sduction to Trigonometry

(Questionswith Very Short Answers)

ach of the following questions either in one word or one sentence or as desired in the question.
1, Write the maximum and the minimum values of cos 0.

1
2. Write the maximum value of
COsec

3. If sin =cos0, find the value of 0. (2008)

4. If tan0 =5 the value of COS e+ sin

3 find
COs - sin 0

5. If A + B= 90° and sin B = what is the value of cosA?

12'
3
6. If cosA = , find 9 cot A- 1. (2008)

7. If 0 <0 < 90°, find its value when J3 cos =sin0.

8. Write the value of cos 1° cos 2°...cos 180°.

CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISE

A. Multiple Choice Questions

For each question, choose and write the most appropriate answerout of the given options:
4
1. If cos A= 5 then the value of tan A is

3 3 5
(a) (b)
4 (c) 3 () 3
2. If sin= then cos 0 is equal to

Vb-a? a
(a) (b)
a
(c)
b
()

3. If A ABC is right angled at C, then the value of cos (A+B) is

1
V3
(a) 0. (b) 1. (c)
2 ()
1
1
4. If sin a= and cos ß= then the value of (a + B) is
2 2'
(b) 0°. (c) 30° (d) 60°.
(a) 90°.

5. Jcosec² 45° -cot? 45° is equal to

(b) V2 (c) 1. () 0.
6. If tan0 = 1, then sec0 + coseco is equal to

(a) 1. (b) (c) 2/2. (d) 0.

2/2

7. If tanA= where, a and b are real numbers, then sinA is equal to

a a?
(a) (b)
a'+b?
(c) ()
a + b²
 4 sin COs
8. If 4 tan = 3, then is equal to
4 sin + cos
2 1 3
(a)
3 (b)
3 (c) () 4
9. If sin0 - cos = 0 0,then, the value of sin9 + cos0 is
3 1 1
(a) 1. (b) (c)
4 2
2tan A
10. In a A ABC right-angled at B, if AB :AC =1: /2, then the value of
1+tanA
is

1
(a) (b) V2. (c) 1. (d) 2.
2
B. Fill in the blanks:

11. If 3sin°e = 2,and 0 is an acute anigle, then =

12. If tan = cot 0 and 0° <0<90°, then =
V3
13. If sin 3A =
2 and 0° <As 30°,then A=

14. If X sec 45° = 2,then x=

15. If 21 sin A= 20 cos than tan A=
A,
C. ShortAnswer Questions
16. Find:

when sinA
5
= 13 where A is acute. cotA, when secA =
13
where A is acute.
(i) tanA, (ii)
5
(ii) secA– tanA, when 2sinA=1,where A is acute.
20
(iv) sec'A– tanA,when cosA= where A is acute.

() If3tan =4, sin 9-cos (0° <<

17. find 90°).
sin + cOs

(ii) If5 cos =3,find

1-sin (0 <0<90°).
V1+ sin 0

18. Evaluate:

(ü) sin45° + tan?30° (ii) 4 cos 60° -3tan 30° + sec 45°

(ii) sin45° cos 45° + tan 60° cos 30° + sin 90° cos 0°

12 cos 30° -2 tan 60° (V)

sin 60°
cot 30° + 5cos 90°
(iv)
4 sec 45° cos 45°

tan 45° sec60o 2sin 90° COs 60o COs 30o

(vi) (vii) - 8 sin 30°
COsec30° cot 45° COs0° sin 30° sin 90°
3
(vii)
4cot30° + 3 sin 60° -2cosec' 60° 4 tan 30.

19. Determine B (0° < B < 90°), if tan(A+ B) = /3 and tanA =1.

20. For A=60° and B =30°, examinewhich of the following relations hold good:
(i) sin(A– B) =sin A cos B - cos A B
sin (ii) =
sin(A+B) sin A + sin B
(iii) cos(A+ B) = cos A cos B- sin A sin B (iv) =
tan(A+ B) tan A + tan B.
Introduction to Trigonornetry

21. AABCisright-angled at A. In each of the following,find the values of sin B, cos C and tan B, when
(i) BC =2 cm, AB = AC=1cm. (ii) AB=15 cm, AC= cm, BC= 17 cm. 8

1
22. AABC is right-angled at C, if tanA = and tanB= V3, show that sinA cos B + cosA sin B =1.
5 tan A sin A
23. If secA = that
4 verify
1+ tan A sec A

24. Taking A = 30°, prove that

= 2tan A
(i) tan 2A (i) cos3A = 4 cos°A–3 cosA
1- tan A
25. Ina right triangle, the hypotenuse is 6 cm and one side is 3 cm. Find all the angles and the third side
of the triangle.

26. Find the value of

27. If cOsec

28. The altitude

+ cot
4 sin 30°- 2cot 30° + 6cos²45° – 2(sec²45°
=x, obtain
AD of AABC, in which ZA
the values of cosec

is obtuse, is
, cot0 and

10 cm. If
cos

BD = 10cm
-tan60).
0.

and CD = 10/3 cm,

find ZBAC.
29. An equilateral triangle is inscribed in a circle of radius 6 cm. Find its sides.

30. Find the length of the chord of a circle of radius 6 cm, subtending at the centre an angle of 120°.

D. Long Answer Questions

31.In Fig. 10.47, triangle ABC is right-angled at B and BD is
D
perpendicular to AC. Find

() cos ZABD (ü) tanZDBC

12

16 C
32. In an acute-angled triangle ABC, if
B-C) = 1
tan(A +
Fig. 10.47

and sec(B +C-A) =2

find the values ofA, Band C.
14

33. In Fig. 10.48, ZABC =ZBOD = 90°, ZDAB = 0, ZDBC = 0,

AB= 14 units, BC =12 units and BD = 13 units. Find the value of E D
(i) sin o (iü) cot 0 (iii) sec 0

13

B
12
Fig. 10.48

34. Inthe Fig. 10.49, ABC is an isosceles triangle with BC =8 cm

and AB = AC =5 cm. find
(i) sin B 5cm 5 cm
(i) tan C
(ii) B+ cos? c
sin
8 cm
(iv) tan C- cot B.
Fig. 10.49
a positive acute angle such that
each of a, B and y

-
35. If is

1 1

sin(a + B-) =7cos(ß +y- a)= 2 and tan(y + B) = 1.

find the values of a, B and y.

