Scribd
Upload
21 views31 pages

PHY568-Lec-3-Vector Algebra

Uploaded by

zulhaimirasheed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
21 views31 pages

PHY568-Lec-3-Vector Algebra

Uploaded by

zulhaimirasheed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 31

Chapter 2: Vector Analysis

What is a vector?
• A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
Examples: Displacement, velocity, force, electric field, magnetic field, current density

• It is customary to represent a vector by a letter with an


arrow on top of it, such as 𝐴 and 𝐵, or by a letter in
boldface type such as A and B.

• Indicate a component of a vector by a subscript, for


example Ax is the x component of A
• A scalar is a quantity that has only magnitude.
• Examples: Charge, time, mass, energy, electric
potential
• A scalar is represented simply by a letter—e.g.,
A, B, U, and V.

➢ A field is a function that specifies a particular quantity


everywhere in a region. Example: An electric field specifies the
force per unit charge in a region.
Unit vector
• A vector has both magnitude and direction. The magnitude of A is
a scalar written as A , Ԧ
or |𝐴|

• A unit vector aA or 𝑎ො 𝐴 along A is defined as a vector whose


magnitude is unity (i.e., 1) and its direction is along 𝐴Ԧ , that is,

• Note that |aA|=1. Thus, we may write 𝑨 = 𝑨 𝒂𝐴

• Magnitude of vector
A = A = Ax + Ay
2 2
in 2-D

A= A = Ax + Ay + Az
2 2 2
in 3-D
Vectors in Terms of Components

A= Note: some books denote


ax, ay and az as a 𝑥,
ො 𝑦ො and 𝑧Ƹ
or as 𝑖,Ƹ 𝑗Ƹ and 𝑘෠
Vector Addition
3 basic laws of algebra
EXERCISE 1
EXERCISE 2
EXERCISE 3
Given vector A and B are in the x-y plane. The
magnitude of A is 70 N at 90° and B is 120 N at
210° counterclockwise. Calculate:
a) 𝑨 − 𝑩 and its direction
b) Determine the vector C such that A – B + C = 0

a) 166.42 N, 51.37°
b) -103.9 ax – 130 ay
Position vector
A point P in Cartesian coordinates may be represented by (x, y, z).
The position vector rP (or radius vector) of point P is defined as the directed distance from
the origin O (0,0,0) to P: i.e.,
Distance vector @ separation vector
The distance vector is the displacement from one point to another.
EXERCISE 4
EXERCISE 5
Compute the distance between the vectors ⟨2,3,5⟩ and ⟨2,0,9⟩.

Answer = 5
Vector multiplication
Dot Product @ Scalar Product

So, for the unit vectors in the Cartesian coordinate system:


Some basic properties of dot products
Cross Product @ Vector Product
The cross product of two vectors A and B written as A × B is a vector quantity
whose magnitude is the area of the parallelopiped formed by A and B and is in the
direction of advance of a right-handed screw as A is turned into B.
Some basic properties of cross products
ay az

ax ax

az ay

𝒂𝑥 × 𝒂𝑥 = 𝒂𝑦 × 𝒂𝑦 = 𝒂𝑧 × 𝒂𝑧 = 0
𝒂𝑥 × 𝒂𝑦 = 𝒂𝑥 𝒂𝑦 sin 90o = 1 1 1 =1
Triple Products
Exercise 6
Three field quantities are given by

𝑷 = 2 𝒂𝒙 − 𝒂𝒛
𝑸 = 2 𝒂𝒙 − 𝒂𝒚 + 2𝒂𝒛
𝑹 = 2 𝒂𝒙 − 3𝒂𝒚 + 𝒂𝒛

Determine:
(a) (𝑷 + 𝑸) × (𝑷 − 𝑸)
(b)Q ⋅ (𝑹 × 𝑷)
(c) P ⋅ (𝑸 × 𝑹)
(d) sin θQR (ans: 0.5976)
(e) P × (𝑸 × 𝑹) (ans: 2ax + 3ay + 4az)
(f) A unit vector perpendicular to both Q and R
ans: ±(0.745ax + 0.298ay – 0.596az)
Components of a vector
A direct application of a scalar product is its use in determining the projection
(or component of a vector in a given direction). The projection can be scalar or vector.

The scalar component = 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝐴𝐵

The vector component = 𝑨𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 𝒂𝑩 = ( 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝐴𝐵 ) 𝒂𝐵

Expanding a vector into two perpendicular components, one parallel to a given direction
(parallel to a given vector) and the second is perpendicular to the given vector.
Suppose we have vector A and we are given a vector B. Sometimes we are asked to find
the parallel and perpendicular components of A to B.
𝐀⋅𝐁 𝐁 𝐀⋅𝐁
𝐀∥ = A = 2𝐁 (Projection of A on B, or the parallel component to B)
AB 𝐵 B
𝐀⋅𝐁
The perpendicular component is 𝐀 ⊥ = 𝐀 − 𝐀 ∥ = 𝐀 − 𝐁
B2
Example
Given v = i - 2j + 2k and u = 4i - 3k find

a. the component of v in the direction of u,


b. the projection of v in the direction of u,
c. the resolution of v into components parallel and perpendicular to u
Solution
We have u · v = -2, |v| = 3 and |u| = 5.
a. The component of v in the direction of u is

b. The projection of v in the direction of u is


Example (continue)
c. To calculate the resolution of v into components parallel and
perpendicular to u we find the component parallel to u and that
is just the projection of v in the direction of u - this we have
calculated in part (b). The component perpendicular to u is
Exercise 7
Let E = 3ay + 4az and F = 4ax – 10ay + 5az

(a)Find the vector component of E along F


(b)Determine a unit vector perpendicular to both E and F.
Exercise 8
Exercise 9
By referring Exercise 6, determine the component
of P along Q.

0.444 ax – 0.222 ay + 0.444 az


Exercise 10
• Show that points P1 (5,2,-4), P2 (1,1,2) and P3
(-3,0,8) all lie on a straight line. Determine the
shortest distance between the line and point
P4(3,-1,0).
Exercise 11

a) 9.644
b) -5 ax – 2 ay + 8 az
c) 8.20

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy