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Pronouns
A pronoun is a word which is used in place of one or more nouns.
Personal, relative and interrogative pronouns will be seen in this
handout.

Introductory Exercise:
1. He was born on the same day as (me, I)
2. Because of (it’s, its) many aisles, Costco seems like a maze.
3. The most efficient shopper is (me, I).
4. You know the difference between you and (me, I)? I make this
look GOOD. (Quote from Men in Black)
5. Correcting these sentences amuses you as much as (me, I).

Personal Pronouns - Review of the three cases

Subjective case: pronouns are either Predicate Nominative:
the subject of the verb (may be implied) or A predicate nominative is a noun or a pronoun which follows a
the predicate nominative. linking verb and refers to, describes, or explains the subject.
The subjective, or nominative case, as it
is often known is used to refer to the Examples:
subject of a sentence, the person or thing The best player in school is she.
performing the action. It was he who set off the fire alarm.
My best friend has always been Bart.
He sat by the river.
Who is it? It is I.

Objective case: pronouns used as objects of verbs or prepositions.

The objective case is used to refer to the person or thing to whom the action is done.

He looked at him.

Possessive case: pronouns which express ownership.

The possessive case is used to show the idea of ownership or possession.
A: Do you have another pen?
B: No, you’re using mine. Where’s yours?

SUBJECTIVE CASE OBJECTIVE CASE POSSESSIVE CASE

Pronouns as SUBJECTS Pronouns as OBJECTS Pronouns that show POSSESSION

I me mine
you you yours
he him his
she her hers its is always a
it it possessive
we us ours adjective
they them theirs

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The Objective Case
Here are several examples of sentences with objective-case pronouns:

Direct Object:
Our dog Fido usually obeys me. a direct object is a noun or a pronoun
My aunt’s poodle sometimes follows her. which answers the question what ? or
whom ? after an action verb.

Indirect Object:
an indirect object is a noun or a pronoun
The author read us three of her poems.
which answers the question to or for
We gave her a round of applause.
whom? or to or for what? after the verb.

Object of a Preposition:
Emile went bowling with her. The noun or pronoun which follows a
The twins were playing badminton on the preposition is called the object of
court alongside them. preposition.

A pronoun may be used as part of a compound direct object, a compound indirect object, or a compound
object of a preposition.
A pronoun used in this way must be in the objective case.

Erica invited Evelyne, Amélie and me. (compound direct object)

I wrote my sister and him a letter from Montreal. (compound indirect object)
Sit here with Kilyan and them. (compound object of a preposition)

Some problems of case:

In compound structures, where there are two pronouns or a noun and a pronoun, drop the other noun for
a moment. Then you can see which case you want.

NOT: Laurier and me travel a good deal. ______________________________

(Would you say, "Me travel"?)

NOT: He gave the flowers to Emily and I. ______________________________

(Would you say, "He gave the flowers to I"?)

NOT: Us men like the coach. ______________________________

(Would you say, "Us like the coach"?)

In comparisons. Comparisons usually follow than or as:

He is taller than I (am tall).

NOT: He is taller than me.
(Would you say, "... than me am tall"?)

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 This helps you as much as (it helps) me.
She is as noisy as I (am).
Martin likes ice cream better than I (like ice cream).
Martin likes ice cream better than (he likes) me.

Comparisons are really shorthand sentences which

usually omit words, such as those in the parentheses in
the sentences above. If you complete the comparison
in your head, you can choose the correct case for the
pronoun.

Exercise 1
For each sentence below, choose the correct
pronoun from the two in parentheses, indicate what
case the pronoun is in and justify your answer.

Example: Audrey and (I, me) will meet you at the bus depot. subjective case, subject of the verb.

1. They missed the train because of (he, him).

2. (We, Us) soldiers must be ready for combat at all times.
3. You and (me, I) have always understood each other.
4. I don’t know if it was (she, her) who was in the theater yesterday.
5. I am older than (she, her).
6. Blame Maxim. It’s (him, he) who decided to rent this movie.
7. We sing just as well as (they, them).
8. Jerry questioned (she, her) and (I, me) about the accident.
9. The coach and (we, us) need more time to practice before the game.
10. Justin and (her, she) are the two best chess players in our school.
11. The tallest person in my family is (I, me)
12. Would you help Jade and (I, me) with this puzzle?
13. Alexandra’s dog followed Carolyn and (us, we) all over town.
14. The stage manager invited Alexis and (she, her) backstage after the concert.
15. Kyana’s aunt took (her, she) and her sister on a tour of downtown Chicago.