Trigonometric ldentities

CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISE

A.Multiple Choice Questions

For each question, choose and most appropriate answerout

.
write the of the given options:

1. sin(45° +0) – cos(45° -0) is equal to

(a) 2 cos (b) 0. (c) 2 sin 0. ()

1.
sin 22°+ sin 68°
2. The value of expression + sin 63° + cos63° sin 27° is
Cos 22° + cos 68°

(a) 3. (b) 1. (c) 0. () 2.

sin 9
3. is equal to
1+ cos0
1+ cos0 1-cos 1-cos 1- sin9
(a) (b) (c) ()
sin0 sin0 COs COs
4. The expression sec'0 -sec0 is equal to

(a) tan'e–tan'e. (b) -tan'0 -tan?e. (c) tan + tan0. () tane– tan?0.
sin 0+cos
5. The value of is equal to
sin9 + cos
(a) 1 + sin cos0. (b) 1- sin cos. (c) sin 0 cos -1. () 1.

6. If x= sec0 a +b tan and y= a tan + b seco, then the value of x- is

(a) a+b2. (b) at b2. (c) a-b2 () 1.

7. The value of cos(90° - 0). sin(90° -0) is equal to

tan tan
(a) (6) (c) 1. (d) none of these.
1- tane 1+tan
8. The value of tan + cot + 2 is equal to

(a) + coseco. (b)

sec tan' + cot'o. (c) sec' – cosec. (d) none of these.

cos 20° + cos 70° 2

then
9. If

2(sin59° + sin 31°) k

(a) k=3. (b) k=-1. (c) k= 4. () k= 1.

sino sin
10. If =2, then
1+ cOs 1- cos
(a) ) =2 cosec. (b) =2 sino. (c) A=2 cos. (d) A =2 sec).

B. Fill in the blanks:

11. If cos = 1,then the value of sin0 + sin0

+ cos0 is

value of 0
sin(0 + 36°)=cos 0, then the
is
12. If

13. Value sec²e-cot(90° - 0)=

of
14. If tanA =cot B, then A + B=
tan15° tan30" tan75° tan85°) is equal to
15. The value of V3(tan5°

C. ShortAnswer Questions
tables, evaluate:
16. Without using the trigonometric 2
tan 20° cot 20°
(i) sec70° sin 20°- cos20° cosec70° COsec 70° sec 70o
 (iü) tan 10° tan 75° tan 15° tan 80° (i) tan 1°. tan 2° tan 3°. tan 88°.tan 89

(v) sin'5° + sin 10° + sin² 15° +t..... sin' 85° + sin'90°,
17. Find the value of x, if

() sinX= cos 48° (iü) 3xCOsec36° =sec54°

18. If cotA = 2 and secB =V2, determine
1

the value of tan A + tan B

1- tan A tan B

1+ cos 0 1- cos 0
19. Ifx =
sin 0 and y =
sin 0
for an acute angle ,show that x=
1

20. Prove that: /1+ sin (90° -0) + J4- 4 sin (90° -0) =3sin 0.

21. Find x x sin(90°-0)

cot(90°- 0) = cos(90° - 0).
if
A
22. IfA, B, Care the interior angles of A ABC,show that cosec?B+
2 -tan? 2 =1.
23. If 7 sine +3 cos'0= 4, find V3 tan .
24. If sin + cos
9 = /3,then prove that tan + cot 0 = 1.
2 2
1
25. Using trigonometric identities, write the expression sin0 +
sin
+|cose + COs
-(tane+ cot? e)

as integers.

D. Long Answer Questions

Prove, using the trigonometric identities:

26. (cose+ sin0)+ (cos -sin 0) =6cos -4 cos°

27. (sin 0 + cosec0)' + (cose + sec0)'-(tan9 + cot0) =5
tan cot 0
28. =1+ tan +cot
1-cot 0 1-tan 0

29.
tan 0 cot 1-2 sin 0 cos?

1+tan 1+ cot e sin 0 cos

30. tan + sec A -1 1+ A
A + sec A=
A sin
tan
tan A -sec A + 1 COs A

31.
2 sin 9 1- cOs 0 + sin
1+ sin cos 0 + 1+ sin 0
 CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISE

A. Multiple Choice Questions

For each question, choose and write the most appropriate answer out of the given options:

1. If a pole 6m high casts a shadow 2V3 m long on the ground, then sun's elevation is

(a) 60. (b) 45° (c) 30°. (d) 90°.

2. Ifthe height of a tower and distance of the point of observation from its foot both are increased by
10%,then the angle of elevation of the top.
(a) becomes double. (b) remains unchanged. (c) becomes half. (d) becomes one-third.

3. Ifthe sun's elevation is 30°,the shadow of the tower is 30m. If the sun's elevation is 60, then the
length of the shadow is

(a) 35 m. (b) 20 m. (c) 10 m. () 15 m.

4. The ratio of the length of a rod and its shadow is 1: V3. The angle of elevation of thesun is

(a) 30°, (b) 60°. (c) 45°, (d) 90°.

 5. The length of a string between a kite anda point on the ground is 85 m. If the string makes an
15
angle with level ground such that tan = how high is the kite?
8
(a) 75 m. (b) 78.05 m. (c) 226 m. () None of these.
6. A tree 6 m tall casts a 4 m long shadow.At the same time, a flagpole casts a shadow 50 m long. How
long is the flagpole?

