International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 4, April-2016 1440

ISSN 2229-5518

Numerical simulation of Gas Turbine Blade

Cooling
Ahmed A. Sultana, Waleed M. El-Awadya, Osama M. M. Salh

Abstract- This study is a numerical investigation of the effect of hole inclination angle and blowing ratio on film cooling effectiveness of
elliptical fixed blade surface. The study was conducted on, (I-R MT250) gas turbine data, with 0.7 mm hole diameter, hole injection angles
(from 300 to 900) with the horizontal and blowing ratio (from 0.3 to 1.3). Commercial software Comsol multi physics, with use of finite
element method, is used for solving a set of RANS equations and (K-ω) turbulence model also is used. The velocity of hot gases is
remaining constant during the investigation, but the coolant velocity was varied on the blowing ratio variation. The hot gases flow is inclined
by150 with horizontal at coolant exit. During the study the effect of film cooling layer and mixed coolant-hot gas on reducing the heat
transfer between blade surface and main stream was studied. At low and moderate blowing ratios, the results showed an increase in
effectiveness, when hole inclination angles increased (from 300 to 600). At higher blowing ratio and an increase in inclination angle more
than 600, leads to drop film cooling effectiveness down. Maximum film cooling effectiveness achieved at inclination angle 600 with
horizontal, and minimum film cooling effectiveness at 900 with the horizontal.

Key words- Film cooling effectiveness, Inclination angle, blowing ratio, gas turbine, stator blade, cfd.

——————————  ——————————
1-Introduction

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In propellant industry especially rockets and gas In order to understand the film cooling behavior and the influence
turbines, some parts are exposed to high temperature, the gas of different operating conditions, many investigations had been
turbine main parts are shown in the figure (1). This high performed.
temperature affects parts life time by increasing the rate of In last decades, many experimental and numerical studies of
corrosion, creep and shape deformation. It is also clear that, the film cooling were performed as following:
gas turbine efficiency depends on the gas inlet temperature which Acharya and Leedom [1] investigated numerically the effects of
is limited by the melting points of the turbine materials. So, plenum inflow orientation on film cooling, by large eddy
cooling techniques should be employed to overcome these simulation. Three in flow orientations in to the plenum were
problems. studded. These orientations were vertically, parallel to and
For gas turbine, there are many cooling techniques either internal perpendicular to the main stream flow, were investigated. The
or external. Many investigations were performed in order to reach hole’s inclination angle of 350, fluids density ratio of 2, and
the optimum cooling of the turbine components. One of the most blowing ratios from 0.5 to 2.0 were used. The results showed that
effective techniques is the film cooling which is widely employed the longer delivery holes (L/d = 3.5) had higher cooling
to maintain hot parts temperatures within acceptable range [17]. effectiveness except in vicinity of the coolant hole. The flow
Film cooling is achieved by injecting a relatively cold air, bled orientation in to the plenum had a significant effect on cooling
from air compressor, through drilled holes on the blade surface. effectiveness and on flow behavior in the delivery tube and
This injection creates an insulating surface between hot gases and downstream of the hole. The perpendicular plenum inflow
airfoil materials [7]. showed the lowest cooling effectiveness, while the parallel
plenum flow orientation had the highest cooling effectiveness and
discharge coefficients.
Aziz and Jubran [2] Investigated numerically the film cooling
stream-wise injection holes with various small hole length-
diameter ratios, using a standard k-ε turbulence model with wall
function. The results showed that extending the computational
domain into the plenum supply of the injection holes improved
the film cooling effectiveness especially at low blowing ratios.
Also, results pointed out that the film cooling reduces as the hole
L/D ratio decreases.
Cherrared [3] investigated numerically a 3D model of the
CFM56-7B engine blade stator using CFX 5.7.1 simulation
software. The effect of two rows of jets on the cooling
effectiveness at blowing ratio of 0.5 and inclination angle of 850
and orientation angle of 350. the results showed that the two rows
of holes had a small effect on the blade cooling due to the
existence of two vortices in different directions. These vortices
Fig. 1 Turbine Engine main [6]