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The Possessive Case

A personal pronoun used to show possession or ownership is in the possessive case.

Here is a list of personal pronouns in the possessive case:

Person Singular Plural Distinction between

First Person Mine Ours possessive adjective
Second person Yours Yours and possessive
Third person His, hers Theirs pronoun:

Here are examples of sentences with possessive pronouns and adjectives: A possessive pronoun
is used alone, without
My book is in his locker. That bicycle is his. a noun following it.
The dog finished its dinner. The choice is yours.
The voters dropped their ballots in a box. A possessive adjective
is used only with a
noun following it.
The possessive its never takes an apostrophe:

POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS ADJECTIVES
I have mine. I have my pen
You have yours. You have your book.
She has hers. She has her lunch.
He has his. He has his baseball glove.
We have ours. We have our boat.
You have yours. You have your jacket.
They have theirs. They have their tickets

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 Pronoun/Possessive Adjective - Antecedent Agreement

Pronouns usually refer to a word mentioned earlier. This noun on which the pronoun depends for its
meaning is called the antecedent, which simply means “something going before”.

Basic Principle: A pronoun usually refers to something earlier in the text (its antecedent)
and must agree in number (singular/plural) and gender with the thing to which it refers.

ANTECEDENT POSS.ADJ. ANTECEDENT POSS. PRONOUN

The children need their sleep, and Mom needs hers too.

Remember: A pronoun (or possessive adjective) must agree with its antecedent in gender and number.

Pronouns should also agree with each other in person. For example, if you begin a sentence using a
third-person pronoun, do not shift to a second-person pronoun.

one
One will do well in school if he follows this advice.

One: pronoun, any person indefinitely; anyone

Sexist Language
Be careful not to use pronouns in sexist ways, for example do not use MASCULINE pronouns (or
possessive adjectives) to refer to both sexes.

A doctor must see his patients frequently.

Three possible solutions

1) Making the antecedent and possessive adjective plural.

Doctors must see their patients frequently.

2) Eliminating the possessive adjective.

Doctors must see patients frequently.

3) Keeping the antecedent singular and including both possessive adjectives.

A doctor must see his or her patients frequently.

Number Agreement with the Singular Indefinite Pronouns

Some indefinite pronouns such as one, no one, anybody, anyone,

nobody, somebody, someone, each, everybody and everyone – are Singular they has become the
always singular and require singular personal pronouns. pronoun of choice to replace he
and she in cases where the gender
INCORRECT: Everyone has to have their dictionary. of the antecedent is unknown,
CORRECT: Everyone has to have his or her dictionary. irrelevant, or nonbinary, or where
INCORRECT: Ask each of the students what they want for lunch. gender needs to be concealed.
CORRECT: Ask each of the students what he or she wants for lunch. - Oxford English Dictionary

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Number Agreement with Collective Nouns

Use a singular personal pronoun (or possessive adjective) to refer to a collective noun unless the
sentence is about the members of the group as multiple individuals.

The team finished its project in record time

The team brought their children to the picnic.

Compound Antecedents

Compound antecedents connected by and take plural pronouns or possessive adjectives.

COMPOUND ANTECEDENT
Mathias and Léo moved, so they go to different schools.

Compound antecedents connected by or or nor take the pronoun (or possessive adjective) which agrees
with the nearer antecedent.

COMPOUND ANTECEDENT

AVOID

Neither the cars nor the truck fits into its parking
space.

Neither his bodyguards nor he was there.

Either the classrooms or the auditorium must have

its floor refinished.

To avoid awkwardness in sentences with both a

singular and plural antecedent, place the plural
antecedent second.

Neither the truck nor the cars fit into their parking
space.

Neither he nor his bodyguards were there.

Either the auditorium or the classrooms must have

their floor refinished.

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 Pronouns Rule (actually, Pronoun Rules)
Using pronouns correctly can be tricky and confusing.
However, remembering a handful of rules will make it easier every time you sit down to write.

1. After a preposition, always use an objective pronoun.

EXAMPLE: Vincent learned about pronouns from Bonny and me. (Not I )

2. Don’t use objective pronouns as the subjects of a sentence.

EXAMPLE: Bonny and I (not me) are trying to use more pronouns.

