WILLIE UWAKMFON AND FAVOUR’S ICT/CODING CLASS, SS2 SILVER

SCHEME OF WORK FOR FIRST TERM

WK 1: THE CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT)
LEADING QUESTIONS
1. What is the central processing unit (C.P.U)?
2. How does the CPU work?
3. State the steps the CPU takes in executing an instruction.
4. List the components of a central processing unit.
5. State the functions of the arithmetic and logic unit.
6. State the function of the control unit.

INTRODUCTION

The computer's central processing unit (CPU) is the portion of a computer which retrieves and
executes instructions. The CPU is essentially the brain of a computer system. It is made up of a
control unit, an arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) and various registers. The CPU is also called the
computer's processor.

ANSWERS TO LEADING QUESTIONS

Memory Unit: Types and Components

Memory units in computing systems are essential for storing and retrieving data and instructions.
They come in various types, each with distinct characteristics and use cases. Additionally, memory
units consist of several components that work together to facilitate data storage and retrieval.

Types of Memory Units:

1. Primary Memory (RAM - Random Access Memory):

 Volatile: Data is lost when the power is turned off.

 Main memory of the computer: It is used for actively running programs and storing
temporary data.

 Fast access: Allows quick retrieval of data.

  Examples: DDR4, DDR5 RAM.

2. Secondary Memory (Non-Volatile Memory):

 Non-volatile: Data is retained even when the power is off.

 Used for long-term storage: Holds the operating system, software, and user data.

 Slower access: Retrieving data takes more time compared to RAM.

 Examples: Hard Disk Drives (HDD), Solid State Drives (SSD), USB drives.

3. Cache Memory:

 High-speed volatile memory: Stores frequently used data to speed up CPU

operations.

 Located closer to the CPU: Reduces the time it takes to access data.

 Levels: L1, L2, and L3 cache, with L1 being the closest to the CPU and the fastest.

4. Virtual Memory:

 Combines RAM and secondary storage: Allows programs to use more memory than
physically available.

 Paging and swapping: Techniques used to manage virtual memory.

 Enhances multitasking: Enables running multiple applications simultaneously.

Components of Memory Units:

1. Storage Cells: Memory units are comprised of individual storage cells, each capable of
holding a binary digit (bit) of data, represented as 0 or 1.

2. Address Bus: This component is responsible for carrying the address of the memory location
from the CPU to the memory unit, specifying where data should be read from or written to.

3. Data Bus: The data bus is used to transmit data between the CPU and memory. It carries the
actual data being read from or written to memory.

4. Control Unit: The control unit manages the memory operations, ensuring that data is
correctly read from or written to the desired memory location.

5. Memory Management Unit (MMU): In the case of virtual memory systems, the MMU
handles the translation of virtual memory addresses to physical memory addresses.
 6. Read/Write Circuitry: These circuits manage the reading from and writing to memory cells,
ensuring data integrity and consistency.

7. Memory Hierarchy: Memory units are often organized in a hierarchy, with faster, smaller,
and more expensive memory closer to the CPU and larger, slower, and cheaper memory
farther away. This hierarchy balances speed and cost-effectiveness.

Conversion of Bytes to Kilobytes (KB), Megabytes (MB), Gigabytes (GB), etc.

 1 Byte (B) = 8 bits

 1 Kilobyte (KB) = 1,024 bytes

 1 Megabyte (MB) = 1,024 KB

 1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1,024 MB

 1 Terabyte (TB) = 1,024 GB

 1 Petabyte (PB) = 1,024 TB

 1 Exabyte (EB) = 1,024 PB

 1 Zettabyte (ZB) = 1,024 EB

 1 Yottabyte (YB) = 1,024 ZB

For example, to convert 4,096 bytes to kilobytes:

 4,096 bytes ÷ 1,024 = 4 KB

Similarly, you can apply the same conversion factor to convert between other memory units, keeping
in mind that each higher unit is 1,024 times larger than the unit below it.\
4. Virtual Memory

Combines RAM and secondary storage: Allows programs to use more memory than physically
available.

Paging and swapping: Techniques used to manage virtual memory.

