T.Y.B.Sc.I.T.

Sem VI Principles of Geographic Information Systems

PRACTICAL - 1
AIM: - Creating and Managing Vector Data:
a) Adding vector layer
b) Setting properties
c) Vector Layer Formatting
d) Calculating line lengths and statistics
Procedure:
a. Adding vector layers (Polygon, Line, Points)
 Polygon layers (We have taken 2 layers Matunga, Garden)
 Line layers (We have taken 3 layers Small Roads, Road, Flyover)
 Point layers (We have taken 4 layers bank, college, Restaurants, ATM)
b. Setting properties (Labeling, Symbolism)

 Our aim is to create map representing a location and its surrounding

as follows:

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a) Creating Polygon vector layer

 Select ProjectNew

 Select LayerCreate LayerNew Shapefile Layer

 Following dialog box will appear on the screen. Select Polygon option from Geometry type.

 Fill the appropriate information in each text box.

 File name:
 By default, the file will be saved in bin folder.
 To avoid it click on following button to change the location of file.

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 Field Panel
 Add the Attribute you want to show. (Column Name for Table)
b. Specify Type (Data Type: Text Data/Decimal Data/Whole Number/Date) of Attribute
c. Specify the Length of the Attribute. Specify Precision (If Data Type is Decimal)

 Click on Add to Field List Button.

 You can add as many fields (Column Name) as you want for the layer.

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 Select Geometry Type as follows

 Click on the following button

 The CRS dialog box will appear on screen. Click on the WGS84 option and it will be
selected as follows. click on OK

a) Follow the steps to plot Polygon features.

 Select the Polygon Feature (In our case it is Matunga for background) from layer panel

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 Click Toggle Editing Button  Click on Add Polygon Now place the
cursor at the location where you want to place the polygon. for polygon layer minimum 3
points should be selected

 Save the newly added polygon as follows.

 Set style for polygon by using property window(Right click on Matunga Layer)

 Following screen will appear on the screen. Select pattern as you want and click on OK.

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 Same way we can add one more polygon layer for Gardens.

b) Creating Line vector layer

 Repeat the same steps as we have done for polygon layer.
 Select geometry type Line.

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 Road layer :
 To plot road click on Add Line Feature.

 Click on the map where you want to draw line.

 Once you are done then right click on map (Dotted line turn into solid line)

 save your data

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 set style for Roads in the same way as we have done for polygon

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 Road will look as below

 To label your roads Right click on Road layer Go to properties window then select label
and set single label property

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 Following window will appear on the screen

 Roads will look like these

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 To merge roads
 Go to properties of road then select symbology. Click on Advanced button
select Symbol levels.

 Check Enable symbol levels option

 Click ok & Road will appear as follows

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C. Create Point vector layer

 Repeat same steps to add point layers as we have done in previous layers
(For ATM, Restaurants, Banks, Bus Stops, etc.)

Final output:

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d) Calculating line lengths and statistics

 Go to Layer  Add Layer  Add Vector Layer
 Add the following file to project

"\GIS_Workshop\Practicals\Practical_01\D\DATA\IND_rrd\IND_rails.shp"
Press “ADD”
 Also add India Administrative Map “GIS_Workshop\Practicals\
Practical_01\D\DATA\IND_adm\IND_adm0.shp”
 Double Click on IND_adm0

Select  Select any outline style from below given options.

Press OK
 The display window will appear like

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 In Layer Pane, Right click on IND_rails  Open Attribute Table

 Press Toggle Editing button using button, on Attribute table window toolbar.

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 Press Open Field Calculator using button.

 Set the output field as “Track_Len”, field type to “Decimal Number”.

 From Function List search $length or go to Geometry  Select $length

 Set expression as

Press “OK”
 A new column is added to the attribute table with value representing the length of track in KM.

