrients from the soil (Burns and

Michael, 1976).

2.5 Specific Effects of Amendments on Macro and Micro Nutrients

Soil amendments are materials that are added to soil to improve its physical and chemical

characteristics. These amendments can affect the availability of macro and micro nutrients in the

soil, and can have significant effects on the growth and health of plants.

One study examined the effects of a soil amendment composed of poultry litter, sawdust, and

wood ash on macro and micro nutrients in a volcanic soil in Mexico. The amendment increased

the availability of macro and micro nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,

calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper. The amendment also increased the

uptake of these nutrients by plants, resulting in improved yields (Gutierrez-Granados et al.,

2017).

Another study examined the effects of a soil amendment composed of vermicompost on the

macro and micro nutrient availability in a semi-arid environment in India. The results showed

that the amendment increased the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,

magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper. The amendment also improved plant growth and

yield, resulting in higher crop yields (Gupta et al., 2017).

A third study examined the effects of a soil amendment composed of biochar on the macro and

micro nutrient availability in an acidic soil in China. The results showed that the amendment

increased the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron,

manganese, zinc, and copper. The amendment also improved plant growth and yield, resulting in

higher crop yields (Sun et al., 2016).

22
Finally, a fourth study examined the effects of compost-amended soils on macro and micro

nutrient availability in a tropical environment in Costa Rica. The results showed that the compost

increased the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron,

manganese, zinc, and copper. The amendment also improved plant growth and yield, resulting in

higher crop yields (Vargas-Mora et al., 2012).

Overall, this literature review has demonstrated that soil amendments can have significant effects

on the availability of macro and micro nutrients, and on the growth and yields of plants. The

findings suggest that soil amendments can be used to improve soil fertility and enhance crop

production.

2.5.1 Nitrogen dynamics with organic and inorganic amendments

Nitrogen (N) is an important macronutrient for plant growth and development. The availability

of N in soils can be affected by a variety of soil amendments, including organic and inorganic

amendments. Organic amendments, such as compost, manure, and green manure, have been

reported to increase N availability in soils. Compost can release N slowly over time, resulting in

sustained plant growth. Manure can also provide N to soil, although it is less effective than

compost due to its higher C:N ratio. Green manure can also provide N to the soil, but its

effectiveness depends on the type of green manure used (Gifford and McDowell, 2009).

Inorganic amendments, such as urea, ammonium sulfate, and calcium nitrate, have also been

found to increase N availability in soils. Urea is highly soluble, and can provide N to soil

quickly, resulting in rapid plant growth. Ammonium sulfate is less soluble than urea, but it can

provide N to soil over a longer period of time. Calcium nitrate is an effective source of N, but its

effectiveness can be reduced by soil pH and other soil characteristics (Goyal et al., 2011).

23
The effects of different organic and inorganic amendments on N dynamics in soils have also

been studied. In general, organic amendments have been found to increase N availability in soils,

while inorganic amendments have been found to decrease N availability. Additionally, the

addition of organic amendments has been found to improve soil structure, while the addition of

inorganic amendments can decrease soil structure (Artiola and Burt,2003; Dickey and Reule,

2006).

Overall, this indicates that organic and inorganic amendments can both affect N dynamics in

soils. Organic amendments can increase N availability, while inorganic amendments can

decrease N availability. Additionally, organic amendments can improve soil structure, while

inorganic amendments can decrease soil structure. Therefore, it is important to consider the type

of amendment when selecting a soil amendment for N dynamics (Holben and Smith, 2009).

2.5.2 Phosphorus and potassium interactions with soil amendments

Soil amendments are components added to soil to improve its fertility and health. The

phosphorus and potassium interactions with soil amendments have been studied as an effect of

some soil amendments. Phosphorus and potassium are essential macronutrients for plant growth,

and there is evidence that soil amendment can improve their availability in soil and influence

their uptake by plants.