3. Avoid using objective pronouns when making comparisons. (It will help you if you complete the sentence in
your head.)
EXAMPLE: You like pronouns better than I. (... like pronouns)

4. Be careful, though, because there are some comparisons where it is correct to use objective pronouns. (Again,
you can make that decision by completing the sentence in your head.)
EXAMPLE: That dress fits you better than (it fits…) me.

5. Use singular personal pronouns (and possessive adjectives) along with singular indefinite pronouns like each
and everyone.
EXAMPLE: Everyone asked his or her (not their) teacher to assign more homework about pronouns.

Exercise 2
WHAT TO DO: There are 10 pronoun and possessive adjective mistakes in the following letter from Angelina in
Gatineau to her pen pal, Jennifer in Montreal. Circle the mistakes, and then write the correct pronoun or
possessive adjective above the error.

Dear Jennifer,

Well, the highlight of the fall has come and gone. That’s right, last Friday Brad and me went together to the Fall into
Fall Dance. Courtney, Gwyneth, Julia, and Emma all wanted to go with he. The night of the dance, each of them
looked at me with envy in their eyes. And you’re not going to believe this, Jennifer - him and I were named Fall
King and Fall Queen! I thought that Andrea - she’s class president - would faint when her and Mr. Vachon
presented Brad with the traditional bucket of leaves, and I with the traditional rhinestone rake. Standing on the
stage, rake in hand, next to Brad, I knew I’d never like any boy better than he. Sure, there are boys who are better
looking than him. And there are taller boys, and smarter boys, too, I guess. But no one plays Nintendo like Brad.
Jennifer, there’s something about every boy that separates them from the rest. Brad has found his true calling in
“Super Mario IV: Revenge of the Flowerpots.” And I respect a boy who can devote their life to a single goal. Well,
I’ve got to run.
Write back soon!
Your pal,
Angelina
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Exercise 3
For each sentence below, choose the correct personal pronoun (from the two in parentheses) indicate
what case the personal pronoun is in and justify your answer.

Example: Aurélie and (I, me) will meet you at the bus depot. subjective case, subject of the verb

1. I sent the letters to (he, him).

2. Marilou’s grandfather read Ivi and (she, her) a story.
3. Is this wallet (yours, your’s)?
4. (He, Him) and other members of the band practice twice a week.
5. The winner of the school photography contest was (her, she).
6. Please pass this plate of cornbread to Nahid and (him, he).
7. Victor is a friend of (me, mine).
8. The coach and (we, us) need more time to practice before the game.
9. Officer Edward gave Laurent and (he, him) a parking ticket.
10. The students who will use the computer next are Nidal and (he, him).
11. You can take a turn at bat after Regan and (me, I).
12. The Muirheads and (they, them) take turns working in the garden.
13. It was (her, she) who lost her class ring while playing badminton.
14. Elise and (him, he) built a huge sand castle on the beach last Saturday.
15. Between you and (I, me), I think it’s a stupid idea.
16. They said (we, us) had to pay for it.
17. I know, I can’t believe they told (we, us) that!
18. It’s got nothing to do with (you and I, you and me)
19. (Mine, My) is the white one.
20. We came across a friend of (us, ours) at the mall yesterday.

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Relative Pronouns
That, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, for
Question:
which, in which are relative pronouns.
What’s the difference between
sentence, clause and phrase?
1. Who refers to the subject of a clause or a sentence.
(Refer to the notes taken in class)
Whom refers to the objects of a verb or a preposition.

The candidate who wins the greatest popular vote is not always elected.
In this sentence, the relative pronoun is the subject of the verb wins and introduces the clause who wins
the greatest popular vote.

In a time of crisis, the manager asks the workers whom she believes to be the most efficient to arrive an
hour earlier than usual.
In this sentence whom is the direct object of the verb believes and introduces the clause whom she
believes to be the most efficient.

2.
Use who, whom, which, and that carefully

The pronouns who/whom usually refer to people, but may also refer to animals that have names.

My mother, who gave me the rhino, must love me very much.

My rhino, whom I call Spike, wanders at will through my house.

The pronoun which refers to animals and things:

The rhino, which is a much maligned and misunderstood animal, is really quite affectionate. Its horn is
a mat of hair which is sort of stuck to its snout.