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 Press CTRL+S or click on Save Edits option on tool bar

 Close the attribute table window.
 For calculating the total length of Railway tracks in India.
 Select Vector Analysis Tools Basic Statics for Fields

 Select IND_rails layer from input layer. And select Track_Len in “Field to Calculate
statistics on”

 Press RUN
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 The Result is

 Open the “output.html” file to get the field

statistics. Analyzed field: Track_Len
Count: 2012
Unique values: 1608
NULL (missing) values:
0 Minimum value: 0.0
Maximum value: 400.48
Range: 400.48
Sum: 60479.320000000014
Mean value: 30.059304174950306
Median value: 14.04
Standard deviation: 39.483220276624444
Coefficient of Variation: 1.313510786770889
Minority (rarest occurring value): 0.03
Majority (most frequently occurring value):
0.0 First quartile: 3.35
Third quartile:
42.855000000000004 Interquartile
Range (IQR): 39.505
 The above statistics show that the total length of Railway track in India is 60,479.32 KM.

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PRACTICAL - 2
Exploring and Managing Raster data:
a) Adding raster layers
 From menu bar select Layer  Add Layer  Add Raster Layer

 Select Gridded Population of the World (GPW) v3 dataset from Columbia University,
Population Density Grid for the entire globe in ASCII format and for the year 1990 and 2000. “\
GIS_Workshop\Practicals\Practical_02\A\Data\gl_gpwv3_pdens_90_ascii_one\glds90ag60.asc”
“\GIS_Workshop\Practicals\Practical_02\A\Data\gl_gpwv3_pdens_90_ascii_one\
glds00ag60.asc”

 Go to Project  Properties OR Press the Set CRS option on

bottom right corner.
Select WGS 84 EPSG: 4326 and Press OK

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b) Raster Styling and Analysis

 To start with analysis of population data, convert the pixel from grayscale to Color.
 Select “glds90ag60.asc” Layer form layer Pane  select property OR double click on it.

 Select

 Press “APPLY”
 Repeat the same for “glds00ag60.asc” Layer

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Layer output after applying style.

 The objective this experiment is to analyze raster data, as an example we will find areas with
largest population change between 1990 and 2000, by calculating the difference between
each pixel values.
 Go to Raster  Raster Calculator

 Put the expression "glds00ag60@1" - "glds90ag60@1"

 Select the output file location & name and Press OK.

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 Remove the other two layers i.e. glds00ag60.asc and glds90ag60.asc

 Double click on pop_diff layer.

 Select

 Set Render Type to “Single band Pseudo color”, Interpolation as Discrete, and remove all
classification and add as shown in figure above using button. After all settings
press “OK”.
 Layer will appear like

 Explore an area of your choice and check the raster band value using to verify
the classification rule.
 The red pixel shows negative changes and blue shows positive changes.

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c) Raster Mosaicking and Clipping

A mosaic is a combination or merge of two or more images.
In GIS, a single raster dataset can be created from multiple raster datasets by mosaicking them
together.

In many cases, there will be some overlap of the raster dataset edges that are being mosaicked
together, as shown below.

These overlapping areas can be handled in several ways; for example, you can choose to only keep
raster data from the first or last dataset, you can blend the overlapping cell values using a weight-
based algorithm, you can take the mean of the overlapping cell values, or you can take the
minimum or maximum value. When mosaicking discrete data, the First, Minimum, or Maximum
options give the most meaningful results. The Blend and Mean options are best suited for
continuous data. If any of the input rasters are floating point, the output is floating point. If all the
inputs are integer and First, Minimum, or Maximum is used, the output is integer.

 Go to Layer  Add Layer  Add Raster Layer.

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 Select the following “.tif” raster images for India from data
folder. FAS_India1.2018349.terra.367.2km.tif
FAS_India2.2018349.terra.367.2km.tif
FAS_India3.2018349.terra.367.2km.tif
FAS_India4.2018349.terra.367.2km.tif

 Press open
 In data source manager | Raster window click Add.

 Go to Raster  Miscellaneous  Merge

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 In the Merge dialog window

 Select all layers and Press OK.

 In Merge dialog window select a file name and location to save merged images.

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 Save the file to “GIS_Workshop/Practicals/Practical_02/C/” location with the name

as Merge_Files.tif
 Press Run and after completion of operation close the Merge window dialog box.