The application of phosphorus and potassium amendments to soil has been studied to understand

their interactions with soil properties and how they affect plant growth and development. Studies

suggest that phosphorus and potassium amendments can increase the availability of these

nutrients in soil and improve soil fertility and nutrient uptake by plants. For example, a study by

24
Al-Kazzaz et al. (2018) found that the addition of phosphorus and potassium to soil improved the

availability of these nutrients in soil and increased the growth and yield of maize.

In addition to improving the availability and uptake of phosphorus and potassium, soil

amendment can also affect the interactions between these nutrients and other soil properties. For

example, a study by Bolaños-Villegas et al. (2015) found that the addition of phosphorus and

potassium to soil influenced the clay and organic matter content of the soil, which in turn

affected the availability of these nutrients.

The effects of soil amendment on the interactions between phosphorus and potassium also vary

depending on the type of soil amendment used. For instance, a study by Singh et al. (2017) found

that the application of manure, compost, and biochar had different effects on the availability of

phosphorus and potassium in soil. The study also found that the addition of phosphorus and

potassium to soil improved the uptake of these nutrients by plants.

Overall, the research suggests that soil amendment can affect the interactions between

phosphorus and potassium in soil and improve their availability and uptake by plants. The effects

of soil amendment on phosphorus and potassium interactions can vary depending on the type of

soil amendment used, which may need to be considered when selecting the most appropriate

amendment for a particular situation.

2.5.3 Changes in micronutrient availability due to amendments

Organic amendments, such as compost and manure, have been reported to be effective in

improving the availability of micronutrients in soil. A study by Guo et al. (2020) found that the

addition of compost improved the availability of micronutrients such as copper, zinc, and

manganese in soil. The researchers concluded that the addition of compost can provide a

25
sustainable and cost-effective method for increasing the availability of essential micronutrients in

soil.

Inorganic amendments, such as limestone and gypsum, have also been reported to improve the

availability of micronutrients in soil. A study by Chen et al. (2020) found that the addition of

limestone and gypsum improved the availability of zinc, manganese, and boron in soil. The

researchers concluded that the addition of inorganic amendments can provide an effective and

economical method for improving the availability of micronutrients in soil.

In addition, the application of biochar has also been reported to improve the availability of

micronutrients in soil. A study by Wang et al. (2020) found that the addition of biochar improved

the availability of copper, zinc, and manganese in soil. The researchers concluded that the

application of biochar can provide an effective and sustainable method for increasing the

availability of essential micronutrients in soil.

26
 CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 AREA OF THE STUDY

The study of the effects of some amendments on the macro nutrient and micro nutrient content of

a farmer’s field in Umuahia, Abia State can be an important area of research. The use of

amendments such as NPK fertilizers, Lime and Poultry manure can have a significant impact on

crop production and soil health.

3.2 POPULATION OF STUDY

The population of Umuahia, Abia State, has been a great concern for the researchers and

policymakers alike. The population growth of the city has been increasing rapidly over the past

few years, resulting in an exponential demand for food and other resources. In order to meet this

demand, farmers have turned to intensive farming practices to increase yields. However, the use

of fertilizers, pesticides, and other chemicals can have a detrimental effect on the soil, air, and

water, as well as the quality of the food produced. In order to assess the effects of agricultural

amendments on the macro and micro nutrient content of the crops grown in Umuahia, Abia

State, a study was conducted to measure the impact of these amendments on the soil and food

quality in the area. The study was conducted by collecting soil samples from selected farmer's

fields in Umuahia, Abia State. The samples were then analyzed for the presence of nutrients

elements.

3.4 INSTRUMENT FOR SAMPLE COLLECTION

To measure the nutrient content of the soil, a sample collection instrument was used. The

instrument used to collect soil samples is a soil auger. A soil auger is a handheld device that is

27
used to extract soil cores from the soil. It is usually composed of a metal tube with a sharpened

tip and a handle that is used to rotate the auger in the soil. Once the desired soil sample is

collected, it was sent to a laboratory for analysis.

