Differentiation 849

EXERCISE 28A
Differentiate the following functions:
1 1 1
1. (i) x −3 (ii) 3 x 2. (i) (ii) (iii) 3
x x x
1
3. (i) 3 x −5 (ii) (iii) 6 ⋅ 3 x 2
5x
4 7
4. (i) 6x5 + 4x 3 − 3 x 2 + 2x − 7 (ii) 5 x − 3/2 + + x −
x x
(iii) ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d , where a , b , c, d are constants

5. (i) 4x 3 + 3 ⋅ 2x + 6 ⋅ 8 x −4 + 5 cot x
x 3 1 2
(ii) − + + x 2 − 2x + 6x −2/3 − x 6
x −
3 x x 3
1 2 3 6 cot x
6. (i) 4 cot x − cos x + − + +9
2 cos x sin x cosec x
(ii) −5 tan x + 4 tan x cos x − 3 cot x sec x + 2sec x − 13
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
7. (i) ( 2x + 3) ( 3 x − 5) (ii) x(1 + x) 3 (iii) ⎛⎜ x + ⎞⎟ ⎜ x − ⎟
⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x⎠
2 3
(iv) ⎛⎜ x − ⎞⎟ (v) ⎛⎜ x 2 + 2 ⎞⎟
1 1
(vi) ( 2x 2 + 5 x − 1)( x − 3)
⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x ⎠
3 x 2 + 4x − 5 ( x 3 + 1)( x − 2) x−4
8. (i) (ii) (iii)
x x2 2 x
(1 + x) x ax 2 + bx + c a + b cos x
(iv) 3
(v) (vi)
x x sin x
dy
9. (i) If y = 6x5 − 4x 4 − 2x 2 + 5 x − 9, find at x = − 1.
dx
dy π
(ii) If y = (sin x + tan x), find at x = ⋅
dx 3
( 2 − 3 cos x) dy π
(iii) If y = , find at x = ⋅
sin x dx 4
⎛ 1 ⎞ dy
10. If y = ⎜ x + ⎟ , show that 2x ⋅ + y = 2 x.
⎝ x⎠ dx

⎛ x a ⎞ ⎛ dy ⎞ ⎛ x a ⎞
11. If y = ⎜ + ⎟ , prove that ( 2xy) ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ − ⎟ ⋅
⎝ a x ⎠ ⎝ dx ⎠ ⎝ a x ⎠

1 + cos 2x dy
12. If y = , find ⋅
1 − cos 2x dx
850 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

1 − tan 2 ( x/2) dy
13. y = , find ⋅
1 + tan ( x/2)
2
dx
1 − tan 2 ( x/ 2 )
Hint = cos x.
1 + tan 2 ( x/ 2 )

ANSWERS (EXERCISE 28A)

−3 1 − 2/ 3 −1 1 − 3/ 2 1 −4/3
1. (i) (ii) x 2. (i) (ii) − x (iii) − x
x4 3 x2 2 3
−15 −1
3. (i) (ii) (iii) 4x −1/3
x6 5x2
−15 −5/2 1 7
4. (i) 30x 4 + 12x 2 − 6x + 2 (ii) x − 2x −3/2 + +
2 2 x x2

(iii) 3 ax 2 + 2bx + c

5. (i) 12x 2 + ( 3 log 2) ⋅ 2x − 3 x −3/2 − 5 cosec2 x

1 3 1 1
(ii) + 2 + + x −3/2 + 2x − 2x(log 2) − 4x −5/3 − 4x5
3 x 2 x 2

1
6. (i) −4cosec2 x + sin x + 2sec x tan x + 3 cosec x cot x − 6 sin x
2

(ii) −5 sec2 x + 4 cos x + 3 cosec x cot x + 2sec x tan x

3 1/ 2
7. (i) 12x − 1 (ii) 4x 3 + 9x 2 + 6x + 1 (iii) ( x + x −5/2 )
2

(iv) 2 ⎛⎜ x − 3 ⎞⎟
1 6 6
(v) 6x5 − + 6x − 3 (vi) 6x 2 − 2x − 16
⎝ x ⎠ x 7
x

(i) ⎛⎜ 3 + 2 ⎞⎟
5 1 4
8. (ii) 3 x 2 − 2 − +
⎝ x ⎠ x2 x3
1 1 1 −5/6 7 1/6
(iii) + (iv) x + x
4 x x x 6 6
3 b c
(v) a x + − x −3 / 2 (vi) − cosec x ( a cot x + bcosec x)
2 2 x 2