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 4, April-2016 1441
ISSN 2229-5518
transported the hot gas into the film cooling layer which degraded Fig. 2 sketch of stator blade model
the protective wall.
2.2 Governing Equations
Dittmar et al. [5] studied the film cooling performance in terms A commercial software package Comsol Multiphysics software
of the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness and the heat transfer 5.2 [4] is used for solving the conservation of mass, momentum
coefficient of two different injection hole configurations. They and energy equations and the (K-ω) module for turbulence
used a single row of fan shaped holes and a double row of simulation [15]. The flow is assumed 2D, steady state, and
cylindrical holes in staggered arrangement. Study showed that the incompressible. The model governing equations are as follows: -
two different injection configuration had similar performance
until medium blowing ratios 0.75. At higher blowing ratios, the 1- Continuity equation
fan shaped holes showed superior effectiveness in a region up to a
stream wise distance of s/d = 30. 𝜕(𝜌𝑢𝑗 )
=0 (1)
Jung and Hennecke [8] Studied experimentally the effect of 𝜕𝑥𝑗
curvature shape of gas turbine blade on film cooling 2- Momentum equations
effectiveness, with two staggered rows of injection holes by using
𝜕 𝜕𝑃 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢′𝑖 𝑢′𝑗
a mass transfer technique. Additionally, measurements on a flat �𝜌𝑢𝑗 𝑢𝑖 � = − 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑥 �𝜇 𝜕𝑥 𝑖 � − + 𝜌𝑔𝑥𝑖
plate were made for comparison. At low and moderate blowing 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝑖 𝑗 𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑗

ratio the effectiveness was enhanced on convex and reduced on (2)

concave curved surfaces compared to results obtained from the Where
flat surface. At high blowing ratio the effectiveness was not
𝜇 is dynamic viscosity of fluid, and
greatly influenced by surface curvature. The effect of curvature
was found to be negligible between the two rows and reduced
downstream of the second row compared to results described in ������
𝑢𝚤′ 𝑢𝚥′ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 turbulence Reynolads stress
the literature for single row injection. 3- Energy equation

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Prasad et al. [11] studied numerically the effect of injection angle 𝜕(𝜌𝑢𝑗 𝑇) 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
on film cooling. They used 3D domain and cylindrical holes with = �Γ � + 𝑆𝑇 (3)
streamwise angles of (300, 600, and 900) and blowing ratios 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝑒 𝜕𝑥𝑗
ranging from 0.33 to 1.67. Results showed that maximum cooling Where:
effectiveness occurred at stream wise injection angle of 300 at Γ 𝑒 is effective diffusion factor, and S T is source term. Kg. oC/m3.
blowing ratio of 0.33 due to the closeness of the coolant to the
s
wall surface. They declared also that, by increasing the blowing
ratio more than 0.33, film cooling effectiveness decreased. K-ω turbulent equations
1.2 Aim of the Present Study 1- Kinematic eddy viscosity
The present study, is an investigation of the film cooling and 𝜅
heat transfer behavior presented for an elliptic stator blade of the νT = (5)
𝜔
gas turbine. The investigation is conducted at different inclination
2- Turbulence Kinetic Energy
angles and blowing ratios to determine the best inclination angle
𝜕�𝑢 𝑘�
and 𝑗blowing 𝜕 the film
ratio that optimize 𝜇𝑡 cooling
𝜕𝑘 effectiveness.
= 𝑃𝑘 − 𝛽∗ 𝜌𝜔𝑘 + + (6)
𝜕𝑥𝑗
2-Problem Description 𝜕𝑥𝑗 ��𝜇 𝜎𝑘 � 𝜕𝑥𝑗 �
2.1 Model Description 3- For specific dissipation rate of k
Figure (2) shows the 2D domain with one injection hole. The 𝜕�𝑢𝑗 𝜔�
blade elliptical surface is 67 mm long and 2 mm thickness. The =
𝜕𝑥𝑗
hot gases flow through a channel of 21.5 mm width with a mean 𝜔
stream angle of 15o with horizontal at hole exit. The coolant 𝛼 𝑘 𝑃𝑘 − 𝛽𝜌𝜔2 +
injected into the main stream of the hot gases at different blowing 𝜕
ratios (0.3-1.3) and different inclination angles (30o-90o) through ��𝜇 +
𝜕𝑥𝑗
a hole of 0.7 mm diameter.
𝜇𝑡 𝜕𝜔
� � (7)
𝜎𝜔 𝜕𝑥𝑗

