r 5 a !

, 0, b
8.
5 2
a. x 5 ! t, y 5 1 " t, z 5 t, tPR
! 37 15 Cumulative Review of Vectors,
7 7 2 2 pp. 557–560
1 1 " t 111, 2, !52 , tPR;
r 5 17, 0, !1 2 " t 111, 2, !5 2 ,
b. x 5 3, y 5 , z 5 ! !
1. a. about 111.0°
4 2 14
c. x 5 3t ! 3s " 7, y 5 t, z 5 s, tPR; z 5 !1 ! 5t, tPR b. scalar projection: ! ,
13
s, tPR b. All three lines of intersection found vector projection:
1 1 1 5 in part a. have direction vector
111, 2, !52, and so they are all a! b
9. a. x 5 " t, y 5 ! " t, 52 56 168
2 36 2 12 , ,!
169 169 169
z 5 t, tPR parallel. Since no pair of normal
9 vectors for these three planes is 14
31 1 1 c. scalar projection: ! ,
b. x 5 ! t, y 5 " t, z 5 t, parallel, no pair of these planes is 3
8 24 4 12 vector projection:
tPR coincident.
a! , , b
28 14 28
a , 1, b , a , 1, ! b , a , !1, b ,
10. a. These three planes meet at the point 1 1 1 1 1 1
22.
1!1, 5, 3 2. 2 3 2 3 2 3 9 9 9
2. a. x 5 8 " 4t, y 5 t, z 5 !3 ! 3t,
a , !1, ! b , a ! , 1, b ,
b. The planes do not intersect. 1 1 1 1
tPR
Geometrically, the planes form a 2 3 2 3 b. about 51.9°
a , !1, ! b a ! , 1, ! b , and
triangular prism. 1 1 1 1 1
c. The planes meet in a line through 2 3 2 3 3. a.
2
a ! , !1, b
the origin, with equation x 5 t, 1 1 b. 3
y 5 !7t, z 5 !5t, tPR 2 3 3
11. 4.90 7 2 3 2 c.
23. y5 x ! x! 2 !
12. a. x ! 2y " z " 4 5 0 ! !
r 5 13, 1, !52 " s12, 1, 0 2, sPR
! 6 2 3 4. a. !7i ! 19j ! 14k
m # n 5 12, 1, 02 11, !2, 12 5 0 a , ,! b
! ! 29 4 33 b. 18
24.
7 7 7 5. x-axis: about 42.0°, y-axis: about
Since the line’s direction vector is
25. A 5 5, B 5 2, C 5 !4 111.8°, z-axis: about 123.9°
a. r 5 1!1, !4, !6 2 a. 1!7, !5, !12
perpendicular to the normal of the
plane and the point 13, 1,!5 2 lies
!
26. 6.
" t 1!5, !4, !3 2, tPR b. 1!42, !30, !62
on both the line and the plane, the
b. a , 2, ! b
13 3 c. about 8.66 square units
line is in the plane.
b. 1!1, !1, !5 2 2 2 d. 0
a! , 0b and a
c. x ! 2y " z " 4 5 0 c. about 33.26 units 2 1 1 1 1
7. ,! , , 0b
!1 ! 21!1 2 " 1!5 2 " 4 5 0 27. 6x ! 8y " 9z ! 115 5 0 Ï2 Ï2 Ï2 Ï2
The point 1!1, !1, !52 is on the
8. a. vector equation: Answers may vary.
r 5 12, !3, 12 " t1!1, 5, 22 , tPR;
!
plane since it satisfies the equation Chapter 9 Test, p. 556
parametric equation:
a. 13, !1, !52
of the plane.
1. x 5 2 ! t, y 5 !3 " 5t,
b. 3 ! 1!12 " 1!52 " 1 5 0
d. 7x ! 2y ! 11z ! 50 5 0
z 5 1 " 2t, tPR
13. a. 5.48
b. 13, 0, !1 2
3"1!5"150 b. If the x-coordinate of a point on the
a. 1!2, !3, 02.
050 line is 4, then 2 ! t 5 4, or
14.
b. r 5 1!2, !3, 0 2 " t 11, !2, 1 2 ,
13 t 5 !2. At t 5 !2, the point on
the line is 12, !3, 1 2 ! 21!1, 5, 2 2
!
2. a. or 1.08
12
5 14, !13, !3 2 . Hence,
tPR
40
C14, !13, !3 2 is a point on the line.
15. a. !10x " 9y " 8z " 16 5 0 b. or 13.33
b. about 0.45 3
4t t 9. The direction vector of the first line is
1!1, 5, 2 2 and of the second line is
16. a. 1 3.
b. r 5 10, 0, !12 " t 14, 3, 72 , tPR
a. x 5 , y 5 1 ! , z 5 t, tPR
11, !5, !2 2 5 !1!1, 5, 22. So they
!
5 5
17. a. x 5 2, y 5 !1, z 5 1 b. 14, 0, 52
b. x 5 7 ! 3t, y 5 3 ! t, z 5 t, tPR 4. a. 11, !5, 4 2 are collinear and hence parallel.
b. The three planes intersect at the The lines coincide if and only if for
2 3 1
18. a5 ,b5 ,c5
3 4 2 point 11, !5, 42 . any point on the first line and second
1 t 3t 1 line, the vector connecting the two
a 4, ! , b
7 7 5. a. x 5 ! ! , y 5 " , z 5 t, points is a multiple of the direction
19. 2 4 4 2
4 2 tPR vector for the lines. (2, 0, 9) is a point
on the first line and 13, !5, 10 2 is a
a! , , b
5 8 4 b. The three planes intersect at this line.
20.
3 3 3 6. a. m 5 !1, n 5 !3 point on the second line.
b. x 5 !1, y 5 1 ! t, z 5 t, tPR 12, 0, 92 ! 13, !5, 10 2 5 1!1, 5, !1 2
21. a. r 5 a , 0, ! b k1!1, 5, 2 2 for kPR. Hence, the
! 45 21
7. 10.20
4 4
" t111, 2, !5 2, tPR;
lines are parallel and distinct.