(a) 75 m. (b) 100 m. (c) 150 m. (d) 50 m.

7.A 1.6 m tall girl stands at adistance of 3.2 m from the lamp post and casts a shadow of 4.8 m on the
ground. Then the height of the lamp post is

3 m. 8 m.
(a) m. (b) (c) 8/3 m. (d)
3 8 13
8. A 25 m ladder is placed against a vertical wall of a building. The foot of the ladder is 7m from the
base of the building. If the top of the ladder slips 4 m, then the foot of the ladder will slide.

(a) 5 m. (b) 9 m. (c) 8 m. (d) 15m.

9. If the angles of elevation of the top of a tower from two points at a distance of 4 m and 16 m from the
base of a tower and in the same line are complementary, then the height of the tower is

(a) 20 m. (b) 12 m. (c) 8 m. (d) 16 m.

10. It is found that on walking h metres towards a tree in a horizontal line through its base, the elevation
of its top changesfrom 30° to 60°. Then the height of tree (in metres )is

2
(a) 3/2 h. (b) 2/3 h. (c) h. (d) h.
2 V3
B. Fillin the blanks:

11. If the length of the shadow of the pole is equal to the height of the pole. Then the angle of elevation
of the sun is

12. The shadow of a stick of height 1 m, when the angle of elevation of the sun is 60°, will be
13. A player sitting on the top of a tower of height 30 m observes the angle of depression of a ball lying

on the ground as 60°. The distance betweenthe foot of the tower and the ball is
14. The height of a tree is 10m. If is bent by the windin such a way that its top touches the ground. The
height from theground, at which the tree got bent is (Take V3 =1.732)
15. The length of the shadow of a tower standing on level ground is found to be 2x metres longer when
the sun's elevation is 30° than when it was 45°. Then height of the tower in metres is

C. ShortAnswer Questions
16. A ladder 15 metres long just reaches the top of a vertical wall. If the ladder makes an angle of 60°
with the wall, find the height of the wal. (NCERT Exemplar)
17. Anobserver 1.5 metres tall is 20.5 metres away from a tower 22 metres high. Determine the angle
of elevation of the top of the tower from the eye of the observer. (NCERT Exemplar)
18. The shadow of a tower standing on a level plane is found to be 50m longer when sun's elevation is

30° than when it is 60°. Find the height of the tower. (NCERT Exemplar)

19. A m tall boy is standing at some distance from a 30 m tall bulding. The angle of elevation from
1.5
his eyes to the top of the building increases from 30° to 60° as he walks towards the building. Find
the distance he walked towards the building. (NCERT)
20. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower AB from a point O on
the ground 100 m away from the foot of the tower is 60°. Find the
height of the towe. 100V3 m

21. Find the angle of elevation of the top of a tower of height 100 W3 m
from a point at a distance of 100m from the foot of the tower on a 100 m A
Fig. 12.41
horizontal plane (Fig. 12.41).
Applications of Trigonometry

22. The angle of depression of a boat B from the top A of a

watchtower200 m high is 30. Find the distance of the boat
from the foot C of the watchtower.

23. A bridge across a river makes an angle of 45° with the river River 250m River
bank as shown inFig.12.42. If the length of the bridge across
45°
the river is 250 m,what isthe width of the river?
A
[Hint: Find sin 45° in right AABC].
Fig. 12.42

24. The horizontal distance between two poles is 15 m. The angle of depression of the top of first pole
as seen from the top of second pole is 30°. If the height of the second pole is 24 m, find the height
of the first pole. [Use y3 =1.732]
25. A tower is 50 m
high. Its shadow is Xm shorter when the sun's altitude is 45° than when it is 30°.
Find x correct to the nearest m.

26. The length of the shadow of a tower standing on level plane is found to be 2y metres longer
when the sun's altitude is 30° than when it was 45°. Prove that the height of the tower is
y(V3 +1) metres.

[Hint: In right-angled ABMT, BM

h= tan 45° = 1 h=BM 4530T
(h)
h 1
In right-angled AAMT, PA -tan 30° =J3

Tower
h A30° A45°
h(v3-1) =2y M
A 2ym

h=y(v3+1) metres.] Fig. 12.43

27. The angle of depression whicha man makes while viewing a stationarybus from the top of a building

30 m high is 30°. At what distance is the bus positioned from the building?
28. A kite, flying at a height of 75 m from the ground level, is attached to a string inclined at an angle of
60° to the horizontal. Find the length of the string to the nearest metre.

[Hint: Write cosec 60°.]

29. A circus artist is climbing from the ground along a rope stretched from the top of a vertical pole and
tied to the ground. The height of the pole is 16 m and the angle made by the rope with ground level

is 30°. Calculate the distance covered by the artist in climbing to the top of the pole.

30. Two points A andBare on the same side of a tower and in the same straight line with its base. The
angles of depression of these points from the top of the tower are 60°and 45° respectively. If the
height of the tower is 15 m, then find the distance between these points. (2017)

D. Long Answer Questions (Hill top)

D
O31. A man standing on the deck of a ship, which is 10m above water level, observes the
angle of elevation of the top of a hill as 60° and angle of depression of the base of the
hill as 30°. Find the distance of the hill from the ship and the height of the hill. (2016)
[Hint: n Fig. 12.44, from right-angled A OAB,
OA AB = 10/3 m
AB
= tan 30°
From right-angled A OCD,
DC O 60°

OC
= tan 60° DC= V3oc 30°
m Hill

DC = 3AB DC= V3(10/3)m = 30 m 10

30° B
Thus, BD = BO+ DC = 10 + 30 m= 40
m
m. P>
(Ship) (Hillbase)

Hence. the distance of the hill from the shp is 10/3 m and the
height of the hill is 40 m.]
Fig. 12.44
 the angle of elevation the top of a tree, on the
32. Aperson standing on the bank of a observes of
river

30 m from the bank, he finds the angle of elevation to be

opposite bank, to be 60°. When he retires

30°. Find the height of the tree and the breadth of the river.

is approaching the shore

33. A man on a cliff observes a boat at an angle of depression of 30°, which
a uniform speed. Six minutes later, the angle
of
to the point immediately beneath the observer, with
reach the
depression of the boat is found to be 60°. Find the time taken by the boat to shore.

