1.

Introduction:-
We assume the steam
nozzle to be a
passage of varying
cross-section by
means of which the
energy of steam is
converted into kinetic
energy. The nozzle is
so shaped that it will
perform this
conversion of energy with minimum loss. One may also define a
nozzle as an opening through which steam is passed from a region
of high pressure to one of lower pressure so as to derive additional
velocity. It is chiefly used for producing a large velocity steam jet.
In other words, its chief use is to produce a jet of steam for the
purpose of driving steam turbines. The function of a nozzle in an
impulse turbine is to admit steam to the active or moving parts of
the turbine. In a reaction turbine the stationary nozzles admit steam
to the moving parts which are also of nozzle shape and guide the
steam from them.

The steam expanding, its velocity and specific volume will both
increase; there will be condensation which will vary the degree of
steam dryness. All these changes are found to affect the design of
the nozzle. The weight of steam per second passing any nozzle
section must be constant; hence, the nozzle cross-section varies
according to the velocity and the specific volume.

At first the nozzle cross-section tapers to a smaller section to allow

for these changes. On reaching this small diameter, it will diverge to
 a larger one. We know the throat to be the smallest section of the
nozzle.

A nozzle which first converges to a throat and then diverges is known to

be a converging-diverging nozzle; in this type the greatest diameter is at the
exit end.
Some forms of nozzles end at the throat, and no diverg ing portion is
fitted; this type is known as a converging nozzle and has its exit at the
throat.
The flow of steam through a nozzle may be regarded, in its simplest
form, as being an adiabatic flow. The steam enters the nozzle with a
relatively small velocity and a high initial pressure, the initial velocity
being so small compared with the final velocity that it may be neglected.
As the steam expands, the velocity will increase, the heat energy of the
steam being converted to kinetic energy. During the expansion of the
steam through the nozzle no heat is supplied or rejected and, although no
external work is done on a piston, work is done by increasing the kinetic
energy of steam.
As the steam loses its pressure in passing through the nozzle, it is also
losing its total heat; the change of total heat of the steam must, therefore,
equal the increase in kinetic energy. Hence, the work done is equivalent
to the heat drop.
It should be noticed that the expansion of steam through a nozzle is
not a free expansion, and the steam is not throttled because of its having
a large velocity at the end of the expansion. Work is done by the
expanding steam in producing this kinetic energy.
In practice, there is friction produced between the steam and the sides
of the nozzle; this friction causes a resistance to the flow which is
converted into heat. The heat formed tends drying the steam. The effect
of this friction in resisting the flow and in drying the steam must be
taken into account in the design of the nozzle, as it makes a great
difference to the results obtained.
A longitudinal sectional view of a converging-diverging steam nozzle
is shown in the figure, a and that of a converging nozzle in the figure, b.

Operational Characteristics of Nozzles

A variable area passage designed to accelerate the a gas flow is considered
for study.

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The concern here is with the effect of changes in the upstream and
downstream pressures

on the nature of the inside flow and

on the mass flow rate through a nozzle.

Four different cases considered for analysis are:

Converging nozzle with constant upstream conditions.

Converging-diverging nozzle with constant upstream conditions.

Converging nozzle with constant downstream conditions.

Converging-diverging nozzle with constant downstream conditions.

2.Nozzle Theory
The rocket nozzle can surely be described as the epitome of elegant
simplicity. The primary function of a nozzle is to channel and accelerate the
combustion products produced by the burning propellant in such as way as
to maximize the velocity of the exhaust at the exit, to supersonic velocity.
The familiar rocket nozzle, also known as a convergent-divergent, or
deLaval nozzle, accomplishes this remarkable feat by simple geometry. In
other words, it does this by varying the cross-sectional area (or diameter) in
an exacting form.

The analysis of a rocket nozzle involves the concept of "steady, one-

dimensional compressible fluid flow of an ideal gas". Briefly, this means
that:

The flow of the fluid (exhaust gases + condensed particles) is constant and
does not change over time during the burn

One-dimensional flow means that the direction of the flow is along a straight
line. . For a nozzle, the flow is assumed to be along the axis of symmetry
nozzle axis.

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The flow is compressible. The concept of compressible fluid flow is usually
employed for gases moving at high (usually supersonic) velocity, unlike the
concept of incompressible flow, which is used for liquids and gases moving
at a speeds well below sonic velocity. A compressible fluid exhibits
significant changes in density, an incompressible fluid does not.

The concept of an ideal gas is a simplifying assumption, one that allows use
of a direct relationship between pressure, density and temperature, which are
properties that are particularly important in analyzing flow through a nozzle.

Fluid properties, such as velocity, density, pressure and temperature, in

compressible fluid flow, are affected by cross-sectional area change friction
heat loss to the surroundings

The goal of rocket nozzle design is to accelerate the combustion products to

as high an exit velocity as possible. This is achieved by designing the
necessary nozzle geometric profile with the condition that isentropic flow is
to be aimed for. Isentropic flow is considered to be flow that is dependant
only upon cross-sectional area -- which necessitates frictionless and
adiabatic (no heat loss) flow. Therefore, in the actual nozzle, it is necessary
to minimize frictional effects, flow disturbances and conditions that can lead
to shock losses. In addition, heat transfer losses are to be minimized. In this
way, the properties of the flow are near isentropic, and are simply affected
only by the changing cross-sectional area as the fluid moves through the
nozzle.

3.Composition :-
1. GENERAL
The unit has been designed to enable students to perform steam flow tests
with nozzles of different type.

It consists of three pipes mounting three different nozzles. The steam flow
coming from the plant is conveyed to the nozzle under test by opening a
valve. Pipes are insulated for safety and thermal efficiency reasons.

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The unit can be used with Didacta steam plants or with any other steam
source at the pres It is supplied together with technical manual and exercise
book sure of 10 bar approx.

2. COMPOSITION
• Convergent nozzle

• Convergent straight nozzle

• Convergent divergent nozzle

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• No. 6 pressure gauges

• No. 4 thermometers

• Calibrated orifice for flowrate measurements

• Differential manometer, 0-500 mm Hg

3. EXPERIMENTS
• Study of the various fields of application.

• Effect of steam different characteristics.

• Choosing the nozzles.

• Characteristics of the three nozzles.

• Calculation of the max nozzle flowrate.

4. REQUIRED SERVICES
• Dry saturated steam: min pressure 10 bar, min flowrate 120 kg/h

5. WEIGHT AND DIMENSIONS

• Dimensions: 1200x700x2000 h mm

• Weight: 150 kg

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 4.References
Type of nozzle Ambient pressure 1 bar
Re.press.p13(bar) T16 C˚ Re.press.p19(bar) ∆ p27 (mmHg)
5 165 4.7 30
5 165 4.5 30
5 165 4.2 42.5
5 165 3.7 50
5 165 3.2 65
5 165 2.3 70
5 165 1.7 70

Upstresm condition P0=6 bar, T0=165C˚

From the mollier diamram v0=0.3209m3/kg

V2=1.5356 m3/kg

K=1.144

( )
pc
p0 cr
=¿ =0.575

Pc=3.45 bar