Enhances multitasking: Enables running multiple applications simultaneously.

Components of Memory Units

Memory units are composed of several essential components, each serving a specific function:

Storage Cells: These are the basic units that store binary data, represented as 0s and 1s.

Address Bus: The address bus carries the memory address from the CPU to the memory unit,
specifying where data should be read from or written to.

Data Bus: The data bus is responsible for transmitting data between the CPU and memory. It carries
the actual data being read from or written to memory.

Control Unit: The control unit manages memory operations, ensuring data is correctly read from or
written to the desired memory location.

Memory Management Unit (MMU): In virtual memory systems, the MMU translates virtual memory
addresses to physical memory addresses.

Read/Write Circuitry: These circuits handle the reading from and writing to memory cells, ensuring
data integrity and consistency.
Memory Hierarchy: Memory units are organized hierarchically, with faster, smaller, and more
expensive memory closer to the CPU, while larger, slower, and cheaper memory is farther away. This
hierarchy balances speed and cost-effectiveness.

Units of Storage and Conversion

Understanding the units of storage and their conversion is crucial in computing:

1 Byte (B) = 8 bits

1 Kilobyte (KB) = 1,024 bytes

1 Megabyte (MB) = 1,024 KB

1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1,024 MB

1 Terabyte (TB) = 1,024 GB

1 Petabyte (PB) = 1,024 TB

1 Exabyte (EB) = 1,024 PB

1 Zettabyte (ZB) = 1,024 EB

1 Yottabyte (YB) = 1,024 ZB

For conversions:

To convert from one unit to another, divide by 1,024 to move up the scale (e.g., KB to MB).

To convert from one unit to a smaller unit, multiply by 1,024 to move down the scale (e.g., GB to
MB).

Understanding memory units and their components, along with storage unit conversions, is essential
for effective computer science and information technology studies.
User

explain the units of storage, with a lot of examples

ChatGPT

Units of storage are used to measure the capacity of digital storage devices and the amount of data
they can hold. These units are hierarchical, with each unit being a multiple of the previous one. Here
are the most common units of storage, along with examples to illustrate their scale:

Bit (b):

A bit is the smallest unit of digital data.

It can have two values: 0 or 1 (binary).

Example: A single switch that can be either on (1) or off (0).

Byte (B):

A byte consists of 8 bits.

It can represent a single character, such as a letter or a number.

Example: The letter 'A' is represented as 01000001 in binary, which is 1 byte.

Kilobyte (KB):

1 Kilobyte is equivalent to 1,024 bytes.

It can store a small amount of text or a simple image.

Example: A short paragraph of text or a small icon.

Megabyte (MB):
1 Megabyte equals 1,024 Kilobytes or 1,048,576 bytes.

It can store a medium-sized document, a few high-resolution images, or a short MP3 song.

Example: A 3-minute MP3 song or a high-resolution photograph.

Gigabyte (GB):

1 Gigabyte is equal to 1,024 Megabytes or 1,073,741,824 bytes.

It can store a large document collection, hundreds of high-resolution images, or a full-length movie.

Example: A DVD movie or a substantial collection of documents.

Terabyte (TB):

1 Terabyte is equivalent to 1,024 Gigabytes or 1,099,511,627,776 bytes.

It can store a massive amount of data, including extensive video libraries, large databases, and
backups.

Example: A high-definition video library or a substantial data center storage capacity.

Petabyte (PB):

1 Petabyte equals 1,024 Terabytes or 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes.

It is used for large-scale data storage, such as cloud storage centers and scientific research data.

Example: Vast archives of scientific data or cloud storage infrastructure.

Exabyte (EB):

1 Exabyte is equal to 1,024 Petabytes or 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes.

It is used for extremely large-scale data, such as global internet traffic statistics.

Example: Global internet traffic in a day.

Zettabyte (ZB):
1 Zettabyte equals 1,024 Exabytes or 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bytes.

It is a measurement used for data on a planetary or cosmic scale.

Example: The total amount of data stored on the entire internet.

Yottabyte (YB):

1 Yottabyte is equivalent to 1,024 Zettabytes or 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 bytes.

It represents an incredibly vast amount of data, beyond current practical uses.