9. (i) 55 (ii) 9/ 2 (iii) 2( 3 − 2) 12. −cosec2 x 13. − sin x

 Differentiation 875

( x 2 + δx 2 + 2xδx) cos ( x + δx) − x 2 cos x

= lim
δx → 0 δx
x 2 [cos ( x + δx) − cos x] + (δx) 2 cos ( x + δx)
+ 2x ⋅ δx ⋅ cos ( x + δx)
= lim
δx → 0 δx
⎧ 2⎡ ⎛ δx ⎞ δx ⎤ ⎫
⎪ x ⎢−2 sin ⎜⎝ x + ⎟⎠ sin ⎥ + (δx) cos ( x + δx) ⎪
2

⎪ ⎣ 2 2 ⎦ ⎪
⎪ + 2x ⋅ δx ⋅ cos ( x + δx) ⎪
= lim ⎨ ⎬
δx → 0
⎪ δx ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎩ ⎭
⎡ ⎛ δx ⎞ ⎤
⎢ sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎛ δ x ⎞ ⎝ 2 ⎠
= lim ⎢− x 2 sin ⎜ x + ⎟ ⋅ + (δx) cos ( x + δx) + 2x cos ( x + δx) ⎥
δx→ 0
⎢ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎛ δ x ⎞ ⎥
⎜ ⎟
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎥⎦

⎛ δx ⎞
sin ⎜ ⎟
⎛ δx ⎞ ⎝ 2⎠
= − x ⋅ lim sin ⎜ x + ⎟ ⋅ lim
2
+ lim (δx) cos ( x + δx)
δx → 0 ⎝ 2 ⎠ δx → 0 ⎛ δx ⎞ δx → 0
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
+ 2x ⋅ lim cos ( x + δx)
δx → 0

= ( − x × sin x × 1) + 0 + 2x cos x = ( − x sin x + 2x cos x).

2 2

d
Hence, ( x 2 cos x) = ( − x 2 sin x + 2x cos x).
dx

EXERCISE 28B
Find the derivative of each of the following from the first principle:
⎛ b⎞
1. ( ax + b) 2. ⎜ ax 2 + ⎟ 3. 3 x 2 + 2x − 5 4. x 3 − 2x 2 + x + 3
⎝ x⎠
1 1
5. x 8 6. 7. 8. ax + b
3
x x5
1 1 1
9. 5x − 4 10. 11. 12.
x+2 2x + 3 6x − 5
1 2x + 3 5−x x2 + 1
13. 14. 15. 16. ,x≠0
2 − 3x 3x + 2 5+x x
17. cos 3x 18. sec x 19. tan 2 x 20. sin ( 2x + 3)
21. tan ( 3 x + 1)
876 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

ANSWERS (EXERCISE 28B)

⎛ b⎞
1. a 2. ⎜ 2ax − 2 ⎟ 3. 6x + 2 4. 3 x 2 − 4x + 1
⎝ x ⎠
−3 −5 a
5. 8x 7 6. 4 7. 8.
x x 6 2 ax + b
5 −1 −1 −3
9. 10. 11. 12.
2 5x − 4
3 3 3
2( x + 2) 2 ( 2x + 3) 2
( 6x − 5) 2

3 −5 −10 ⎛ 1⎞
13. 14. 15. 16. ⎜1 − 2 ⎟
2( 2 − 3 x)
3
2 ( 3 x + 2) 2 (5 + x) 2 ⎝ x ⎠
−3 sin 3 x 1
17. ⋅ 18. tan x sec x 19. 2 tan x sec2 x 20. 2 cos ( 2x + 3)
2 cos 3 x 2
21. 3 sec2 ( 3 x + 1)