The crate which was left in the corridor has now been moved into the storage closet.

Finally, the pronoun that refers to animals and things and occasionally to persons when they are
collective (all, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody and those) or anonymous:

Rhinos which/that like to swim cause both plumbing and enameling problems for their owners.
The answer which/that everyone missed was “1492”.
Everyone who/that knew him liked him.
Only those who/that had booked in advance were allowed in.

That is informal.

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The Question of Who versus Whom
Here is the four-step trick for getting these words straight every time:
Step 1:
Isolate the clause containing the "who(ever)" or "whom(ever)." (Sentences which ask questions can have
only one clause.)
We are pleased with the person [(who, whom) she has chosen to be the office manager.]
(Who, Whom) is that masked man?
Step 2:
Ignore the part of the sentence that is NOT in the "who(ever)" or "whom(ever)" clause.
[(who, whom) she has chosen to be the office manager.]
(Who, Whom) is that masked man?
Step 3:
In place of the word "who(ever)" or "whom(ever)," plug in the words "he" or "him" and see which one
sounds better.
She has chosen he to be the office manager. OR She has chosen him to be the office manager.

He is that masked man? OR Him is that masked man?

Step 4:
If "he" sounds better, then choose "who(ever)." If "him" sounds better, then choose "whom(ever)."
Remember that the "m" words ("him" and "whom") go together.
She has chosen him to be the office manager.
He is that masked man?
Therefore:
We are pleased with the person (who, whom) she has chosen to be the office manager.
(Who, Whom) is that masked man?

Be careful!
We get in trouble when we forget step 2 of the trick and don't ignore the part of the sentence that is
outside the "who/whom" clause. Notice what would happen if we make that mistake with the following
example:
Example: We will be kind to (whoever, whomever) knocks at the door.

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We might be tempted to consider "we will be kind to him" instead of "he knocks on our door for
help." We would have incorrectly chosen "whomever" instead of "whoever."
Important Rule:
Every verb with a tense in a sentence must have a subject.
Consider the following sentences:
1) I decided to vote for (whoever, whomever) called me first.
“I” is the subject of “decided”
“he” (whoever) is the subject of the verb “called.”
2) Give it to (whoever, whomever) deserves it.
“he” (whoever) is the subject of the verb “deserves
3) Ask (whoever, whomever) read that book to answer the question.
(You) ask him (he read that book) to answer the question.
This important rule supersedes the trick of substituting “he/him”.
If you go through all the steps and rules AND you're still not sure, apply the all-important
Final Rule:
Give it a sincere and honest effort to determine if it's “who” or “whom.” If it takes more than 30 seconds
to figure it out, pick the one that sounds better to the ear (read it aloud) and move on. Why? Because
even grammarians are likely to squabble over which to use.

Exercise 4
Choose the correct answer.
1. My grandmother really loved Samuel. She left all her money to Pedro and (he, him).
2. A student in that all-women's college should have no fears about (her, their) future.
3. He was so worried about (who, whom) he should ask to the big dance, that he ended up not asking
anyone.

4. Wissam’s brother left the matter entirely up to (he and I, him and me)
5. This is a matter for you and (I, me) to decide.
6. Everybody in this class has completed (his or her, their) homework already.
7. No one on this bus seems to know (their, his or her) way around this part of New York City.

8. Either the classrooms or the auditorium must have (their, its, it’s) floor refinished.

9. Every coat on this rack has outlived (its, it’s, their) usefulness.

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10. Shawn scored in the final two seconds, and the crowd roared (its, it’s, their) approval.

11. After bickering about the final report for hours, the committee submitted (its, it’s ,their) four
versions of the document.

12. (Us, We) voters must learn to vote in our own self-interest.

13.The voters have chosen (she and he, her and him) as their representatives.

14. He didn't seem to care much about (us, we) voters.

15. (Whom, Who) do you think will answer the door?

16. Everyone drove (his or her, their) own car to the picnic.
17. All the students brought (his or her, their) books to class in the first day.
18. Lili stopped to see (his, her) grandfather.

19. Are you the kind of person (who, whom) resembles a sunflower, open to the world most of the
time?

20. She’s the kind of person (who, whom) others consider shy.
21. He finds the people with (who, whom) he’s talking interesting.
22. Suppose you go to a party where there are several people (whom, that) you don’t know well.