3- Research Methods
3.1 Numerical Methods
The two dimensional RNAS equations are analyzed by the
commercial software COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS with the finite
element control method. The (K-ω) model is used for medaling
the turbulence flow. The Co 2 is used as hot gas and air as coolant.
Iron as used for blade surface.

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 4, April-2016 1442
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3.2 Boundary Conditions

The main stream velocity, V g , is considered to 40 m/s and 0.3

0.3
0.8

Mean blade surface temperature (K)

remains constant in all simulation runs and inlet hot gases 1100
1100 0.8
11
temperature, T g , is 1200 k, inlet hot gases, P g, pressure is 3 bar, 1.3
while the outlet boundary condition is set to be out flow. The
density of Co2 , ρ g , is token as 1.98 kg/m3. The blowing ratios 1000
1000
considered in his study are 0.3, 0.8, 1, 1.3. This blowing ratio is
defined as following:
ρc Vc 900
900
Br = ∗
ρg Vg
(4)
800
800
Where:
V c: coolant velocity
700
700
ρc : coolant density
20 40 60 80 100
Vg : hot gas velocity Inclination angle

ρg : hot gas density Fig. 3 Mean temperature distribution along blade surface at
different inclination angles and blowing ratios
Coolant velocity based on the predetermined (Br)s, the coolant
velocity, V c , takes the values 19.4, 51.72, 64.65 and 84.05 m/s. 4.1.2 Mean outlet temperature difference
inlet coolant temperature and pressure are 650 K and 4 bar Figure (4) shows the relation between temperature difference
respectively. Hole exit pressure of was set to be 4 bar and density (between inlet and outlet) of hot gas. At different inclination

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is 1.225 kg/m3. The data is taken from gas turbine catalogue angles and various blowing ratios. It’s clear that by increasing the
model (I-R MT250), [9]. blowing the blowing ratio the out let temperature decreases for all
3.3 Mesh Generation inclination angles. While the inclination angles have no effect on
the out let temperature except for inclination angle of 90o which
The commercial software package, Comsol Multiphysics, is used gives a high difference outlet between inlet and outlet temperature
to generate the mesh structure of the problem domain by applying hot gas. Also its clear that the temperature difference recorded
the finite element technique. The whole domain is divided in to between 5 K at Br=0.3 and 44 K at Br=1.3 for all inclination
three regions, blade surface, coolant and hot stream gas. Around angles except 90o.
the blade surface and coolant exit number of cells is set to be finer 70
than other regions due to the high gradient of the fluids α
α=
= 30
30oo
properties. Many mesh structures are performed to reach the α
α= 35oo
= 35
optimum one which gives acceptable accuracy and minimum 60 α
α 40o
= o

computing time. The selected mesh consists of 248397 cells. α

α= 45oo
= 45
α
-Tout), K

50
50 α= 60oo
= 60
4-Result and Discussions α
α= 90
= 90oo
in-Tout

In this study the investigation takes into consideration the

mean :(Tin

40
40
following two points: -
Tmean

1-The effect of inclination angle and blowing ratio on the film

∆T

30
30
∆

cooling effectiveness.
2- The pressure drop due to the injection of coolant fluid. 20
20