[Hint: Let the speed of the boat be v m/min. Then,

CD = 6x V 30-60A
From right As ABC and ABD,
AB AB
tan 30°= CB ;tan 60°= DB

tan 60° CB CD + DB 6v + DB
Q30
A60°

DB
3= DB D B
tan 30° DB
DB =3v. Fig. 12.45

Now, CB = CD + DB = 9v
CB
Time taken to reach the shore =9 min.]

of an aeroplane from a point P on the ground is 60°. After a flight of 15 seconds,

34. The angle of elevation

the angle of elevation changes to 30°. If the plane is flying at a constant height of 1500 N3m, find
(2014, 2015)
the speed of the plane in km/h.

[Hint: From right-angled APST, R

1,50043
m
= tan 60° X= 1,500

Again, from right-angled APQR, 1,500/3 = tan 30° Y60

1500/3
y =4,500
y-x = (4,500-1,500) m= 3,000 m
K-Xy-X
Fig. 12.46
Distance 3,000
Hence, Speed = 15 m/s = 200 m/s or 720 km/h.]
Time
P
35. An aeroplane flying horizontally at a height of 1.5 km abovethe ground is observed
at a certain point on earth to subtend an angle of 60°. After 15 seconds, its angle

observed to be 30°. Calculate the speed of the aeroplane in km/h.

of elevation is

the
36. The upper part of a tree broken over by the wind makes an angle of 45° with
tree to the point where
ground the horizontal distance from the root of the
and K45°

m
Find the height of the A 20m
the top of the tree meets the ground is 20
B
(Fig. 12.47).
metre.
tree before it was broken to the nearest Fig. 12.47

37. At a point A, 20metres above the levelof water in a lake, the angle of elevation of a cloud is 30°.

The angle of depression of the reflection of the cloud in the lake at A is 60°. Find the distance of the

cloud from A. (2015)

(Proceed in the same way as Example 15 on Page 12.7)

38. A cloud is observed above river from opposite banks and the measures of the anglesof elevation of
a

the cloudare 45°and 30°. The cloud being vertically above the line joining the points of observations.
of the cloud.
Ifthe river is 100 m wide, find the height
P
theangles of depression of the two ships
39. From the top of a lighthouse,

on opposite sides of it are observed to a

be and B. If the height of the
lighthouse be h metres and the line joining the ships passes through

the foot of the lighthouse, show that the distance between the ships is

h(tan a +tan B)
metres.
tana tan B R
[Hint: Let PQ be the lighthouse and R andS be the ships. Fig. 12.48
Applications of Trigonometry

Then,
RQ = tan
QS =tan B
RQ = cot a; QS = h cot B
h

RS = RQ+ QS=h(cotat cot B) =

h(tan a+ tan )
tan a tan B
40. Two stations due south of a leaning tower, which leans towards the north, are at distances a and b
from its foot. If a and ß be the elevations of the top of the tower from these stations, show that the
inclination to the horizontal is given by

Cot 0 = b cot a-a cot B

b-a
[Hint: Here, AB is the leaning tower and is its inclination with the horizontal. Let BE = h and AE =X.
From AAEB.

= tan 0x=h cot 0 ..(1)

From A CEB, = tan atx=h

a+x a cot a ...(2)

h
From ADEB, =tanßb+x=
b+ x h cot ß ...(3)

Now from (1) and (2) a =h(cot a- cot 0) D A X E

From (1) and (3) b= h(cot ß- cot e) b

D
cot a- cot Fig.12.49

Now, find cot 0.]

cot ß- cot

41. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower from twO points A and B
at distances of x and y respectively from the base and in the same
straight line with it are complementary. Prove that the height of the
tower is Jxy. (NCERT Exemplar) A49 A90°
h B+
[Hint: From Fig. 12.50, tan 9= X tan (90°-6) = X
Multiply these and get the result.] Fig. 12.50

42. The anale of elevation of the top of a tower 30 m high from the foot of another tower in the same
plane is 60° and the angle of elevation of the top of the second tower from the foot of the first

tower is 30°. Find the distance between the two towers and also the height of the other tower.
(NCERT Exemplar)
43. The angleof elevation of the top of a tower as observed from a point in a horizontal line through the
foot of the tower is 30°. When the observer moves towards the tower a distance of 20 m, he finds
the angle of elevation of the top to be 60°. Find the height of the tower and the distance of the first
position from the tower.

44. A cable tied to the top of an electric pole is affixed at a point on the ground 'a' metre away from the
foot of the pole to keep the pole upright. If the cable makes an angle with the ground, prove that
the height of the pole is 'a
tan 8'and the length of the wire is 'a sec 0'.