23. This test, (who, which) has been perfected many times over the decades, has been validated by the
millions of people who have taken it.

24. Angelina and Brad, (whom, who) have been married for a few years, are an example of the perfect
couple.

25. Once Audrey meets some people (that,who,whom) she feels comfortable with, she’ll have a good
time.

26. This makes perfect sense to Alicia, a fact (who, which) leads us to classify her as a thinker.

27. The neighbourhood (that, who) they are moving into is much safer.
28. Beckett, (that, who) works for a county hospital, will have to commute to work.
29. Neither the packages nor the letter (has, have) arrived.
30. Either the typewriter or the computer (is, are) broken.

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Exercise 5
For each sentence below, choose the correct form. Include your justification.

1. It’s Zakary from (who, whom) I received the assignment.

2. If you know (who, whom) sent the letter, please give me a name and address.
3. She is the girl (who, whom) I know very well.
4. Was it he (who, whom) won the race?
5. (Who, Whom) do you expect to meet at the corner?
6. Louis, (who, whom) I consider my friend, advised me to do this.
7. My parents asked me (who, whom) I intended to ask to the party.
8. To (who, whom) were you waving?
9. He is a man (who, whom) I believe always tells the truth.
10. He is a man (who, whom) I know to be honest.
11. By now the teacher knows (who, whom) did the cheating.
12. When a dancer (who, which, whom) is talented performs the best known-numbers, the entire
audience becomes involved.
13. (Who, Whom) wants to see the dentist first?
14. (Who, Whom) wrote the novel The Hobbit?
15. (Who, Whom) do you think we should invite?
16. (Who, Whom) will meet the delegates at the train
station?
17. To (who, whom) did you wish to speak?
18. We will give the money to the person (who, whom)
needs it most.
19. We filed a complaint against the contractor (who,
whom) we hired last month.
20. (Who, whom) are you calling?
21. No one knows (who, whom) you are.
22. (Who, whom) is at the door?
23. We will be kind to (whoever, whomever) knocks on our door for help.
24. They fought over (who, whom)?
25. (Whoever, Whomever) is elected president will be in office for four years.

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 Relative Pronouns and Adjective Clauses

Adjective clauses are dependent clauses. Like adjectives, they modify nouns or pronouns. Because
adjective clauses are introduced by relative pronouns, they are also called relative clauses.

What’s the difference between a clause, a phrase and a sentence?

Clause: _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Phrase: _________________________________________________________________
Examples:_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Sentence: _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
The man who is wearing a baseball cap says there will be no apples this year.

Main clause- independent clause

Adjective clause – dependent clause – identifying clause

Sentences with adjective clauses can be seen as a combination of two sentences:

Example: The man robbed you. The man has been arrested.
The man who robbed you has been arrested.

Adjective clauses which are used to distinguish one person or thing from another are called identifying
(also called defining, restrictive, or essential). A clause of this kind is essential to the clear
understanding of the noun (see page 424 of FoG).

For example: The man who told me this refused to give me his name.
“who told me this” is the adjective/relative clause. If we omit this, it is not clear what
man we are talking about. Notice that there is no comma between a noun and an
identifying clause.

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Relative pronouns used in identifying adjective clauses:

Subject Object Possessive

For Persons FORMAL who whom whose
For Persons INFORMAL that that
For Things FORMAL which which whose/ of which
For Things INFORMAL that that

For persons
Subject: who or that (When writing use who)
The man who robbed you has been arrested.
The girls who went to Spain had a wonderful time.

But that is a possible alternative after all, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody and those:

Everyone who/that knew him liked him.

Only those who/that had booked in advance were allowed in.

Object of the verb: whom

The object form is whom, but this is considered very formal. In spoken English who or that are
sometimes used (that being more usual than who), and it is still more common to omit the object
pronoun altogether:

The man whom I saw told me to come back today.  most formal
The man who I saw told me to come back today.
The man that I saw told me to come back today.
The man I saw told me to come back today.  least formal

Object of a preposition: whom or that

In formal English the preposition is placed before the relative pronoun, which must then be put into the
form whom:
The man to whom I spoke was very kind.  most formal

In informal speech, however, it is more usual to move the preposition to the end of the clause, whom
then is often replaced by who or that, but it is still more common to omit the relative pronoun altogether:

The man whom I spoke to was very kind.