10
10
4.1 Heat Transfer
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 11 1.2
1.2 1.4
1.4
4.1.1Temperature distribution along blade surface Blowing ratio
Figure (3) describes the variation of the mean temperature along Fig. 4 variation of mean temperature difference with blowing
the blade surface at different blowing ratios. It uncovers that at ratio at different inclination angles.
low blowing ratio (Br < 0.8) the amount of injected coolant is
insufficient to reduce heat transfer between the hot stream and
blade surface, which records the maximum blade surface 4.1.3 Film cooling effectiveness
temperature for all inclination angles. The thickness of film Figures (5-8) show the variation of cooling effectiveness along
cooling layer and mixture in the vicinity of jet exit increases as dimensionless distance (s/d) at blowing ratios (0.3,0.8,1,1.3) and
inclination angle from 30o to 60o increases. The temperature of different inclination angles (from 30º to 90º). It’s clear that the
the blade surface decrease with increasing the inclination angle. effect of inclination angle on cooling effectiveness is small at low
for inclination angles more than 60o the mean blade surface blowing ratios as depicted in Fig. (5). And by increasing the
temperature increases for all blowing ratios. blowing ratio the effect of inclination angle increases gradually to
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 4, April-2016 1443
ISSN 2229-5518
1
1
reach its best effect at Br=1.3. The cooling effectiveness increases α=
α=30
30oo
as the inclination angle increases till angle of 60º, this is agreeing α=
α=35o
o

with mean film cooling effectiveness as shown in the figure (10). 0.9 α=4
α=40
0oo
The highest value of cooling effectiveness is (0.945) occurring at α=
α=45
45oo
inclination angles of (60º) for all blowing ratios. This is due to the α=
α=60
60oo
0.8
α=
α=90
90oo
effect of mainstream curvature momentum which forces the
coolant toward the blade surface to construct film cooling, and by
0.7

ƞ
ƞ
increasing the inclination angle more than 60o, the film cooling
effectiveness decreases to reach its minimum at inclination angle
of 90º. This is due to the effect of normal component of coolant 0.6
momentum, at high inclination and high blowing ratio, interring
the mainstream but main stream blowing back the coolant toward 0.5
0.5
the blade surface and makes recirculation near the jet exit. In that
case it can be considered that the film-cooling does not created. 0.4
0.4
The mixture of coolant and hot gas is made by turbulence of
0
0 20
20 40
40 60
60 80
80 100
100
working fluid, diffusivity phenomena and recirculation causes to Dimensionless distance x/d
decrease cooling effectiveness as shown in the figure (9) which
agree with [15], [8] ,[11]. Fig. 7 Relation between (η) and s/d at Br=1
It can be concluded that both film cooling and mixture layers 1
1
occur at all different blowing ratios, inclination angles at different α=
α=90o
o

distances on the blade surface depending upon the inclination α=6

α=60
o
0o
angle and blowing ratio. 0.9 α=
α=45
45o
o

α=
α=40
40o
o
1
1
α=
α=35
35o
o
α=
α=30
30oo α=
α=30o
o
0.8 30

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0.8
α=
α=35oo
35
α=
Ƞ
Ƞ
0.8
0.8 α=40
40oo
α=
α=45
45oo 0.7
0.7
α=
α=60
60oo
α=
α=90
90oo
0.6
ƞ
ƞ

0.6
0.6

0.5
0.4
0.4
0
0 20
20 40
40 60
60 80
80 100
100
Dimensionless
Dimensionless distance s/d
distance s/d

0.2
0.2
Fig. 8 Relation between (η) and s/d at Br=1.3
0
0 20
20 40
40 60
60 80
80 100
100
Dimensionless distance s/d

Fig. 5 Relation between (η) and s/d at Br=0.3

1
1
α=
α=30
30oo
α=
α=35
35oo
0.9
α=
α=40oo
α=
α=45
45oo
0.8
0.8 α=
α=60
60oo
α=
α=90
90oo
0.7
Ƞ
Ƞ

