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(A-MATH) Chapter 2 - Equations & Inequalities

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(A-MATH) Chapter 2 - Equations & Inequalities

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Chapter 2:

Equations and Inequalities


CHAPTER ANALYSIS
1) Discriminant (𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐)
• 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 : 2 real and distinct roots
• 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 : No real roots
• 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 : 2 real and equal roots (1 root)

2) Making use of discriminant and real roots to identify the relationship between a line and curve
• Line is a tangent to the curve
• Line does not intersect the curve
• Line intersects the curve at 2 points

3) Solving quadratic inequalities


QUADRATICEQUATIONSANDITSROOTS
A quadratic equation is usually expressed in the form of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 .

Methods to solve quadratic equations and obtain its roots (solutions):

1) Factorisation

𝒂𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒃 𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 𝒂 𝒙−𝜶 𝒙−𝜷 = 𝟎

Solving the equation gives 𝒙 = 𝜶 or 𝒙 = 𝜷

2) Quadratic formula

−𝑏 ± 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 (This is the reason why the


𝑥= where, 𝑎 ≠ 0 discriminant matters!
2𝑎
Can you guess why?)
Discriminant of a quadratic equation
and its roots

−𝑏 ± 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= Discriminant = 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
2𝑎
Graphical
Nature of Roots Discriminant
Representation

2 real and distinct


𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 > 𝟎
roots

2 equal roots 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 = 𝟎

No real roots 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 < 𝟎

Sub the values of discriminant (positive, negative or zero) into the quadratic formula
above and find out how many solutions are there (equivalent to number of roots).
Note: You cannot square root a negative number, hence there is no solution.
Relationship between line and curve
Step 1: Solve the equations simultaneously by substituting the equation of
the line into the equation of the curve to eliminate one of the variables
(make 𝑥 the only unknown)
Step 2: Make one side equals to 0 and find the discriminant

Graphical
Intersection Discriminant
Representation

Intersect at 2
𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 > 𝟎
distinct points

Tangential 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 = 𝟎

Do not intersect 𝒃 𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 < 𝟎


SOLVING QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES
Step 1: Expand the equation and make one side equals to zero.
Step 1: Expand the equation and make one side equals to
zero.

Step 1: Expand the equation and make one side equals to zero.
Step 2: Factorise the quadratic equation into this form:
𝒂 (𝒙 − 𝜶)(𝒙 − 𝜷) = 𝟎

Step 1: Expand the equation and make one side equals to zero.
Step 3: Sketch the quadratic graph
(*Make use of the coefficient of 𝑥 2 to identify the shape of graph*)
SOLVING QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES
Step 1: Expand the equation and make one side equals to zero.
Step 4: Label the 𝒙-intercepts of the graph

Step 1: Expand the equation and make one side equals to zero.
Step 5: Shade the region between the curve and the 𝒙-
axis and you will obtain your answer.

If you need a question example for better understanding, check out this
video on Overmugged’s TikTok channel: https://vt.tiktok.com/ZSFj43eEF/
CONDITIONS FOR QUADRATIC EQUATION TO BE
ALWAYS POSITIVE OR ALWAYS NEGATIVE

• ALWAYS POSITIVE • ALWAYS NEGATIVE


1) Coefficient of 𝑥 2 , 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 > 0 1) Coefficient of 𝑥 2 , 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 < 0
2) Discriminant 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 2) Discriminant 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0

Discriminant must always be negative as there should


not be any intersections between the curve and the
𝑥-axis for it to always be above or below the 𝑥-axis.
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