The man who I spoke to was very kind.
The man that I spoke to was very kind.
The man I spoke to was very kind.  least formal

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Possessive: whose is the only possible form.
The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.
People whose rents have been raised can appeal.

For things (or animals *)

Subject : either which or that (which is more formal)
This is the painting which/that caused such a controversy.
The stairs which/that are near Robert’s office are rather slippery.
The crate which/that was left in the corridor has now been moved into the storage closet.
The rhino which/that hid behind the television was missing for days.

Object of a verb: which or that, or no relative pronoun at all.

The car which I rented broke down.  most formal

The car that I rented broke down.
The car I rented broke down.  least formal

which is hardly ever used after all, everything, little, much, none, no and compounds of no, or after
superlatives. Instead we use that.

An adjective clause that is not used to identify something but simply adds extra information is called
non-identifying (or nonrestrictive, non-defining or nonessential) (see page 425 of FoG).
Non-identifying adjective clauses are placed after nouns which are definite already.

For example: My neighbour, who is very pessimistic, says there will be no apples this year.

The adjective clause does not define the noun, but merely adds something to it by giving some more
information about it.

Relative pronouns used in non-identifying adjective clauses:

Subject Object Possessive

For persons who whom whose
For things which which whose/ of which

For persons
Subject: who
No other pronoun is possible. Note the commas:
Maxime, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town.

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Clauses such as these, which come immediately after the subject of the main verb, are found mainly in
written English. In spoken English we would be more likely to say:

Maxime had been driving all day, so he suggested…

Reminder:
The pronouns who and
Object of the verb: whom whom may refer to
The pronoun cannot be omitted. animals which have
My rhino, whom I call Spike, wanders at will through the house. names.
Philippe, whom everyone suspected, turned out to be innocent.

Object of a preposition: whom

The pronoun cannot be omitted. The preposition is normally placed before whom:
Aaron, with whom I play tennis on Sundays, is fitter than I.

Possessive: whose
Clara, whose children are at school all day, is trying to find a job.

For things
Subject: which
That is not used here, and the pronoun cannot be omitted.
The 7:30 bus, which is usually very punctual, was late today.

Object of a verb: which

That is not used here, and the pronoun which can never be omitted
These books, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you all the information you need.

Object of the preposition: which

The preposition comes before which.
The house, for which he paid $100,000, is now worth $50,000.

Possessive: whose or of which

whose is generally used for both animals and things.
(of which is possible for things but is unusual except in very formal English.)
His house, whose windows were all broken, was a depressing sight.
Differences between
Identifying adjective clauses Non-identifying adjective clauses

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 Preposition Problems
FOR and SINCE
The prepositions FOR and SINCE are sometimes
confusing. The following explanations should make these
troublesome words easy!

1. FOR
We use FOR + a period of time to say how long something
goes on: Source: http://www.stolaf.edu/services/cel/E-
Newsletter/Will%20Work%20Cartoon.JPG
for ten years for two weeks for a
day

Examples: 1. Liam has lived in this house for 10 years.

2. Jack watched television for two hours last night.
3. Auguste is going away for a week in March.

2. SINCE
SINCE is combined with points of time and answers the question “since when?”
Note that SINCE is placed before the point of time it refers to.
(since when?)
Examples: 1.I haven’t seen William since the holidays.
(since when?)
2.I ran into Rayan yesterday. I haven’t seen him since 1995.
(since when?)
3.Elias has played the piano since childhood.

In summary, we use SINCE if we say when something started and FOR if we say how long it has lasted.

EXERCISE - Complete the following sentences with FOR or SINCE.

Here is a very common
1. Leo waited for you ________________ half an hour last night! mistake. Please avoid it!
I have played hockey
2. Sebastian has been working out ____________ September 1st. since five years. (five
years = a period of time)
3. Xavier has been playing the guitar _______________ adolescence.
4. I was sick last week. I couldn’t eat ________________ three days. The correct way to write
this would be
5. He hasn’t lived in Haiti all his life. He lived in France _______ ten years.
6. Matteo hasn’t waited at the door ___________ very long, has he? _____________________
_____________________
7. Tristan has worn those shoes ____________ he bought them.
8. Bonny and Sylvia have known each other ____________ 2001.
9. I haven’t played Old Maid ___________ I was very small.
10. Daniel hasn’t had a vacation ____________ two years.

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