45. The length of a bridge on a valley is unit. The angles of depression of the top of the spire of a
1

temple in the valley from the two ends of the bridge are a and ß respectively. Show that the height
1
of the bridge over the spire is
cot + cot B
46. From the top of a tower, the angles of depression of two objects on the same side of the tower are
foundto be a and B (a> B). If the distance between the objects metres, show that the height 'h'
is 'p'

of the tower is given by

h= ptanatanß
tan a-tanß
 47. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point A due south of the tower is a and from B due
east of the tower is B. If AB = d,show that the height of the tower is

Jcot a+cotB
48. A ladder rests against a wall at an angle a to the horizontal. Its foot is pulled away from the wall

through a distance p, so that it slides a distance g down the wall making an angle B with the

horizontal. Show that COS -COsB (NCERTExamplar)

sinß -sina
IMPORTANT POINTS OF LEARNING

•When we view an object, standing on a horizontal ground, the line of A Wall

vision (or the line of sight) to the object is the line from our eyes to
the object of view.
vision
of
•Suppose an observer stands at P and looks up at A. Let PX be Line
the horizontal line through P. Then, XPA,
the angle between the Angle of
elevation
horizontal line PX and the line of vision PA, is called the angle of P X
elevation of A from P.
Horizontal Line
When the observer stands at P and down at A, then ZXPA,
looks X
Angle

of
depression
the angle between the horizontal line PX and the line of vision PA is
called the angle of depression of A from P. Line
of
Note that, when we look up from A toP, then PAB is an angle of elevation.
Cliff
vision

Also, XPA = ZPAB

B
angle of depression from P = angle of elevation from A. A
 CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISE

A. Multiple Choice Questions

For each question, chooseand write the most appropriate answer out of the given options:
1. Iftwo positive integers p and q can be expressed as p= ab and q= ab, where a, b being prime
numbers, then LCM (p,g)is equal to
(a) ab. a?b'
(b)
a°b?
(c) () a'bo

2. The product of a non-zero rational and an irrational number is

(a) alwaysirrational. (b) always rational.

(c) rational or irrational. (d) one.

3. The least number that is divisible by allthe numbers from 1 to 10(both inclusive) is
(a) 10. (b) 100.
(c) 504. (d) 2520.

4. The largest number which divides 70 and 125, leaving remainder 5and 8 respectively, is

(a) 13. (6) 65.

(c) 875. (d) 1750.

5. The form of the rational number 1.6 is

2 4
(a) (b)
3
5 (d) none of these.
(c)

6. When a number is divided by 5, its remainder always

(a) isgreater than 5.

(b) lies between 5and 10.

5.
(c) is greater than or equal to zero but less than

(d) is less than zero.

7. How many prime numbers are of theform 10n + 1, where n is a whole number such that 1sn< 10?
(a) 5 (b) 6
(d) 3.
(c) 4
23
of number willterminate after
8. The decimal expansion rational
2.5
one decimal (b) two decimal places.
(a) place.

(c) three decimal places. (d) more than 3 decimal places.

9. Prime factorisation of the denominator of the rational number 52.9678is of the form

(a) 2m x 5", where m, n are integers.

(b)where factors are other than 2 or 5.

(c) 2m x 5", where m, n are positive integers.

(d) 2" x 5", where m, n are non-positive integers.

10. If the LCM of p and 18 is 36 and the HCF of p and 18 is 2, then p is equal to

(a) 2. (b) 3.

(c) 4. () 1.
Real Numbers

B. Fill in the blanks:

11. Given positive integers a and b, these exists unique integers q and r satisfying ,0sr<b.
12. Let p be a prime number. If p divides a, then p a, where a is a positive integer.

13. A IS a proven statement used for proving another statement.

14. The smallest number by which V27 should be multiplied so as to get a rationalnumber is

15.
of two positive integers a and b is the largest positive integer d that divides both
a and b.

C. ShortAnswer Questions

16. State each of the following:

(i) Euclid's Division

Lemma
(ü)Euclid's Division Algorithm
(üü) FundamentalTheorem of Arithmetic

17. Using Euclid's Division Algorithm, find the HCF of 4052 and 12576.

18. Using Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, find the LCM of 4052 and 12576.

19. If HCF(612,1314) 18,find = the LCM(612, 1314).

20. Prove that V11 is an irrational number.

21. Show that 3/5 is an irrational number.

22. Which of the following rational numbers willhave a terminating decimal representation?
3 16
() (i)
225 625
217 1107
(ii) (i)
750 9100

23. Find the largest number which divides 2053 and 967 and leaves a remainder of 5 and 7
respectively.

[Hint: Determine HCF(2053–5, 967-7)]

24. Two tankers contain 850 litres and 680 litres of petrol respectively. Find the maximum capacity of a
container which can measure the petrol of either tanker in exact number of litres.

25. During a sale, colour pencils were being sold in packs of 24 each and crayons in packs of 32 each.
If you want full packs of both and the same number of pencils and crayons, how many each would
you need to buy?
[Hint: Determine LCM(24, 32).]

26. Determine the number nearest to 11000but greater than 10500which is exactly divisible by each of

21, 15 and
8.
27. Find the largest number which divides 705 and 1053 leaving remainder 9 in each case.

28. Prove that a positive integer n is prime, if not prime, p less than or equal to vn divides n.

29. Can two numbers have 16 as their HCF and 324 as their LCM?

30. Ifx= 2,y= 3

2
and z = V5
3 then show that x > y> z.
D. Long Answer Questions
31. Show that one and only one out of n, n +4, n + 8, n+ 12 and n + 16 is divisible by 5, where h isa
positive integer.

32. Prove that v5 +/3 is irrational.

33. If x is rational and yy is irrational, then prove that (x + Jy) is irrational.

34. If a, b, c, d be positive rationals such that a + Vb =c+ Vd,then prove that either a = cand b=dor
b and d are squares of rationals.
Polynomials

EXERCISE 2.1

1. Given below are some linear polynomials in x. Find the zero of each polynomial.

() x–3 (ü) 2x - 1 (i) 3x + 1

(iv) x

(v) 3x -4 (vi) 7x + 10 (vii) 2x + 1

(vii) 3x -5
2. Given below are some polynomials in x. Against each, some values of x are given. Determine those
values of x which are the zeros of the polynomial.
(i) p(x) = x-3x + 4x - 4; x =0, 1, 2 (ii) p(x) x + 8x + 15; X = -1, 2, -3
=