HINTS TO SOME SELECTED QUESTIONS

−5 −5
7. y = x ⇒ ( y + δy )( x + δx )
δy ( x + δx ) − 5 − x − 5
⇒ =
δx δx
dy δy
∴ = lim
dx δx → 0 δx
⎧⎪ −5 ⎫⎪
δx
x −5 ⎨ ⎛⎜ 1 + ⎞⎟ − 1⎬
( x + δx ) − 5 − x − 5 ⎪⎩ ⎝ x⎠ ⎪⎭
= lim = lim
δx → 0 δx δx → 0 δx
−5
⎪⎧ ⎛ δx ⎞ ⎪⎫
⎨ ⎜ 1 + ⎟ − 1⎬
⎪ ⎝ x ⎠ ⎪⎭
⋅ lim ⎩
1
=
x5 δx → 0 δx
⎧⎪ δx ( −5 )( −6 ) ⎛ δx ⎞
2 ⎫⎪
⎨ 1 + ( −5 ) ⋅ + ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ + … − 1⎬
⎪ x 2 ⎝ x ⎠ ⎪⎭
⋅ lim ⎩
1
=
x5 δx → 0 δx

⎪⎧ ⎪⎫
2
δx δx
⎨( −5 ) ⋅ + 15 ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ + …⎬
⎪ x ⎝ x ⎠ ⎪⎭
⋅ lim ⎩
1
=
x5 δx → 0 δx
⎡ δx ⎤
⋅ lim ⎢( −5 ) + 15 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ + …⎥
1
=
x6 δx → 0 ⎣ ⎝ x2 ⎠ ⎦
−5
⋅=
x6
d −5
Hence, ( x −5 ) = ⋅
dx x6
886 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

d ⎛ sec x − 1 ⎞
(ii) ⎜ ⎟
dx ⎝ sec x + 1⎠
d d
( sec x + 1) ⋅ ( sec x − 1) − ( sec x − 1) ⋅ ( sec x + 1)
= dx dx
( sec x + 1) 2

( sec x + 1) sec x tan x − ( sec x − 1) sec x tan x 2sec x tan x

= = ⋅
( sec x + 1) 2 ( sec x + 1) 2

EXERCISE 28D
Differentiate:
2x log x ex ex
1. 2. 3. 4.
x x (1 + x) (1 + x 2 )
⎛ 2x 2 − 4 ⎞ ⎛ x 2 + 3 x − 1⎞ ( x 2 − 1) ⎛ 5 x 2 + 6x + 7 ⎞
5. ⎜ 2 ⎟ 6. ⎜ ⎟ 7. 8. ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ 3x + 7⎠ ⎝ x+2 ⎠ ( x + 7 x + 1)
2
⎝ 2x + 3 x + 4⎠

x x4 a+ x cos x
9. 10. 11. 12.
(a + x2)
2
sin x a− x log x
2cot x sin x ⎛ 1 + sin x ⎞ ⎛ 1 − cos x ⎞
13. 14. 15. ⎜ ⎟ 16. ⎜ ⎟
x (1 + cos x) ⎝ 1 − sin x ⎠ ⎝ 1 + cos x ⎠

⎛ sin x − cos x ⎞ ⎛ sec x − tan x ⎞ ⎛ ex + sin x ⎞

17. ⎜ ⎟ 18. ⎜ ⎟ 19. ⎜ ⎟
⎝ sin x + cos x ⎠ ⎝ sec x + tan x ⎠ ⎝ 1 + log x ⎠
ex sin x 2x cot x ex ( x − 1)
20. 21. 22.
sec x x ( x + 1)

x tan x ⎛ ax 2 + bx + c ⎞ ⎛ sin x − x cos x ⎞

23. 24. ⎜ 2 ⎟ 25. ⎜ ⎟
( sec x + tan x) ⎝ px + qx + r ⎠ ⎝ x sin x + cos x ⎠
cos x 1
26. (i) cot x (ii) sec x [Hint Write cot x = and sec x = .]
sin x cos x