 You can now deselect individual layers from layer pane and only keep the merged raster file.

 Go to Layer Add Vector Layer  Select

\GIS_Workshop\Practicals\Practical_02\C\IndiaAdminBoundry\IND_adm0.shp file.
 From layer properties  select  select any one of the following

 The result will be

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 Go to Raster  Extraction  Clip Raster by Mask Layer

 Select the merge raster image as input and Ind_adm0 as mask layer.

 Select a file name and location for clipped raster as /Practical_02/C/Clipped_File.tif.

 Press RUN.

After
Clippin
g

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PRACTICAL - 3
a) Making a Map
 Create a new Thematic Map or open and existing one
 Consider the following map as an example map

 Go to Project  New PrintLayout

 Insert a suitable title and press “OK”.

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 A new Print Layout window will open

 Select Add Item  Add Map

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 After adding map go to ItemProperties  Map1

Layers Check on Lock Layers and Lock Styles for
Layers

This will ensure that if any change in layers or change their styles, the Print Layout view will
not change.
 Go to Add Item  Add Picture  Place a picture box at appropriate location.

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 Also adjust Image Rotation to its appropriate value.

 Item Properties  Image Rotation

 Add an inset Using Add Item  Add Picture  Select an area to be highlighted on main Map.
 Set a frame for Inset by enabling the check box for Frame.

 To highlight the area shown in Inset

 Select the Picture representing main Map from Items pane.

 In Item Properties  Overviews  using icon add an overview.

 Select the checkbox Draw Overview
 Name the Picture object representing inset (Map1 in our case).

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 The Print Layout will appear like

 Add Item  Add Label

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 Change the Label text To “Mumbai Map”, Set appropriate font size and color using
Item Properties Main Properties.

 Add Item  Add Legend Place the legend indicator at appropriate location.
 Uncheck auto update and use suitable legend indicator label.

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 The Print Layout will appear

 Add Item  Add Scale Bar

 Add Item  Add LabelAdd a Label using HTML rendering

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 A Map can be saved in Image or PDF using Layout  Export as Image / Export as PDF

 Save the Map to a location appropriate location as PDF or Image.

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 Open the PDF or Image from location.

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b) Importing Spreadsheets or CSV files

 Many times the GIS data comes in a table or an Excel spreadsheet or a list lat/long
coordinates, therefore it has to be imported in a GIS project.
 Sample file for Earthquake data will be used in this practical.
 Go to Layer  Add Layer  Add Delimited text Layer

 Data Source Manager | Delimited Text window will appear

 Select the \GIS_Workshop\Practicals\Practical_03\C\Sample.csv file from data folder.

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 Press ADD and close the window.

 Output:

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c) Using Plugins
 Core plugins are already part of the standard QGIS installation. To use these, just enable them.
 Open QGIS. Click on Plugins  Manage and Install Plugins....

 To enable a plugin, check on the checkbox next to Plugin. This will enable the plugin to use it.
 External plugins are available in the QGIS Plugins Repository and need to be installed by the
users before using them.
 Click on Not Installed or Install from ZIP.
 Once the plugin is downloaded and installed, you will see a confirmation dialog.
 Click on Plugins  <<new Plugin Name>>
 The Plugin if marked Experimental plugin can be installed, from Setting check on

or

 A tab will be added to Plugin Manager Window.

 Click on a plugin name and Click Install.

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d) Searching and Downloading OpenStreetMap Data

OpenStreetMap (OSM) created by Steve Coast in the UK in 2004 is a collaborative project to
create a free editable map of the world. Rather than the map itself, the data generated by the project
is considered its primary output. The creation and growth of OSM has been motivated by
restrictions on use or availability of map information across much of the world, and the advent of
inexpensive portable satellite navigation devices.
 Add “Open Layer” and “OSM Search” Plugin from Not Installed option from Plugin
Manager Dialog Box.
 The OSM Place Search plugin will install itself as a Panel in QGIS, if not go to View  Panels 
select OSM Place Search.

 Go to Web  OpenLayer Plugin and select Open Street Map

 A World map will appear on screen.

