The Digestive System

and Its Interaction

with Other Organs of
the Body
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And here your sbtitle.

 The Digestive Tract

A sequence of
tubular, muscular
digestive organs
beginning from the
mouth and
extending down to
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the anus.
 Mouth

❑ also called the oral cavity

❑ enclosed by your cheeks
and lip
❑ inside, it is composed of
your teeth, tongue, gums,
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and salivary glands

 Mouth

Teeth
Once you begin the process
of mastication or chewing,
your teeth physically break
the food down into smaller
bits to make digestion in
the inner organs easier.
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 Mouth

Saliva
❑ produced by salivary glands
❑ a secretion that softens the food through
moisture and assists the teeth during
mastication
❑ enables the chemical break- down of the starch
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in food by producing the enzyme called amylase

 Mouth

Amylase
an enzyme that converts the
starch molecules into smaller
and simplified carbohydrate
particles, such as maltose,
maltotriose, and dextrins,
which give the food a sweet
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taste
 Mouth

Tounge
❑ rolls the food into a slimy,
slippery ball-shaped mass of
food called bolus
❑ when you are about to
swallow, the tongue pushes
the bolus further towards
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your pharynx
 Pharynx

❑ located at the back of

your mouth and around
the throat area
❑ a short tubular structure
that further lubricates
the bolus
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 Pharynx

❑ diverges into two paths:

one leads down to the
larynx of the respiratory
system and the other
leads down to the
esophagus, the proper
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path of the food

 Pharynx

Epiglottis
❑ a thin piece of cartilage
❑ covers the windpipe in order to
prevent food from entering the
lungs
❑ guides the bolus down to the
esophagus after passing
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through the pharynx

 Esophagus

❑ a muscular pipe that

carries food from the
pharynx to the stomach
❑ also has a mucus lining
that lubricates the bolus
to make its passage
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easier
 Esophagus

Peristalsis
❑ muscular contractions
that esophagus
undergoes
❑ enables the involuntary
passage of food down
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the pipe
 Stomach

❑ usually stores up to 2
liters of partially digested
food
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 Stomach

Pylorus, Fundus, Cardiac

❑ three regions that contract
to break down food particles
❑ Attached to the muscular
walls of these regions are
gastric glands that secrete
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gastric juices
 Stomach

Chyme
❑ a partially fluid mass of food
transported by the stomach
to the small intestine
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 Small Intestine

❑ the longest tube in the

gastrointestinal tract (6
to 7.6 meters)
❑ connects the stomach to
the large intestine
❑ digest food further and
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absorb its nutrients

 Small Intestine

Duodenum
❑ connected to the stomach
where chyme is broken down
by the enzymes, amylase,
protease, and lipase, and
converted into molecules
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that the body can absorb

 Small Intestine

Jejunum and Ileum

❑ where the molecules travel
towards once broken down
❑ where nutrient absorption
takes place
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 Small Intestine

Villi
❑ finger-shaped folds that consists
the lining of jejunum’s walls
❑ enlarge the surface area of the
intestines to increase the
absorption of nutrients from the
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food molecules
 Large Intestine

❑ includes the cecum, the

appendix, the colon, and
the rectum
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 Large Intestine

Cecum
❑ a pouch at the lower right
side of the large intestine
which mixes the food
particles with bacteria and
absorbs salts and
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electrolytes from the liquids

 Large Intestine

Appendix
❑ hanging below the cecum
❑ does not necessarily serve
a significant function in
the digestive process but
has a tendency to undergo
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inflammation
 Large Intestine

Colon
❑ where water and other
essential nutrients
remaining in the food
mass may be reabsorbed
into your body
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 Large Intestine

Rectum
❑ after the food particles
have been digested and the
nutrients have been
absorbed, their remnants
are converted into feces
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and stored temporarily here

 Anus

❑ the end of the

gastrointestinal tract
❑ the canal where the feces
that have been stored in
the rectum are released
during defecation
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 The Accessory Organs
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 Liver

❑ an extremely important
digestive organ with
many key roles
❑ converting food into
energy and producing bile
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 Liver

Bile
❑ an alkaline fluid consisting
of water, electrolytes, and
other nutrient molecules
that are vital for the
digestion of lipids, such as
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fats and oils

 Gallbladder

❑ a small organ located

beneath the liver where
the bile is produced and
temporarily stored
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 Gallbladder

Bile
1. passes through the bile ducts
2. moves into the gallbladder where it is
temporarily stored
3. transported from the gallbladder to the
small intestine
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 Pancreas

❑ makes the necessary

enzymes that aid
digestion of food
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 Liver

lipase, amylase, and protease

❑ the enzymes secreted into
the small intestine to digest
chemically the lipids,
carbohydrates, and proteins
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 Digestive
System and
Circulatory
System
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 ❑Your digestive system functions directly
with your circulatory system to
distribute the absorbed nutrients
throughout your body.
❑Once the nutrients have been
transferred to the capillaries within the
villi of your small intestine, they flow with
the blood in the bloodstream.
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 ❑This nutrient-rich blood passes through
the arteries, which deliver oxygen and
nutrients to the rest of your organs.
❑The circulatory system also transmits
chemical signals and hormones from the
endocrine system to the organs which
influences your metabolism and controls
the speed of digestion.
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 ❑Both digestive and endocrine systems
share and use the pancreas.
❑The endocrine function of this organ is to
produce the hormone insulin which
regulates the blood sugar levels of the
body
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 Digestive
System and
Excretory
System
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 ❑This function involves the process of
removing wastes and excess water
from the body.
❑ At the final stage of the digestive
process, the excess products are released
through defecation and urination.
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 Defecation
❑the process in which the solid wastes
from the large intestines are released
through the anus
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 Urination
❑results from the process with which the
kidneys of the excretory system filter the
blood to eliminate the waste product
known as urea
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 Urea
❑a compound in the bloodstream that
appears after protein has been digested
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 ❑The kidneys gather urea and other excess
liquids to form urine and cleanse the
bloodstream, gastrointestinal tract, and
urinary tract, thereby controlling the
amount of fluid contained in the body
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 Digestive
System and
Respiratory
System
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 ❑The mouth and the pharynx take part in
the respiratory and digestive processes
because they are both used in swallowing
and breathing.
❑The pharynx branches out into the
esophagus, where food passes through
to the stomach, and the trachea, which is
a respiratory pipe.
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 ❑The respiratory system is also
responsible for the intake of oxygen and
the removal of carbon dioxide in the
body.
❑Oxygen is vital in the functioning of cells
in the digestive tract; hence, respiration
is necessary for the digestive system.
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