0.7

0.6
0.6

0.5
0.5 Fig. 9 Vortices at angle 90ºand different

0.4
0.4
blowing ratio
0 20 40 60 80 100
Dimensionless
Dimensionless distance s/d

Fig. 6 Relation between (η) and s/d at Br=0.8

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ISSN 2229-5518
1
1 600
0.3
Br=0.3
0.8
Br=0.8
1.0
Br=1.0
Mean film cooling effectiveness

1.3
Br=1.3
0.8
0.8

number
Nusselt number
400
400

Mean Nusselt
0.6
0.6

Mean
200
200
0.4
0.4

0.2 00
0.2
0 20 40 60 80 100
20 40 60 80 100
Dimensionless distance
Dimensionless distance s/d
s/d
IInclination angle
Fig. 10 Relation between mean film cooling effectiveness and Fig. 12 Relation between Nu and α at Br=0.8
Blowing ratio at different inclination angle 600

4.1.4 Heat transfer

Figures (11-14) depict the variation of local Nusselt number along
the blade surface at different inclination angles with the Reynold

number
Nusselt number
400
400
number. As shown in these figures, by increasing the inclination

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angle the local Nusselt number decreases, for all blowing ratios,

Local Nusselt
which means that the rate of heat transfers from hot gases to the
blade surface decrease which agrees with the results obtained Local
from the film cooling effectiveness analysis. Also it can be 200
200
noticed a non-stability of the behavior of the local Nusselt
number at inclination angle of 90o due to formation of vortices
and recirculation. These vortices increase the heat transfer in
some regions and decrease it in another which may cause a
00
thermal stress due to non-uniform temperature distribution which
0 20 40 60 80 100
agrees with [9]. Also the results showed that the best stable Dimensionless distance s/d
Nusselt number (lowest) is at inclination angle of 60o and Br
Fig. 13 Relation between Nu and α at Br=1
=1.3.
600
Figure (15) concludes the average Nusselt number for different α=30
α=30o
o

α=35
α=35o
o

inclination angles with the Blowing ratio. As shown in this figure, α=40
α=40o
o

the lowest average Nusselt number is at inclination 60o, and the α=45
α=45o
o
number
Nusselt number

α=60
higher Nusselt number is at 30o. α=60o
o

α=90
α=90o
o

400
400
mean Nusselt

1000
α=
α=30
30oo
α=
Local mean

α=35
35oo
800 α=4
α=40o
o
200
200
α=
Local

α=45
45oo
number
Nusselt number

α=6
α=600o
o

600 α=9
α=90
0 oo
600
Local Nusselt

00
400
400 0 20 40 60 80 100
Local

Dimensionless distance
Dimensionless distance s/d
s/d

200
Fig.14 Relation between Nu and α at Br=1.3
200

00
0 20 40 60 80 100
Dimensionless distance s/d
Fig. 11 Relation between Nu and α at Br=0.3
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 4, April-2016 1445
ISSN 2229-5518
600
600 5-Conclusion
α=30
α=30oo
α=35oo
α=
Numerical simulation was conducted to investigate the film
500
500 α=40
α=40oo cooling effectiveness of a stationary elliptical blade. This
α=45 investigation performed using a commercial software package,
Nusselt number
number

α=45oo
α=
α=60
60oo Comsol Multi-physics 5.2, by simulating the flow as a 2D domain
400
400 α=90
α=90oo for inclination angles ranged from 30o to 90o and blowing ratios
Mean Nusselt