 If an error occurs in loading maps, go to project properties  CRS 

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 In OSM Place search Pane  Enter Mumbai or any place name to search

 Double click on the desired place in OSM Place search Panel or Click and press
Output:

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PRACTICAL - 4
A. Working with attributes
 Start a new project.
 Go to Layer  Add Layer  Add Vector Layer
 Select “\GIS_Workshop\Practicals\Practical_04\A\Data\ne_10m_populated_places_simple.zip”

 Right click on Layer in Layer Panel  Open Attribute Table.

 Explore various attributes and their values in the Attribute table.
 To find the Place with maximum population click on “pop_max” file

 On clicking the Select feature using expression button the following window will appear.

 Enter pop_max>100 and pop_max<10000 and click button to get all the places
with population between 100 and 10000.
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 The places matching the criteria will appear in different color.

 Different queries can be performed using the dataset.

 Try this

Will give

 Use the deselect button to deselect the feature to be rendered in original color.

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b) Terrain Data and Hill shade analysis

A terrain dataset is a multiresolution, TIN-based surface built from measurements stored as
features in a geodatabase. Terrain or elevation data is useful for many GIS Analysis like, to generate
various products from elevation data such as contours, hillshade etc.

https://www.google.com/maps/@27.9857765,86.9285378,14.75z/data=!5m1!1e4?hl=en-US
 Go to Layer  Add Raster Layer  select “10n060e_20101117_gmted_mea300.tif”,
from Data folder

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 The Lower altitude regions are shown using dark color and higher using light shade as seen
on top region containing Himalaya and Mt Everest.
 Mt. Everest - is located at the coordinates 27.9881° N, 86.9253° E.
 Enter 86.92, 27.98 in the coordinate field, Scale 900000 and Magnifier 100% at the bottom
of QGIS.

 Press enter the view port will be centered on Himalaya Region.

 Crop the raster layer only for the region under study.
 Go to Raster  Extraction Clip Raster by Extent

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 Select the raster layer (if project contains multiple layers).

 Select the clipping area by selecting the option Use Canvas Extends if the visible part of
map is to be selected or manually select an area on canvas by using Select Extent on
Canvas.
 Select the location and file name for storing clipped raster layer.

 Press RUN.
 Deselect the original layer and keep the clipped one.
 The Clipped raster layer is representing altitude are from 103 Meters.

Original Raster Clipped Raster

 Counter lines are the lines on a map joining points of equal height above or below sea level. A
contour interval in surveying is the vertical distance or the difference in the elevation
between the two contour lines in a topographical map.
 To derive counter lines from given raster.
 Go to Raster  Extraction Contour

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 The Contour configuration window will appear

 Select the input raster layer name. Set contour interval 100.00 meters, select the output
file name & location and check the option to add output file to project after processing.
 Press “RUN”.
 The contour layer will appear like this

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 Label the layer using “ELEV” field and set appropriate symbols for line.

 In the Layer panel right click on Contour Raster Layer and select “Open Attribute table”,
 Arrange the table in descending order based on the value of “ELEV” column.

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Compare the above counter line raster layer with the previous Google map image or visit
https://www.google.com/maps/@27.9857765,86.9285378,14.75z/data=!5m1!1e4?hl=en-US
 To verify the above contour files using Google Map
 Make a copy of Contour Layer, Go to Layer Save As
 Select file format as “Keyhole Markup Language”, set file name, location and Layer Name.
 Also set CRS to WGS 84 EPSG:4326

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 Go to the stored location on Hard Disk and open the “Himalayan_Google_Map_File.kml”

with Google Map.\

A Hillshade is a grayscale 3D representation of the surface, showing the topographical shape of hills
and mountains using shading (levels of gray) on a map, just to indicate relative slopes, mountain ridges,
not absolute height.
 For Hill Shade surface analysis
 Go to Plugin  Install Georeferencer GADL.
 After successful installation of plugin Go to Raster  Analysis  Hill Shade

 Select the input raster layer, select file name and location for storing Hill Shade output file.