NEL Answers 687

 10. vector equation: c. b. z
r 5 10, 0, 4 2 " t10, 1, 12, tPR;
! z
(0, 0, 6)
parametric equation: x 5 0, y 5 t, (0, 3, 6)
z 5 4 " t, tPR
11. !13
a ,! , b
3 31 13
12.
2 6 6 (0, –3, 0)
(0, 0, 0)
13. a.
z (1, 1, –1) y
x y
x (2, 0, 0)
(0, 0, 3)

(0, 3, 0) y
x (6, 0, 0)

20. a. 16°
b. The two planes are perpendicular if
Answers may vary. For example, and only if their normal vectors are
10, 3, 6 2 and 11, 1, !1 2 . also perpendicular. A normal vector
Answers may vary. For example, 14. 1!7, 10, 20 2 for the first plane is 12, !3, 1 2 and
10, 3, !32 and 16, 0, !32 . 15. q 5 11, 0, 22 " t1!11, 7, 22 , tPR
!
a normal vector for the second plane
b. 16. a. 12x ! 9y ! 6z " 24 5 0 is 14, !3, !17 2. The two vectors
b. about 1.49 units are perpendicular if and only if their
z 17. a. 3x ! 5y " 4z ! 7 5 0 dot product is zero.
b. x ! y " 12z ! 27 5 0 12, !3, 12 # 14, !3, !172
c. z ! 3 5 0 5 214 2 ! 31!3 2 " 11!172
(–3, –2, 2) d. x " 2z " 1 5 0 50
18. 336.80 km> h, N 12.1° W Hence, the normal vectors are
19. a. r 5 10, 0, 62 " s11, 0, !32
!
perpendicular. Thus, the planes are
(0, 0, 0) " t10, 1, 22, s, tPR. To verify, find
y perpendicular.
(3, 2, 1) the Cartesian equation corresponding c. The two planes are parallel if and
to the above vector equation and see only if their normal vectors are
if it is equivalent to the Cartesian also parallel. A normal vector for
the first plane is 12, !3, 2 2 and a
x equation given in the problem. A
normal vector to this plane is the normal vector for the second plane
cross product of the two directional is 12, !3, 2 2. Since both normal
vectors. vectors are the same, the planes
n 5 11, 0, !3 2 # 10, 1, 2 2
!
are parallel. Since
210 2 ! 31!12 " 210 2 ! 3 5 0,
5 10122 ! 1!3 2 11 2 , !310 2 ! 112 2 , the point 10, !1, 0 2 is on the
Answers may vary. For example,
1!3, !2, 22 and 13, 2, 1 2.
111 2 ! 010 22 second plane. Yet since
5 13, !2, 1 2 2102 ! 31!1 2 " 210 2 ! 1 5 2 0,
So the plane has the form 10, !1, 0 2 is not on the first plane.
3x " 2y " z " D 5 0, for some Thus, the two planes are parallel but
constant D. To find D, we know that not coincident.
(0, 0, 6) is a point on the plane, so 21. resultant: about 56.79 N, 37.6° from
3102 ! 210 2 " 16 2 " D 5 0. So, the 25 N force toward the 40 N force,
6 " D 5 0, or D 5 !6. So, the equilibrant: about 56.79 N, 142.4°
Cartesian equation for the plane is from the 25 N force away from the
3x ! 2y " z ! 6 5 0. Since this is 40 N force
the same as the initial Cartesian 22. a.
equation, the vector equation for the –b
plane is correct. a
a –b