from 0.3 to 1.3. the output of this investigation can be concluded

as following:
300
300
Mean

1. Film cooling is an effective tool when used for cooling the

stationary turbine blade which gives a cooling of the
200
200
blade surface by %37.2 from that without film cooling.
2. The best mean film cooling effectiveness occurs at
100
100 inclination of 60o and blowing ratio of 1.3 with a value of
0.2
0.2 0.4
0.4 0.6
0.6 0.8
0.8 1
1 1.2
1.2 1.4
1.4 0.945.
Blowing ratio 3. The pressure drop is recorded for all inclination angles at
Fig. 15 Relation between Nusselt number and different blowing different blowing ratios and the inclination angle 90o gives
ratio at different inclination angle the maximum pressure drop for all blowing ratios.
4. For high blowing ratio, Br>0.8, the pressure drop decreases
4.2 Pressure Losses due to the increasing in pressure by the coolant mass flow
In the gas turbine, the key parameters of the gas turbine rate.
performance are pressure and temperature, so, pressure drop is 5. The inclination angle 90o is considered the worst inclination
considered an effective parameter which should be investigated to angle because of its low film cooling effectiveness, the
demonstrate the effect of the film cooling on the flow outlet thermal instability behavior, and high pressure drop.

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pressure. Figure (16) shows the pressure drop with blowing ratio
variation at different inclination angles. It is clear that for the
inclination angles from 30o to 60o, the pressure drop varied with NOMENCLATURE
small values that affected by the inclination angle variation for all Br: blowing ratio
blowing ratios. Also, by increasing the blowing ratio, the
pressure drop decreases for inclination angles 30o-60o. This due to d: hole diameter, mm
the increasing of coolant flow rate which increases the exit L: hole length, mm
pressure. The final pressure outlet is a combination between the
P: pressure
decrease in pressure due to friction and disturbance caused by the
coolant and the increase in pressure due to increase the coolant S: arc length, mm
flow rate. On the other hands, for the inclination angle of 90o, the S T: source term. Kg. oC/m3
pressure drop is very high it may be due to the penetration of the
coolant into the main stream which makes a noticeable T: temperature, (k)
disturbance for all blowing ratios. These disturbances can be u: velocity components in Cartesian
considered as obstacle ribs. ������
𝑢𝚤′ 𝑢𝚥′ ∶ turbulence Reynolads stress
100 V: velocity, (m/s)
α=
α=30
30oo (x, y): Cartesian coordinate
α=
α=35oo
35 Y: normal component to mainstream gas direction
α=
α=40
40oo
80
Pressure difference (bar)

80 α=
α=45oo
45 Greek latter’s
α=
α=60
60oo α: inclination angle
α=
α=90
90oo
60
β*: model constants
60
Γ: diffusion factor
η: film cooling effectiveness
40
40
κ: von Karman constant
𝜇: dynamic viscosity of fluid
20
20 µm : molecular viscosity
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 11 1.2
1.2 1.4
1.4 µt : turbulent eddy viscosity
Blwing ratio
ν t : kinematic turbulent viscosity
Fig. 16 Pressure drop through the flow channel with the Br at
different inclination angles ρ: density (kg/m3)
σk , σ ω: model constants
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 4, April-2016 1446
ISSN 2229-5518
Ω: specific dissipation rate of k Stream Wise Injection Angles", Int. J. Current
Engineering and Technology, Vol.4, No.2, pp. 2347 –
Subscripts
516.1, 2014.
c: coolant [13] Sankar H.R., Vikas J. P., "Varun W. N, “Experimental
e: effective and Numerical Investigation of Effect of Blowing Ratio
On Film Cooling Effectiveness and Heat Transfer
g: mainstream hot gases Coefficient Over a Gas Turbine Blade Leading Edge
i, j: coordinate direction Film Cooling Configurations” International Journal of
Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 2
in, out: inlet and out let of hot gas Issue 8, August –2013.
k: turbulent kinetic energy [14] Voegele A. P., Trouve A., Cadou C., and Marshal A.,
"RANS Modeling of 2D Adiabatic Slot Film Cooling,
m: molecular
American Inst. Aeronautics and Astronautics, AIAA pp.
t: turbulent 2010-6735., 2010
ω: specific dissipation rate
[15] Vu K., "Steady State Heat Transfer of a Flat Plate
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