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 Press “RUN” and Close the Hill Shape Dialog window.

 After Raster styling the Output will appear like this.

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PRACTICAL - 5
Working with Projections and WMS Data
A Web Map Service (WMS) is a standard protocol developed by the Open Geospatial Consortium in
1999 for serving georeferenced map images over the Internet. These images are typically produced by a
map server from data provided by a GIS database
 Start a new Project.
 Layer  Add Layer Vector Layer
 Select “ne_10m_admin_0_countries.zip” Layer from data folder.
 Go to Layer  Save As
Select format as ESRI Shape File
Select folder location and file name
Set CRS North_America_Albers_Equal_Area_Conic EPSG: 102008

 Press “OK”.
 Deselect the original Image and keep the projected layer visible.

 Select Layer  Add Layer  Add Raster Layer  Select MiniScale_(standard)_R17.tif

from Location

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“GIS_Workshop\Practicals\Practical_05\DATA\minisc_gb\minisc_gb\data\RGB_TIF_compres
sed\MiniScale_(standard)_R17.tif”
 The Layer appears on a different location than the location where Great Britain is shown
on Map.

 Open Layer PropertiesCRS  Search bri  select British National Grid EPSG 27700.
 Processing may take some time.
 Locate United Kingdom on Layer; the vector layer exactly coincides by the raster
layer covering United Kingdom.

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PRACTICAL - 6
 Georeferencing
A. Georeferencing Topo Sheets and Scanned Maps
 Start a new project
 Go to Layers  Add Layer  Add vector Layer
 Select GIS_Workshop\Manual\Prac06\IND_adm0.shp
 Zoom in to Mumbai region in the layer.

 Go to Plugins Manage and Install Plugins

 Ensure that is checked, if not install Georeferencer GDAL plugin.
 Go to Raster  Georefrencer

 A new Georeferencer window will open

 File  Open Raster

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 Select file “1870_southern-india_3975_3071_600.jpg” from project data folder

 Go to Settings Transformation Settings

 In the Transformation Settings window

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 Select Transformation type  Thin

Plate Spline
 Re-sampling Method  Nearest Neighbour
 Target TRS  Everest 1830 datum:
EPSG 4044
 Select Output Raster Name and Location
 Check the Load in QGIS When
Done Option
 Press “OK”.

 In Georeferencer window Go to Edit  Add Points

 Select the set of control points.

 Go to, Setting  transformation settings.

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 Press “RUN”
 In Georeferencing window go to  File  Start Georeferencing

 The progress indicator will appear

 The canvas area will now have the scanned map of Mumbai referenced with control points.
 Select the newly added layer in Layer Panel Right click and go to property.

 Set Transparency level of raster layer to appropriate level.

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Output:

 The Scanned Image map coincides with the existing map.

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A. Georeferencing Aerial Imagery

 Install plugin OpenStreetMap
 Go to Web Menu  OpenLayerPlugin  OpenStreetMap OpenStreetMap

 Go to Project  Properties  Set CRS to EPSG 3857

 Go to View  Panels  select OSM Place search

 The Gateway of India, Mumbai is located at 18.92°N 72.83°E

 Search Gateway of India in OSM Search Panel

 Zoom in to appropriate level.

 The map will appear like this

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 Go to Raster  Georefrencer

 A new Georeferencer window will open

 File  Open Raster

 Select file “Gateway_Imagery.tif” from project data folder

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 Go to Edit  Add Point

 Select control points from map (Indicated in red color).

 Go to Setting  Transformation Setting

 Go to File  Start Georeferencing or Press the button in Georegerencing Window.

 The progress indicator will appear

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 Observe that the aerial image of the Gateway of India is georeferenced on OSM in the
map canvas.

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C. Digitizing Map Data

Spatialite is an open database format similar to ESRI's geodatabase format. Spatialite database
is contained within a single file on your hard drive and can contain diferent types of spatial (point,
line, polygon) as well as non-spatial layers. This makes is much easier to move it around instead
of a bunch of shapefiles.
Digitizing Map Data
 Go to Layer ‣ Add Raster Select “Christchurch Topo50 map.tif” from project Folder.