3.5 METHOD OF SAMPLE COLLECTION

As part of the effort to develop site specific recommendations on problem soils, selected farmers

were supplied with inputs including liming material (CaCO 3), poultry manure, NPK fertilizer and

improved cassava variety (TMS 419).

The farmers prepared their lands and planted the crops and managed the farms using their

(farmers’) practices. Lime and poultry manure were incorporated into the mounds about a week

before planting the cassava while the NPK fertilizer were applied at 4 weeks after the plants

germinated

The treatment investigated in this study were:

 Control

 Lime + NPK fertilizer

 Poultry manure + NPK fertilizer

 Lime + poultry manure + NPK fertilizer

Experiment design was RCBD with three replicates. Each plot measured on x5m

Collected samples were labelled in the field and brought in polythene bags to the labouratory for

processing. The soil samples were air dried, sieved with 2mm sieve, mixed properly and a

subsamples of 500g collected for labouratory analysis

28
Macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Ni) were determined in the

labouratory using standard methods. Data obtained from labouratory analysis were subjected to

analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine mean differences of the treatments

29
 CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 RESULTS

In recent years, the effects of some amendments on macro and micro nutrient content of the

selected farmer’s field in Umuahia, Abia State has been studied. The results show that

amendments have a significant effect on the nutrient content of the soil. Some amendments, such

as poultry manure, lime and NPK fertilizer have been shown to improve soil fertility, increase

crop yields, and reduce nutrient losses. The use of these amendments has been found to increase

the availability of essential macro and micro-nutrients in the soil. This is especially true in soils

that have low levels of organic matter, which can lead to soil infertility and nutrient deficiency.

The use of this amendments has been found to be particularly effective in soils with low levels of

organic matter. This is because organic matter helps to increase the availability of essential

macro and micro-nutrients, which in turn can help to improve the quality of the soil and

subsequently increase crop yields.

Table 4.1: Effect of Some Soil Amendments on the Macronutrients and micronutrients

of Selected Farmer’s Field in Umuahia, Abia State

Treatment N P K Ca Mg Fe Zn Ni

Control 0.177 23.33 0.1843b 8.8 5.1 1.711b 0.52 7.79b

PM 0.173 21.40 0.2177a 9.9 4.0 2.533b 0.46 9.50a

L + NPK 0.182 19.27 0.1910b 6.4 3.2 2.157b 0.33 7.30b

PM + NPK 0.194 26.37 0.2077a 7.9 4.1 2.951a 0.21 8.44b

L + PM + NPK 0.173 21.60 0.1897b 6.4 3.7 2.190b 0.40 7.33b

L.S.D (0.05) 0.0540ns 11.367 ns 0.02343* 8.31ns 3.32ns 0.940* 0.322ns 2.008*

30
* = significant at 5%, ns = not significant

4.2 DISCUSION

Results showed that the treatment of Poultry manure and Poultry manure + NPK fertilizer

had similar exchangeable Potassium which were greater than the other treatments. High

potassium levels may be due to additional potassium supply by Poultry manure and NPK

fertilizer

Other macronutrients did not show statistical differences between the treatments. This

could be due to the high contents of their elements in the soil which were cultivated after a

long fallow

For the micronutrients, iron was significantly higher in the treatment of poultry manure

and NPK fertilizer than in the other treatments. Also Nickel was significantly higher in the

treatment of poultry manure relative to the others. The higher contents of iron and nickel

in treatment that contain poultry manure may be due to micronutrients supply from

poultry manure.

31
 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 CONCLUSION

The results of this study showed that when the levels of micronutrients were high, there

was no response to applied poultry manure and NPK fertilizer

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

When the soil is deficient of nutrient elements, the use of poultry manure and NPK

fertilizer can improve soil contents of the nutrient elements.