Example: Theoretical measurements of cosmic data or science fiction scenarios.

Understanding these units of storage helps in gauging the capacity of storage devices and estimating
how much data they can hold, which is crucial in various fields, including computing, data
management, and technology.

User

2/2

what is the last number in the world

ChatGPT

There isn't a specific "last number in the world." Numbers are infinite in mathematics, which means
there is no largest or final number. No matter how large a number you can think of, you can always
add one to it to get a larger number. This concept is a fundamental part of mathematics, and it
applies infinitely in both positive and negative directions.
So, in mathematical terms, there is no ultimate or last number in the world; numbers go on infinitely
in both directions.

User

what comes after billion, and the full sequence

ChatGPT

The sequence of large numbers beyond a billion (1,000,000,000) is as follows:

Billion: 1,000,000,000 (10^9)

Trillion: 1,000,000,000,000 (10^12)

Quadrillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000 (10^15)

Quintillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10^18)

Sextillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10^21)

Septillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10^24)

Octillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10^27)

Nonillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10^30)

Decillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10^33)

Undecillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10^36)

Duodecillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10^39)

Tredecillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10^42)

Quattuordecillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10^45)

Quindecillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10^48)

The pattern continues with each new -illion indicating three more sets of zeros beyond the previous
one. This system of naming large numbers is based on the Latin numerical prefixes (bi-, tri-, quadri-,
quinque-, sex-, septem-, octo-, novem-, deci-, undeci-, duodeci-, and so on). The "-illion"
part ,L…………………………..L.LL.]’/

.;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;]’’’.
4. Virtual Memory

 Combines RAM and secondary storage: Allows programs to use more memory than
physically available.
 Paging and swapping: Techniques used to manage virtual memory.
 Enhances multitasking: Enables running multiple applications simultaneously.

Components of Memory Units

Memory units are composed of several essential components, each serving a specific function:

1. Storage Cells: These are the basic units that store binary data, represented as 0s and 1s.
2. Address Bus: The address bus carries the memory address from the CPU to the memory
unit, specifying where data should be read from or written to.
3. Data Bus: The data bus is responsible for transmitting data between the CPU and
memory. It carries the actual data being read from or written to memory.
4. Control Unit: The control unit manages memory operations, ensuring data is correctly
read from or written to the desired memory location.
5. Memory Management Unit (MMU): In virtual memory systems, the MMU translates
virtual memory addresses to physical memory addresses.
6. Read/Write Circuitry: These circuits handle the reading from and writing to memory
cells, ensuring data integrity and consistency.
7. Memory Hierarchy: Memory units are organized hierarchically, with faster, smaller, and
more expensive memory closer to the CPU, while larger, slower, and cheaper memory is
farther away. This hierarchy balances speed and cost-effectiveness.

Units of Storage and Conversion

Understanding the units of storage and their conversion is crucial in computing:

 1 Byte (B) = 8 bits

 1 Kilobyte (KB) = 1,024 bytes
 1 Megabyte (MB) = 1,024 KB
 1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1,024 MB
 1 Terabyte (TB) = 1,024 GB
 1 Petabyte (PB) = 1,024 TB
 1 Exabyte (EB) = 1,024 PB
 1 Zettabyte (ZB) = 1,024 EB
 1 Yottabyte (YB) = 1,024 ZB

For conversions:

 To convert from one unit to another, divide by 1,024 to move up the scale (e.g., KB to
MB).
 To convert from one unit to a smaller unit, multiply by 1,024 to move down the scale
(e.g., GB to MB).
Understanding memory units and their components, along with storage unit conversions, is
essential for effective computer science and information technology studies.

explain the units of storage, with a lot of examples

ChatGPT
Units of storage are used to measure the capacity of digital storage devices and the amount of
data they can hold. These units are hierarchical, with each unit being a multiple of the previous
one. Here are the most common units of storage, along with examples to illustrate their scale:

1. Bit (b):
 A bit is the smallest unit of digital data.
 It can have two values: 0 or 1 (binary).
 Example: A single switch that can be either on (1) or off (0).
2. Byte (B):
 A byte consists of 8 bits.
 It can represent a single character, such as a letter or a number.
 Example: The letter 'A' is represented as 01000001 in binary, which is 1 byte.
3. Kilobyte (KB):
 1 Kilobyte is equivalent to 1,024 bytes.
 It can store a small amount of text or a simple image.
 Example: A short paragraph of text or a small icon.
4. Megabyte (MB):
 1 Megabyte equals 1,024 Kilobytes or 1,048,576 bytes.
 It can store a medium-sized document, a few high-resolution images, or a short
MP3 song.
 Example: A 3-minute MP3 song or a high-resolution photograph.
5. Gigabyte (GB):
 1 Gigabyte is equal to 1,024 Megabytes or 1,073,741,824 bytes.
 It can store a large document collection, hundreds of high-resolution images, or a
full-length movie.
 Example: A DVD movie or a substantial collection of documents.
6. Terabyte (TB):
 1 Terabyte is equivalent to 1,024 Gigabytes or 1,099,511,627,776 bytes.
 It can store a massive amount of data, including extensive video libraries, large
databases, and backups.
 Example: A high-definition video library or a substantial data center storage
capacity.
7. Petabyte (PB):
 1 Petabyte equals 1,024 Terabytes or 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes.
 It is used for large-scale data storage, such as cloud storage centers and scientific
research data.
 Example: Vast archives of scientific data or cloud storage infrastructure.
8. Exabyte (EB):
 1 Exabyte is equal to 1,024 Petabytes or 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes.
 It is used for extremely large-scale data, such as global internet traffic statistics.
 Example: Global internet traffic in a day.
9. Zettabyte (ZB):
  1 Zettabyte equals 1,024 Exabytes or 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bytes.
 It is a measurement used for data on a planetary or cosmic scale.
 Example: The total amount of data stored on the entire internet.
10. Yottabyte (YB):
 1 Yottabyte is equivalent to 1,024 Zettabytes or
1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 bytes.
 It represents an incredibly vast amount of data, beyond current practical uses.
 Example: Theoretical measurements of cosmic data or science fiction scenarios.

Understanding these units of storage helps in gauging the capacity of storage devices and
estimating how much data they can hold, which is crucial in various fields, including computing,
data management, and technology.

2/2
what is the last number in the world
ChatGPT
There isn't a specific "last number in the world." Numbers are infinite in mathematics, which
means there is no largest or final number. No matter how large a number you can think of, you
can always add one to it to get a larger number. This concept is a fundamental part of
mathematics, and it applies infinitely in both positive and negative directions.

So, in mathematical terms, there is no ultimate or last number in the world; numbers go on
infinitely in both directions.

what comes after billion, and the full sequence

ChatGPT
The sequence of large numbers beyond a billion (1,000,000,000) is as follows:

1. Billion: 1,000,000,000 (10^9)

2. Trillion: 1,000,000,000,000 (10^12)
3. Quadrillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000 (10^15)
4. Quintillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10^18)
5. Sextillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10^21)
6. Septillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10^24)
7. Octillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10^27)
8. Nonillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10^30)
9. Decillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10^33)
10. Undecillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10^36)
11. Duodecillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10^39)
12. Tredecillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (10^42)
13. Quattuordecillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
(10^45)
14. Quindecillion: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
(10^48)
The pattern continues with each new -illion indicating three more sets of zeros beyond the
previous one. This system of naming large numbers is based on the Latin numerical prefixes (bi-,
tri-, quadri-, quinque-, sex-, septem-, octo-, novem-, deci-, undeci-, duodeci-, and so on). The "-
illion" part signifies a multiple of a thousand (10^3) raised to the power of the Latin prefix
signifies a multiple of a thousand (10^3) raised to the power of the Latin prefix;/’

Meaning: Xerostomia refers to the medical condition of dry mouth, often resulting from a lack of
saliva. It can be caused by various factors, including dehydration, certain medications, or underlying
medical conditions.

Sentence: "The patient's xerostomia was a significant concern, as it not only caused discomfort but
also increased the risk of dental problems due to reduced saliva production."