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Unit 2 - Digestive System

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21 views24 pages

Unit 2 - Digestive System

Uploaded by

aleskacruz
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

WHAT DO YOU KNOW?

• What is a nutrient?

• What is the difference between nutrition and diet.

• Which nutrients do you know?

• Where are nutrients absorbed?


BIOMOLECULES
Chemical compounds found in living organisms. They are composed of mainly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and
phosphorus.
Biomolecules are the building blocks of life and perform important functions in living organisms.
NUTRIENT
NUTRITION: series of involuntary processes of the body that extract nutrients from food to carry out vital functions.

DIET: conscious process of ingestion of food from the external environment.

NUTRIENTS: chemical compounds in food used by the body to function properly and maintain health.
Examples include proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.

ORGANIC INORGANIC
NUTRIENTS NUTRIENTS
METABOLISM
Catabolism
Series of chemical reactions that
transform complex molecules
into simpler ones in order to
obtain ATP (energy)

Anabolism
Series of chemical reactions that
synthesize complex organic
molecules from simple organic
molecules using energy
METABOLISM
ATP

CATABOLISM Complex Simple


Breakdown of complex substances to their CO2 + H20
constituent parts (glucose, amino acids
and fatty acids)

ATP

Complex Simple
ANABOLISM
Process where the simple molecules
combine to generate complex molecules
(requires energy)
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - Anatomy

DIGESTIVE TRACT ACCESORY ORGANS

• Mouth (tongue, teeth)


• Salivary glands
• Pharynx
• Liver - Gallbladder
• Oesophagus
• Pancreas
• Stomach (cardia, pylorum)

• Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) • Extra glands in the walls of the digestive tract
(gastric glands, intestinal glands…)
• Large intestine (caecum, colon, rectum, anal
canal, anus)
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - Mouth

Beginning of the digestive tract.

The back part of the mouth limits with the


pharynx.

Digestion starts in the mouth:

- Mechanical digestion: the teeth grind the


food.

- Chemical digestion: saliva contains the


enzyme amylase which begins the chemical
breakdown of complex carbohydrates (like
starch).
Starch Glucose
Digestive
enzime
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - Mouth
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - Mouth

* The tongue contains the taste buds.


DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - Mouth

When the food has finished digestion in the mouth, it forms the bolus, which is what we
swallow (swallowing).

When we swallow the bolus, the uvula moves up to close the entrance of food into the nasal cavity and the
epiglottis (a cartilage tissue) closes the entrance to the trachea.

Swallowing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=umnnA50IDIY
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - Pharynx
The pharynx is a cavity common to the digestive and
respiratory systems.

Food passes through it on its way to the oesophagus.


DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - Oesophagus
* Oesophagus (UK)
Esophagus (US)

25 cm approx of digestive tract that communicates the


pharynx with the stomach.

Peristaltic movements: involuntary contraction and


relaxation movements of the muscular walls of the
digestive tract.

Peristaltic movements:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVjeNZA5pi4

Real peristaltic movements (small intestine):


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0zgBecEMHeA
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - Stomach
• Thickest region of the digestive tract. Its wall contains the
gastric glands that secrete the powerful and extremely
acidic gastric juice.

• The bolus enters through the cardia and begins the gastric
digestion, that is both mechanical and chemical.

• The resultant mixture of food and gastric juices is called


chyme and leaves the stomach through the pyloric
sphincter.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – Small intestine
• Starts in the pylorus and ends in the ileocecal valve.
• It is divided into three sections: duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
• In the small intestine the food undergoes the last digestion
steps and where the absorption of the majority of nutrients
takes place

• The first portion (duodenum) receives secretions from:


• Intestinal glands  intestinal juice
• Pancreas  pancreatic juices
• Liver  bile
All these secretions contain a large amount of enzymes that degrade
food and transform it into simple soluble substances.

The mixture of the chyme with the intestinal juice, the


bile and the pancreatic juice is called chyle.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – Small intestine
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - – Small intestine
• To increase the absorption area and efficiency, the inner
walls of the intestine have folds called intestinal villi.

• Undigested and unabsorbed substances pass to the large


intestine.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – Small intestine

• Digestion finishes

• The molecules (nutrients) that have been obtained are


absorbed through the walls of the small intestine (mainly in
the jejunum).

• They pass from the interior of the intestine to the blood


(and lymphatic vessels).
• Lymph  transports fats to the rest of the body
• Blood  transports everything else
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – Large intestine

In the large intestine several processes


take place:

• Absorption of water and mineral salts.


All digestion has been carried out in solution, with
food and enzymes in water. Now, in the large
intestine, almost all that water is absorbed.

• Faeces are formed, which is the way to


eliminate the residues of digestion.

• The faeces move along by peristaltic


movements towards the anus and they are
finally expelled in a process known as
defecation.

• Absorption and production of certain


substances by the gut microbiota.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – Large intestine
In the large intestine we have millions of
microorganisms (mainly bacteria) that are called
gut microbiota or gut flora or microbiome.

They have different functions in our body:

• Defense against pathogens

• Keep the immune system active,


preventing some inflammatory diseases

• Digestion of fiber and other carbohydrates.

• Synthesize vitamin D and K


DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – Large intestine

RECTUM

CAECUM

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