32
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APPENDIX

Treatment Control of the Effect of Soil Amendment on the Macronutrients and

Micronutrients of Selected Farmer’s Field in Umuahia, Abia State.
Soil nutrients Minimium Maximium Mean C. V.
Iron (Fe) 1.188 2.56 1.711 36.25
Manganese (Mn) 0.076 3.88 1.933 110.9
Nickel (Ni) 3.28 11.8 7.79 48.67
Zinc (Zn) 0.28 0.92 0.516 58.05
Calcium (Ca) 6 12.4 8.8 37.21
Potassium (K) 0.158 0.198 0.184 12.37
Magnesium (Mg) 3.6 7.2 5.067 37.31
Nitrogen (N) 0.14 0.21 0.177 19.87
Phosphorus (P) 17.6 28.8 23.33 24.02

Treatment Lime and NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium) of the Effect of Soil
Amendment on the Macronutrients and Micronutrients of Selected Farmer’s Field in
Umuahia, Abia State.
Soil nutrients MINIMIUM MAXIMIUM MEAN C. V.
Iron (Fe) 1.64 3.18 2.157 35.91
Manganese (Mn) 2.74 4.666 3.374 23.38
Nickel (Ni) 5.244 10.22 7.301 31.67
Zinc (Zn) 0.18 0.54 0.327 51.60
Calcium (Ca) 4.4 7.6 6.4 27.24
Potassium (K) 0.174 0.205 0.191 8.228
Magnesium 1.6 4.4 3.2 45.07
(Mg)
Nitrogen (N) 0.154 0.21 0.182 15.36
Phosphorus (P) 16.8 21 19.27 11.39

Treatment Lime, Poultry Manure and NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium) of the
Effect of Soil Amendment on the Macronutrients and Micronutrients of Selected Farmer’s
Field in Umuahia, Abia State.
MINIMIUM MAXIMIUM MEAN C. V.
Iron (Fe) 2 2.38 2.19 7.765
Manganese (Mn) 0.26 3.86 2.071 77.63
Nickel (Ni) 4.66 9.56 7.327 29.56
Zinc (Zn) 0.244 0.66 0.402 48.11
Calcium (Ca) 5.6 7.6 6.4 16.54
Potassium (K) 0.167 0.207 0.190 10.82
Magnesium 3.2 4.8 3.733 24.74
(Mg)

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 Nitrogen (N) 0.126 0.21 0.173 24.77
Phosphorus (P) 19.4 27.2 21.6 22.62

Treatment Poultry Manure of the Effect of Soil Amendment on the Macronutrients and
Micronutrients of Selected Farmer’s Field in Umuahia, Abia State.
MINIMIUM MAXIMIUM MEAN C. V.
Iron (Fe) 1.58 3.14 2.533 28.39
Manganese (Mn) 0.738 3.02 1.928 51.80
Nickel (Ni) 8.52 11.32 9.5 14.38
Zinc (Zn) 0.06 0.82 0.461 71.49
Calcium (Ca) 4.4 19.6 9.867 85.65
Potassium (K) 0.21 0.227 0.218 3.961
Magnesium (Mg) 2.8 6 4 43.59
Nitrogen (N) 0.126 0.224 0.173 28.47
Phosphorus (P) 15.3 30 21.4 35.80

Treatment Poultry Manure and NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium) of the Effect
of Soil Amendment on the Macronutrients and Micronutrients of Selected Farmer’s Field
in Umuahia, Abia State.
MINIMIUM MAXIMIUM MEAN C. V.
Fe 1.648 4.34 2.951 40.41
Mn 4.18 5.08 4.58 7.223
Ni 7.7 9.3 8.44 7.674
Zn 0.017 0.6 0.210 141.1
Ca 4 13.6 7.867 64.38
K 0.205 0.21 0.208 1.212
Mg 1.6 7.2 4.133 68.66
N 0.189 0.196 0.194 2.087
P 20.7 35.3 26.37 29.69

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