 QGIS offers a simple solution to make raster load much faster by using Image Pyramids.
 Right-click the Christchurch Topo50 map.tif layer and select Properties.

 Choose the Pyramids tab. Hold the Ctrl key and select all the resolutions offered in
the Resolutions panel.

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 Click Build pyramids. Then click OK.

 Go to Settings Options....Select the Digitizing tab in the Options dialog.

 Set the Default snap mode to vertex and segment.

 Press OK.

 Go to Layer  Add Layer  Add Spatialite Layer.

 Select the name and location for Spatial database eg:

“GIS_Workshop\Practicals\Practical_06\C\
MySpatialDataBase.sqlite”.
 Name the Layer as “Digitized_Road
 Set Geometry type as “Line”
 Set CRS EPSG:4167 – NZGD2000

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 Add “Name” and “Class” fields using “Add to Fields List”.

 Once the layer is loaded, click the Toggle Editing button to put the layer in editing mode.

 Click the Add feature button. Click on the map canvas to add a new vertex.
Add new vertices along the road feature. Once you have digitized a road segment, right-click to
end the feature.

 On Layer Panel Right Click on Digitze_Road, Select the Style tab in the Layer
Properties dialog.

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Result
 Select appropriate style to see the digitized road feature clearly.

 After creating a new Spatialite layer

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 Select Digitized_Garden layer in Layer Panel and click on Toggle Editing button

and then Add Polygon Feature button on Tool bar.

 Add two gardens to the region by adding polygon.

 The Layer will appear on map canvas

 Using the above procedure a point feature can also be digitized.

 The digitizing task is now complete. You can play with the styling and labeling options in
layer properties to create a nice looking map from the data you created.

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PRACTICAL - 7
Managing Data Tables and Saptial data Sets:
a) Table joins
 Start a new project
 Go to Layer  Add Layer  Add new Vector Layer “I:\
GIS_Workshop\Practicals\Practical_07\A\Data\tl_2013_06_tract.zip”
 We could import this csv file without any further action and it would be imported. But, the default
type of each column would be a String (text). That is ok except for the D001 field which contains
numbers for the population. Having those imported as text would not allow us to run any
mathematical operations on this column. To tell QGIS to import the field as a number, we need to
create a sidecar file with a .csvt extension.

 This file will have only 1 row specifying data types for each column. Save this file as
ca_tracts_pop.csvt in the same directory as the original .csv file.
 Go to Layer  Add Layer  Add Delimited Text Layer
And add I:\GIS_Workshop\Practicals\Practical_07\A\Data\ca_tacts_pop.csv”

 In the layer panel, Right click on “tl_2013_06_tract”, layer and select Properties

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 Select the option in Properties, and click on button to add new table join.
 In the Add Vector Join window set the following properties and click OK.

 After performing join

 For more clear output, select “tl_2013_06_tact” from Layer Panel, right click and
select properties. Go to Symbology and set the following properties.

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 A detailed and accurate population map of California can be seen as the result. Same
technique can be used to create maps based on variety of census data.

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b) spatial joins
 Go to Layer  Add Layer  Add Vector Layer  Select “I:\GIS_Workshop\Practicals\
Practical_07\B\Data\nybb_12c\nybb_13c_av\nybb.shp” and “I:\GIS_Workshop\Practicals\
Practical_07\B\Data\OEM_NursingHomes_001\OEM_NursingHo mes_001.shp”, from data
folder.

 Go to attribute table and observe the data.

 Table before performing Join

 Go to Vector  Data Management Tools  Join Attributes by Location

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 Attribute table after join

 Use the Identify Feature Button to select a region to view join data on map Layer.
 Output

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c) Points in polygon analysis

 Go to Layer  Add Layer  Add Delimited Text
Layer Select “EarthQuakeDatabase.txt”

 Go to Layer  Add Layer  Add Delimited Text Layer “I:\GIS_Workshop\

Practicals\Practical_07\C\Data\ne_10m_admin_0_countries.zip”


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 Use the select Feature button to check country wise counting of Earthquakes.