=6x -x-4x p(x) = 4x- 4x

13 5

15; X = 57:7
1
(iüü) p(x) - 1;x = 0, 1, 2 (iv) –

3. Show that

() x =5 is a zero of 2x -x- 45. (iü) x

4
=5 is a zero of 5x – 4x -5x + 4.
(iii) For what value of p, (-4) isa zero of the polynomial x-2x - (7p+ 3)? (2009)

4. If 1 and 3 are the zeros of thepolynomial x- ax - 13x + b, find the values of a and b.

5. If 2 and -3 are the zeros of the polynomial x + ax² + bx - 12, find the values of a and b.

6.Write the degree of each of the following polynomials:

() 2x - 7 (iü) 3x - X-7 (ii)x + 2x- + 3x3 1

7. Which of the following are quadratic polynomials?

(i) 3x +5 (i)2x² + X- 1 (iüi) x +7 (iv) x-X+x-1
8. Look at the graphs given in Fig. 2.12 below. Each is the graph of y = p(x), where p(x) is a polynomial.
Which of the folowing corresponds to a linear, quadratic, or cubic polynomial? Further, for each of
the graph, find the number of zeros of p(x).

( (1)
(iiü)
X X

(iv) -(v) (v)

X X X

(vii)
(ix)
(vii)

X X X X

X
X
Fig. 2.12
Polynomials

Try!

Find a quadratic polynomial each with the given numbers as the sum and product of its zeros respectively:
1 1 1 1
-1
(i)
4 3 (ii)0, V5 (iv) 1, 1 () (vi) 4, 1 (NCERT)
4
2. Let a, B, y be the three zeros of a cubic polynomial p() = ax + bx + cx + d, (a # ).Then,
(x -a), (x - B) and (x -) are the factors of p(x).
Therefore,

P() = ar + bx + cx + d= (*-a)(*-B)(-)}

= ax-(a+B+y)a*+(«ß +By +ya)x-ar

=Ar-A( + B + y)a + dloß + By + yo)x – Aoßy
On comparing the coefficients of like terms, we have
a=2, b = (a + B +), =A(aß c + By + yo), d=-AoBy
a+ ß+Y=; aß + By + ya =: aßy =
-d

These three relationships give us the values of b, c, d in terms of a, when ., B and y are known.
With these values of b, c and d in terms of a, we can form a cubic polynomial.

Example

Solution:
2. Form a
a time,
cubic
and product
Let the cubic polynomial
Then,
polynomial
of its

be
with the
zeros
sum, sum of the products of its zeros
as 3, -1 and -3 respectively.
p() = ax + ba + cx+ d and its zeros be ,taken two at

B and y.

a +B+Y= -b =3
aß + By + ya =

oaßy =
Takinga= 2, we have b=-6, c=-2 and d =6.
Thus, one cubic polynomial that fits into this condition is 2x° -6x? 2x + 6.
Aliter: If a, B and y are the zeros of a cubic polynomial p(*), then

p(x) =*- (a + B + )a + (aß + By t yo)x -ßy

p(x) = -(sum zeros)* + (product of zeros taken two at a time)x
of

product of zeros

p() = -3*2 Kt3.

Note: The value of a'may be ch0sen arbitrarily.

EXERCISE 2.2

1, Find the zeros of each of the following polynomials and verify the relationship between the zeros and
its coefficients:

(Ü) x² + 8x + 15 (ii) x²- 9 (üii) 2y -y- 6 (iv) 4z? -4z + 1

(v) 4x' + 16x (vi) 3y² - 10y -8 (vii) 2x² -9-3x (2008)

2. Find the zeros of each of the following polynomials and verify the relationship between the zeros and
its coefficients:

(ü) 4x -3x – 1 (ii) 3x + 4x – 4 (üü) 5 + 12t +7 (iv) t -2 - 15t

 New SystematicMathematics--CBS

7 3
(v) 2x*+x+ (vi) 4x² + 5V2x -3 (vi) 2s²-(1+2/2)s+ v2
3 11
(vii) v²+4V3v -15 y²+V5y -5 (NCERT
(ix) (x)
7y'-Y3 Exempla)

3. For each of the following, find a quadratic polynomial whose sum and product respectively of the
zeros are as given below:
1 1 3
() 2 -2 (iü) 0, V3 (ii) 1
(iv)
2' 2' 2
8 4 21 5 3 1

(V) 3 3 (vi)
8' 16 (vii) -2/3, -9 (vii) 2
2V5'
(NCERT Exemplar) (NCERT Exemplar) (NCERT Exemplar) (NCERT Exernpla)

4. If a and ß are the roots of the quadratic polynomial, p(x) = x- ax + b, then find the values of

(1) ²+B² (üiü)

[Hint:(ii) a + p° = (a + p)(a² + B² -oß).]

5. If a and ß are zeros of the polynomial fx) = x- 8x + 2 such that a -ß = 2, find the value of

A.
[Hint: a - B=2 (a -B)² =4
(a + B)– 4aß = 4]
6. Verify that the numbers given alongside of the cubic polynomial below are its zeros. Also, verify the

relationships between the zeros and their coefficients:

(Ü) 2x3x - 11x + 6;

1
,3,-2 (iü) x- 2x -x + 2; 2, 1, -1
(ii) + - 4x – 4; 2, -2, 1
7. Form a cubic polynomial with given zeros a, B and Y, where
() a + B +y= 0; aß + By + ya =6; aßy =-20.
19 -1
(ii) + B+y= oß + By + ya = oßy =
6
a.
(iii) a + B+y= 0; aß + By + y = 0; aßy = 125.

8. Find the zeros of the polynomial p(x) = x+ 4x + x -6, if it is given that the product of two of its

zeros is 6.

[Hint: Here, aßy = 6 and afß =6 y =1.]

