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Lecture - Hydrograph

Enfineering Hydrology - Hydrograph Analysis
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29 views23 pages

Lecture - Hydrograph

Enfineering Hydrology - Hydrograph Analysis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hydrographs

• Annual hydrographs
• Monthly hydrographs
• Seasonal hydrographs
• Flood hydrographs
Precipitation

Interception

Depression Storages
Surface Storage Reservoirs
Detention/ Retention ponds

Infiltration Soil Moisture


Interflow

Percolation Groundwater storage


Baseflow

Runoff Stream flow


Factors affecting runoff hydrograph
Shape of the Basin
Drainage Density
Land use and Cover
Precipitation

Surface Divide
Evapotranspiration

Gauging
point
Infiltration

Discharge (m3/hr)
Peak
Percolation
Chanel
Precipitatio
n

Groundwater Groundwater flow


Divide

Beginning of Runoff End of Runoff Time (hr)


Centre of mass
50% of rainfall 50% of rainfall
Lag time to peak – Time difference
Rainfall (cm/hr)
Time (hr)
between peak rainfall intensity and
Centroid Lag time peak discharge
Lag time to peak Centroid Lag time – Time difference
Peak Discharge between centre of mass of a rainfall
C
event and centre of mass of river
Discharge (m3/hr)

flow
Centre of mass
50% of 50% of
river flow river flow

Direct Runoff
D

A B E
Base Flow

Beginning of Runoff End of Runoff Time (hr)


Direct Runoff Hydrograph
Methods of Base-
flow Separation
• Estimating the point representing
the end of the direct runoff
• An empirical equation for the time
interval N (days) from the peak to
the point B is
• 𝑁 = 0.83𝐴0.2
• Where A is watershed area in
km2 and N is in days.
Method 1 - Straight line method

• (Constant discharge/horizontal line


method)
• Join point on rising limb at which the
surface runoff begins to a point on the
recession limb representing the end of
the direct runoff.
• Points A and B are joined by a straight
line to demarcate the base flow and
surface runoff.
Method 2
• In this method the base flow curve
existing prior to the commencement
of the surface runoff is extended till
it intersects the ordinate drawn at
the peak. This point is joined to the
point representing the end of runoff
by a straight line.
• Segment AC and CB demarcate the
base flow and surface runoff.
Method 3
• In this method the base flow recession
curve after end of direct runoff is extended
backwards till it intersects the ordinate at
the point of inflection.
• Points A and F are joined by an arbitrary
smooth curve.
• The inflection point is the point on the
recession curve where the slope is
changing most rapidly. It indicates where
baseflow once again becomes the most
dominant contribution to discharge.
Effective Rainfall (ER)
• Effective rainfall (also known as Excess Rainfall) (ER) is that part of
the rainfall that becomes direct runoff at the outlet of the
watershed.
• 𝐸𝑅 = 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑄 = 𝑃 − 𝐼𝑎 − 𝐹
• Rainfall excess = Total rainfall – Losses = Total rainfall – (∅ × rainfall duration)
Effective Rainfall
Direct Runoff Hydrograph (DRF) Effective Rainfall Hyetograph (ERF)

Rainfall Intensity (cm/hr)


Discharge (m3/hr)

Time (hr) Time (hr)

Area under Area under = R/f intensity (cm/h) x Duration (h)


= Discharge(m3/h) x Duration (h)
the curve the curve
= Total volume of runoff (L3) = Depth of total runoff of the catchment
(cm)
Depth of total x Catchment area
runoff of the
catchment
Total volume of runoff (L3)
Example 1
• Rainfall of magnitude 3.8 cm and 2.8 cm occurring on two
consecutive 4-h durations on a catchment of area 27 km2
produced the following hydrograph of flow at the outlet of the
catchment. Estimate the rainfall excess and φ index.
Example 2
• A storm over a catchment of area 5.0 km2 had a duration of 14 hours.
The mass curve of rainfall of the storm is as follows. If the φ index for
the catchment is 0.4 cm/h, determine the effective rainfall
hyetograph and the volume of direct runoff from the catchment due
to the storm.
Unit Hydrograph
A unit hydrograph is the direct runoff hydrograph resulting from unit depth
(1cm or 1 inch) of excess rainfall generated uniformly over a drainage area at
a constant rate for a specified duration.

Excess Rainfall • UH – is a DRH


D (hr)
• Runoff generated by 1cm of excess rainfall
1 cm
Discharge (m3/hr)

Time (hr)
Basic assumptions
1. Time Invariance
• The direct-runoff response to a given effective rainfall in a catchment is time-
invariant.
• This implies that the DRH for a given ER in a catchment is always the same
irrespective of when it occurs.
2. Linear Response
• The direct-runoff response to the rainfall excess is assumed to be linear.
• If the rainfall excess in a duration D is r times the unit depth, the resulting DRH
will have ordinates bearing ratio r to those of the corresponding D-h unit
hydrograph.
• The assumption of linear response in a unit hydrograph enables the method of
superposition to be used to derive DRHs. Accordingly, if two rainfall excess of D-
h duration each occur consecutively, their combined effect is obtained by
superposing the respective DRHs with due care being taken to account for the
proper sequence of events.
Example 3
• Given below are the ordinates of a 6-h unit hydrograph for a
catchment. Calculate the ordinates of the DRH due to a rainfall
excess of 3.5 cm occurring in 6 h.
Example 4
• Two storms, each of 6-h duration and having rainfall excess values
of 3.0 and 2.0 cm respectively, occur successively. The 2 cm ER
rain follows the 3 cm rain. The 6 h unit hydrograph for the
catchment is given. Calculate the resulting DRH.

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