ANSWERS (EXERCISE 28D)

2 ( x log 2 − 1)
x
(1 − log x) xe x
ex(1 − x) 2
1. 2. 3. 4.
x2 x2 (1 + x) 2 (1 + x 2 ) 2
52x ( x 2 + 4x + 7) (7 x 2 + 4x + 7)
5. 6. 7.
( 3 x 2 + 7) 2 ( x + 2) 2 ( x 2 + 7 x + 1) 2
3( x 2 + 4x + 1) ( a2 − x 2 ) x 3 ( 4 sin x − x cos x)
8. 9. 2 10.
( 2x + 3 x + 4)
2 2
(a + x2)2 sin 2 x
 Differentiation 887

a − ( x sin x log x + cos x)

11. 12.
x ⋅( a − x)2 x(log x) 2
−( 2xcosec2 x + cot x) 1 2 cos x
13. 14. 15.
x 3/2
(1 + cos x) (1 − sin x) 2
2 sin x 2 2sec x (tan x − sec x)
16. 17. 18.
(1 + cos x) 2 (1 + sin 2x) ( sec x + tan x)
x( e + cos x)(1 + log x) − ( e + sin x)
x x
19. 20. ex[cos 2x + sin x cos x]
x(1 + log x) 2
1
2x[− xcosec2 x + x(log 2) cot x − log x]
2 ex( x 2 + 1)
21. 22.
x3/2 ( x + 1) 2
xsec x( sec x − tan x) + tan x ( aq − bp) x 2 + 2( ar − pc) x + ( br − cq)
23. 24.
( sec x + tan x) ( px 2 + qx + r) 2
x2
25. 26. (i) −cosec2 x (ii) sec x tan x
( x sin x + cos x) 2

Derivative of a Function of a Function

dy ⎛ dy dt ⎞
CHAIN RULE If y = f (t) and t = g( x) then =⎜ × ⎟⋅
dx ⎝ dt dx ⎠
This rule may be extended further.
dy ⎛ dy dt du⎞
If y = f (t), t = g(u) and u = h( x) then =⎜ × × ⎟⋅
dx ⎝ dt du dx ⎠

SOLVED EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1 Differentiate (i) sin x 3 (ii) sin 3 x (iii) esin x

SOLUTION (i) Let y = sin x 3 .
Put x 3 = t , so that y = sin t and t = x 3 .
dy dt
∴ = cos t and = 3x2.
dt dx
dy ⎛ dy dt ⎞
So, =⎜ × ⎟
dx ⎝ dt dx ⎠
= 3 x 2 cos t = 3 x 2 cos x 3 [Q t = x 3 ].
d
Hence, (sin x 3 ) = 3 x 2 cos x 3 .
dx
(ii) Let y = sin 3 x = (sin x) 3 .
Put sin x = t , so that y = t 3 and t = sin x.
892 Senior Secondary School Mathematics for Class 11

EXERCISE 28E

Differentiate the following with respect to x:

1. sin 4x 2. cos 5x 3. tan 3x 4. cos x 3
4
5. cot 2 x 6. tan 3 x 7. tan x 8. ex
9. ecot x 10. sin x 11. (5 + 7 x) 6 12. ( 3 − 4x)5
1
13. ( 3 x 2 − x + 1) 4 14. ( ax 2 + bx + c) n 15. 16. sin 2 ( 2x + 3)
( x 2 − x + 3) 3
17. cos2 x 3 18. sin x 3 19. x sin x 20. cot x
21. cos 3 x sin 5 x 22. sin x sin 2x 23. cos (sin ax + b )
2x 3x −5 x
24. e sin 3 x 25. e cos 2x 26. e cot 4x 27. cos ( x 3 . ex)
ex + e− x e 2 x + e −2 x 1 − x2
28. e(x sin x + cos x)
29. 30. 31.
ex − e− x e 2 x − e −2 x 1 + x2