9. If V2 is a zero of thecubic polynomial 6x°+V2x- 10x – 4V2,then find its other two zeros.
(NCERT Exempla)
[Hint: Since J2 is a zero, (x- v2) is a factor of 6x + v2x- 10x – 42.
On division, the quotient is 6x' + 7V2x + 4. On factorisation, we have
6x + 7V2x + 4 = (3/2x+ 4)(V2x + 1).]

10. Given that the zeros of the cubic polynomial x 6x + 3x + 10 are of the form a. a + b and
a+ 2b for some real numbers a and b, find the values of a and b as well as the zeros of the given

polynomial. (NCERT Exemplar)

2.5 DivisionAlgorithm for Polynomials
In Chapter 1,we have studied about Euclid's Division Algorithm for numbers. A similar algorithm
also exists for polynomials.
Statement: When a polynomialp(x) is divided by anothernon-zero polynomialg(x), then there exis!

two polynomials q«) and r(*) such that

p(*) =q(*) g(x) + r(o) ...(1)

where either r() = O or degree of r) less than the

is degree of g(*).
31.Meena went to a bank to withdraw 2000. She asked the cashier to give her R 50 and 100 notes

only. Meena got 25 notes in all. Find how many notes of 50 and 100 she received. (NCERT
32. Places A and B are 100 km apart from each other on from A and another
a highway. A car starts
starts from B at the same time. If they move in the same direction, they meet in 5 hours and if they
move in opposite directions,they meet in 1 hour. Find the speed of thecars. (NCERT; 2009,
[Hint:Let x km/h and y km/h be the speeds of the cars starting from A and B respectively.
Then, 5x = 5y + 100 and x + y = 100.]

EXERCISE 3.5

(Questions with Very Short Answers)

Answer each of the following questions either in one word or in one sentenceor as per the requirement
of the question.

1. If a.x +
b,y + c, 0and = ax + by + Cg, =0 be two linear equations, then write the condition that

these equations have

() no solution (üi) a unique solution (ii)an infinitely many solutions.

2. Findthe value of k sothat the following system of equations has no solution:

3x -y = 0
6x – 2y -k = 0 (2008)

3. Is x =2, y = 3, a solution of the linear equation, 2x + 3y- 12 = 0?

4. Is x = 5,y = -2,a solution of the linear equations, 3x + 2y = 11 and 2x + 3y = 4?
5. If ag bp, then the system of equations ax + by =cand px + qy =rhas a unique solution. Is it true?

6. Write the value of a for which the system of equations 2x – 3y =0 and 5x + ay = 0 has infinitev

many solutions.

7.Write the value of k for which the system of equations, x + 2y= 5and 3x + ky+ 15 =0, is inconsistent

8. Write the value of 2 for which the system of equations 2x - 5y = and 4x 10y = 3 has infinitely

many solutions.

9. Find the number of solutions of the following pair of linear equations:

x+ 2y - 8= 0
2x + 4y= 16 (2009)

10. Write whether the following pair of linear equations is consistent or not:
+ y=

, X 14

X- y= 4.

11. For which value(s) of does the pair of linear equations Àx +y = 2 and x + Ay = 1 have
(i) no solution? (ü) infinitely many solutions?

(iii) a unique solution? (NCERT Exemplar)

12.Two straight paths are represented by the linear equations x -3y= 2and 6y - 2x = 5. Do these

paths cross each other? (NCERT Exempla)

13. Write a pair of linear equations which has the unique solution x= -1, y = 3.
How may such pairs can you write? (NCERT Exemplar)

CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISE

A. Multiple ChoiceQuestions
For each question, choose and write the most appropriate answer out of the given options:

1. Ifapair of linear equations is consistent, then the lines be

will

(a) parallel. (b) always coincident.

(c) intersecting or coincident. ()always intersecting.
Pair ofLinear Equations in Two Variables

2. The pair of equations x+ 2y +5=0 and -3x– 6y + 1 =0 has

(a) a unique solution.
(b) exactly two solutions.

(c) infinitely many solutions. (d) no solution.

3.The pair of equations y=0 and y=-7 has
(a) one solution. (b) two solutions.

(c) infinitely many solutions. (d) no solution.

4. The pair of equations x =a and y = b graphically represents lines which are

(a) parallel.
(b) intersecting at (b, a). (c) coincident. () intersecting at (a, b).

5. For whatvalue of k, do the equations 3x- y + 8 =0 and 6x- ky = -16represents coincident lines?
1

(a) 2 2 (b) (c) 2. ()-2.

6. If the lines given by 3x+ 2ky =2 and 2x + 5y = 1 are parallel then the value of k is
5 2 3
(a) -4 (b)
5 (c)
15
4 () 2
7. The value of k for which the pair of linear equations x+ 2y = 3 and 5x + ky= -7 have a unique
solution, is

(a) 10. (b) -10. (c) no value of k. ()any value of k.

8. The value of k for which the system of equations 3x + 5y = 0 and kx + 10y =0 has a non-zero
solution, is

(a) 6. (b) 3. (c) 2. () 5.

9. The value of c for which the pair of equations cx -y= 2 and 6x- 2y =3 will have infinitely many
solutions, is

(a) 3. (b) -3. (c) -12. (d) none of these.

10. If the equations kx -5y= 2 and 6x + 2y=7 have no solution, then
(a) k=-10. (6)k=-5. (c) k=-6. ()k=-15.
B. Fillin the blanks:

11. An equation of type ax + by + c=0 where a, b and c are real numbers and a and b are not
simultaneously zero is called alan equation.

12. Asystem of two linear equations in two variables is inconsistent,if their lines in graph are

13.A pair of linear equations in two variables having a solution is called a pair of linear
equations.

14. If 1 b
the pair linear equations is
of
15. There is no solution two linear equations a,x + b,yt c =0and a,x + b,y + c, =0 if
of
C. ShortAnswer Questions

16. For what values of a and b will the equations x+ 2y =1 and(a – b)x+(a + b)y =a+b-2
have an infinite number of solutions? (NCERT Exemplar)
17. Find the value of k forwhich the pair of equations 2x + ky= 1, 3x- 5y =7 has a unique solution.