688 A n s w e r s NEL
 b. 1 c. True; the line x 5 y 5 z has 2 13
b 3. a. y 5 x !
2 direction vector (1, 1, 1), which is 3 3
not perpendicular to the normal
b. y 5 1x " 8 2 " 3
2
2a + 21 b vector 11, !2, 22 to the plane 3
2a x ! 2y " 2z 5 k, k is any constant. 3Ï3
Since these vectors are not c. y 5 ! x!3
5
perpendicular, the line is not
d. y 5 1x " 11 2 ! 4
11
23. a. a , , ! b
6 2 3 parallel to the plane, and so they
7 7 7 10
will intersect in exactly one point.
4. (0, 1)
b. a ! , ! , b
6 2 3 d. False; a direction vector for the line
x z"1 5. a. 1
7 7 7 5 y ! 1 5 2 is (2, 1, 2).
b. a , Ï5 b and a ! , !Ï5 b
2 3 3
24. a. OC 5 18, 9 2,
!
A direction vector for the line
Ï5 Ï5
BD 5 110, !52
x!1 !1 "1
5 y !2 5 z !2 is
!
!4 6. !10
b. about 74.9° 1!4, !2, !22 , or (2, 1, 1) (which is 7. 7x ! y ! 11 5 0
c. about 85.6° parallel to 1!4, !2, !222 . Since 1 3
25. a. x 5 t, y 5 !1 " t, z 5 1, tPR (2, 1, 2) and (2, 1, 1) are obviously 8. y 5 x !
2 2
b. 11, 2, !32 not parallel, these two lines are not 4
9. a.
1x " y2 2
c. x 5 1, y 5 t, z 5 !3 " t, tPR parallel. !1
d. x 5 1 " 3s " t, y 5 t, z 5 s, 36. a. A direction vector for
s, tPR y!2 b. 4 Ïx " y ! 1
L1: x 5 2, 5 z is (0, 3, 1), 3x 2 ! 8xy
26. a. yes; x 5 0, y 5 !1 " t, z 5 t, tPR 3 10. a.
b. no and a direction vector for 4x 2 ! 3
c. yes; z " 14 x3 4x 4 ! 9x 2
4x ! 3 14x 2 ! 3 2 2
L2: x 5 y " k 5 is (1, 1, k). b. y 5 2 ;
x 5 2 ! 2t, y 5 t, z 5 3t, tPR k
27. 30° But (0, 3, 1) is not a nonzero scalar
3 dy 3x2 ! 8xy
multiple of (1, 1, k) for any k, since c. 5
28. a. !
2 the first component of (0, 3, 1) is 0. dx 4x2 ! 3
b. 84 This means that the direction x3
29. r 5 t1!1, 3, 1 2, tPR,
! y5
vectors for L1 and L2 are never 4x2 ! 3
3x2 ! 8x Q4x2x! 3 R
!x " 3y " z ! 11 5 0 parallel, which means that these 3
30. 1!1, 1, 02 lines are never parallel for dy
5
31. a. 0.8 km any k. dx 4x2 ! 3
b. 12 min b. 6; 12, !4, !2 2 3x ! 14x2 ! 32 ! 8x4
2

14x2 ! 32 2
32. a. Answers may vary. 5
r 5 16, 3, 42 " t14, 4, 12, tPR Calculus Appendix
!
b. The line found in part a will lie in 12x ! 9x2 ! 8x4
4

14x2 ! 3 2 2
5
the plane x ! 2y " 4z ! 16 5 0 if Implicit Differentiation, p. 564
and only if both points A12, !1, 3 2
1. The chain rule states that if y is a 4x ! 9x2
4
and B16, 3, 42 lie in this plane. We
14x2 ! 32 2
5
composite function, then
verify this by substituting these dy dy
points into the equation of the dx
5 du du dx
. To differentiate an 11. a.
plane, and checking for consistency. equation implicitly, first differentiate
For A: both sides of the equation with respect
2 ! 21!12 " 413 2 ! 16 5 0 to x, using the chain rule for terms
For B: involving y, then solve for dy dx
.
6 ! 2132 " 4142 ! 16 5 0 x
2. a. !
Since both points lie on the plane, y
so does the line found in part a. x2
b.
33. 20 km>h at N 53.1° E 5y one tangent
34. parallel: 1960 N, !y 2 b.
perpendicular: about 3394.82 N c.
2xy " y2
35. a. True; all non-parallel pairs of lines 9x
intersect in exactly one point in R2. d.
16y
However, this is not the case for 13x
lines in R3 (skew lines provide a e. !
48y
counterexample).
2x
b. True; all non-parallel pairs of f. !
2y " 5
planes intersect in a line in R3.
one tangent

NEL Answers 689