a2 − x 2 1 + sin x 1 + ex e2 x + x 3
32. 33. 34. 35.
a +x 2 2 1 − sin x 1 − ex cosec 2x

dy
Find , when
dx
36. y = sin ( sin x + cos x ) 37. y = ex log (sin 2x)
⎛ 1 − x2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 + x2 ⎞
38. y = cos ⎜ ⎟ 39. y = sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 + x2 ⎠ ⎝ 1 − x2 ⎠
sin x + x 2
40. y =
cot 2x
cos x − sin x dy
41. If y = , show that + y 2 + 1 = 0.
cos x + sin x dx
cos x + sin x dy ⎛ π⎞
42. If y = , show that = sec2 ⎜ x + ⎟ ⋅
cos x − sin x dx ⎝ 4⎠

1−x dy
43. If y = , prove that (1 − x 2 ) + y = 0. [CBSE 2004]
1+ x dx

sec x − tan x dy
44. If y = , show that = sec x (tan x + sec x).
sec x + tan x dx

ANSWERS (EXERCISE 28E)

1. 4 cos 4x 2. −5 sin 5 x 3. 3 sec2 3 x 4. −3 x 2 sin x 3

 Differentiation 893

sec2 x 4
5. −2 cot x cosec2 x 6. 3 tan 2 x sec2 x 7. 8. 4x 3 ( ex )
2 x
cos x
9. −( cosec2 x)( ecot x) 10. 11. 42(5 + 7 x)5 12. −20( 3 − 4x) 4
2 sin x
13. 4( 6x − 1)( 3 x 2 − x + 1) 3 14. n( 2ax + b)( ax 2 + bx + c) n − 1
−3( 2x − 1) 3 x 2 cos x 3
15. 16. 2 sin ( 4x + 6) 17. −3 x 2 sin ( 2x 3 ) 18.
( x 2 − x + 3) 4 2 sin x 3
( x cos x + sin x) −cosec2 x
19. 20.
2 x sin x 4 x . cot x
21. 5 cos 3 x cos 5 x − 3 sin 3 x sin 5 x 22. 2 sin x cos 2x + cos x sin 2x
−a
23. (cos ax + b ) . sin (sin ax + b ) 24. e2 x( 3 cos 3 x + 2 sin 3 x)
2 ax + b
25. e3 x( 3 cos 2x − 2 sin 2x) 26. − e−5 x( 4cosec2 4x + 5 cot 4x)
27. − x 2 ex ( x + 3) ⋅ sin ( x 3 ex) 28. ( x cos x). e(x sin x + cos x)
−4 −8 −2x
29. x − x 2 30. 2 x −2 x 2 31.
(e − e ) (e − e ) (1 + x 2 ) 3 / 2 (1 − x 2 )1/2
−2a 2 x 1
32. 33. or sec x ( sec x + tan x)
( a + x ) ( a 2 − x 2 )1/2
2 2 3/2
(1 − sin x)
ex
34. 35. 2e2 x(cos 2x + sin 2x) + 2x 3 cos 2x + 3 x 2 sin 2x
(1 − e )(1 − e2 x)1 / 2
x

(cos x − sin x) cos ( sin x + cos x )

36. 37. ex[2 cot 2x + log (sin 2x)]
2 sin x + cos x
2
4x ⎛ 1 − x2 ⎞ 4x ⎛ 1 + x2 ⎞
38. ⋅ sin ⎜ ⎟ 39. ⋅ cos ⎜ ⎟
(1 + x 2 ) 2 ⎝ 1 + x2 ⎠ (1 − x )
2 2
⎝ 1 − x2 ⎠
40. 2 (sin x + x 2 ) sec2 2x + (cos x + 2x) tan 2x

HINTS TO SOME SELECTED QUESTIONS

1
35. Write = sin 2 x.
cosec 2 x

sin x sin x cos π + cos x sin π

1 1
cos x +
42. y = 2 2 = 4 4 = tan ⎛ x + π ⎞ ⋅
⎜ ⎟
1 1 π π ⎝ 4⎠
cos x − sin x cos x cos − sin x sin
2 2 4 4