18, Forwhat value of k, the following pair of equations has no solution?

kx +3y =k-3; 12x + ky =k (NCERT Exemplar)
19, Find the condition for which the following pair of equations has no solution:
(a-b)x =(a+ b)y, ax–by =c
 20. Find the value of 'c'
forwhich the pair of equations 3x + 5y= 4 and 6x + cy = 8 has an infinite number
of solutions. Also, find the value of c, if possible, for which the given system of equations has a
unique solution?

21. Given below are three equations. Two of them have infinite number of solutions and two have a
unique solution. State the two pairs: 3x-2y = 4,6x+
2y= 4, 9x– 6y =12.

22. What type of graphical representation will the equation 2x -2y-2=0 and 4x – 4y-5= 0 have?
Justify your answer without drawing the graphs.

23. Will the lines represented by the linear equations x -y + 1 =0 and 3x+ 2y- 12 =0 intersect? Justify
your answer without drawing graphs.

24. For what value of k

lines?
willthe equations 3x + 4y + 2 = 0 and 9x + 12y + k= 0 represents coincident

25. Find the value of p for which the following pair of linear equations has exactly one solution:
9x + py -1=0
3x + 4y -2= 0

D. Long Answer Questions

26. Solvethe following pair of equations graphically:
2x + 3y + 5 0, 3x – 2y 12 = 0 = -
27. Determine graphically whetherthe following pairs of equations are consistent or inconsistent:
() x-5y =6, 2x -10y =12 (iü) 2x- 3y =6, x -y=0
28. Determine graphically whetherthe following pairs of equations represent intersecting lines, parallel
lines or coincident lines:

(i) 3x- 2y =6 (ii) 2x- 3y=9

3x–2y =0 3x + 2y =20
(ii)) 2x -y=6
4x-2y = 12

29. Find graphically,the vertices of the triangle formed by the x-axis and the lines 2x- y +8= 0and

8x+ 3y - 24 =0.
30. Solve for xand y:
() 2(x+ 3) + 3(y- 1) 8 = (ii) 10(x +2y) =3
3(x- 2) + 2(y + 2) =3 10(2x- y) = 1

(i) ny=
mx - m+n
X-y= 2n
31. Solve for x and y:
ax by
2 -=a+b
(i) (a+2b)x + (2a- b)y = (i)
b

(a-2b)x + (2a + b)y = 3 ax- by =2ab (2009)

and a: 2P + 39 =17: 2P*-39*1=5

32. Solve for p

[Hint: 2p*-39=5 4.2P - 3.3 =5

Put 2P =X and 3=yin both the equations.]

3x + 4y = 4 and 5x -3y = 26, find the value of (2x + y).

33. If

34. Solvefor x and y.

4x += 6
15; 6x–°
y
=14

and hence find the value of p when y =pX –2.

Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables

35. Using cross-multiplication method,solve for x and y:

X
=2
a b2

s
36. If10 students are transferred from Section A to Section B, the number of students in each section
becomes equal. But if 10 students are transferred from B to A, the number of students in A becomes
three times the number of students inB. Find the number of students in each section.

37. In a AABC, ZA =x*, ZB= y and C=(y + 20)°. If 4x–y =10, show that the triangle is a right-angled
triangle.

38. A two-digit number is obtained by either multiplying the sum of the digits by 8 and adding 1 or by
multiplying the difference of the digits by 13 and adding 2. Find the number.

39. Anumber of three digits has 5in the units place andthe middle digit is half the sum of the other two.
If108 be added to the number,the hundredths., units and tens digits will shift to the units, the tens
and the hundredths places respectively. Find the number.

40. It takes 12 hours to fill a swimming pool using 2 pipes. If the larger pipe is used for 4 hours and the
smaller pipe for 9 hours, only half the poolis filled. How long would it take for each pipe alone to fill

the pool?

41. If you travel by an autorickshaw, the fare for the first kilometre is different from the rate per km for

the remaining distance. The total fare for a distance of 20 km is 37.70 and that for a distance of
26 km is 48.50. Find the fare for the first kilometre and for each successive kilometre.

42. The sum of a two-digit number and the number obtained by reversing the order of its digits is 99. If

the digits differ by 3, find the numbers.

43. The sum of a two-digit number and the number formed by interchanging its digits is 110. If 10 is
subtracted from the first number,the new number is 4 more than 5 times the sum of the digits in the
first number.Find the first number.

44.

45.
The sum

and the

[Hint: Letthe

A man
the table. By
of the numerator

denominator,

sold a chair
fraction

selling
be .
y
and the
the fraction
denominator

becomes

Then x+ y= 8 and X+3

3
4
of a

Find the

y+3
fraction

fraction.

3
4

and a table for 1520, thereby making a profit of 25% on the chair and 10% on
them together for 1535, he would have made a profit of 10% on the chair and
is

Solve
8. If 3 is added to

to get x = 3
both the numerator

and y = 5.]

25% on the table. Find the cost price of each.

46. From the adjoining rectangle (Fig. 3.20), find the values of x and y. (2018)
X +y
[Hint: Here, ABCD is rectangle. So,
AD = BC and AB =DC X-y
X-y 14 and x +y= 30
30 cm
B
Solving the two equations simultaneously, we get
Fig. 3.20
X =22 and y=8.]

47. A raiwayhalf ticket costs half the full fare, but the reservation charges are the same on a half ticket
ason a full ticket. One reserved first class ticket from the station A to costs B
2530.Also, one
resened frst class ticket and one reserved first class half ticket form station A to B costs 3810.
Eind the full frst class fare from station A to B, and also the reservation charges for a ticket.
(NCERT Exemplar)