 Also a new column is added to attribute table “NumPoints” indicating number of earth
quake points in each country.

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d) Performing spatial queries

 Go to Layer  Add Layer  Add Vector Layer and load “\GIS_Workshop\Practicals\
Practical_07\D\Data\ne_10m_populated_places_simple\ne_10m_popul ated_places_simple.shp”
and “I:\GIS_Workshop\Practicals\Practical_07\D\Data\ne_10m_rivers_lake_centerlines\
ne_10m_rivers
_lake_centerlines.shp” from project data folder.

 Open project Properties  Set CRS “World_Azimuthal_Equidistant EPSG 54032” . The map
will be re-projected as

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 Go to Vector  Geoprocessing Tool  Buffer

 Repeat the step to create River Buffer

 Create a buffer for River

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 Go to Vector  Research Tool  Select By Location

 This will highlight only those rivers containing a populated place within 2 KM

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PRACTICAL - 8
Advanced GIS Operations 1:
a) Nearest Neighbor Analysis
 Go to Layer  add Layer  add Delimited Text Layer and load “signif.txt” from data file.

 Go to Layer  Add Layer  Add vector Layer and from data folder “\GIS_Workshop\
Practicals\Practical_08\A\DATA\ne_10m_populated_places_simple.zip” load the layer to the
project and remove all rows from attribute table other than India.

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 Go to Vector Analysis tool  Distance Matrix

 Calculate the Distance matrix and perform Nearest Neighbor Analysis

 Now you will be able to see the content of our results. The InputID field contains the field
name from the Earthquake layer. The TargetID field contains the name of the feature from the
Populated Places layer that was the closest to the earthquake point. The Distance field is the
distance between the 2 points.

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1. Here select the earthquake layer signif as the Input point layer and the populated
places ne_10m_populated_places_simpleas the target layer. You also need to select a unique
field from each of these layers which is how your results will be displayed. In this analysis, we
are looking to get only 1 nearest point, so check the Use only the nearest(k) target points, and
enter 1. Name your output file matrix.csv, and click OK. Once the processing finishes,
click Close.

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2. Once the processing finishes, click the Close button in the Distance Matrix dialog. You can
now view the matrix.csv file in Notepad or any text editor. QGIS can import CSV files as well,
so we will add it to QGIS and view it there. Go to Layer ‣A d d Layer ‣A d d Delimited Text
Layer....

3. Browse to the newly created matrix.csv file. Since this file is just text columns, select
No geometry (attribute only table) as theGeometry definition. Click OK.

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4. You will see the CSV file loaded as a table. Right-click on the table layer and select
Open Attribute Table.

5. Now you will be able to see the content of our results. The InputID field contains the field
name from the Earthquake layer. The TargetID field contains the name of the feature from the
Populated Places layer that was the closest to the earthquake point. The Distance field is the
distance between the 2 points.

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6. This is very close to the result we were looking for. For some users, this table would be
sufficient. However, we can also integrate this results in our original Earthquake layer
using a Table Join. Right-click on the Earthquake layer, and select Properties.

7. Go to the Joins tab and click on the + button.

8. We want to join the data from our analysis result to this layer. We need to select a field
from each of the layers that has the same values. Select matrix as the Join layer` and
InputID as

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the Join field. The Target field would be I_D. Leave other options to their default values and
click OK.

9. You will see the join appear in the Joins tab. Click OK.

10. Now open the attribute table of the signif layer by right-clicking and selecting Open
Attribute Table.

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11. You will see that for every Earthquake feature, we now have an attribute which is the
nearest neighbor (closest populated place) and the distance to the nearest neighbor.

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12. We will now explore a way to visualize these results. First, we need to make the table
join permanent by saving it to a new layer. Right-click the signif layer and select Save
As....

13. Click the Browse button next to Save as label and name the output layer
as earthquake_with_places.shp. Make sure the Add saved file to map box is checked and
click OK.

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14. Once the new layer is loaded, you can turn off the visibility of the signif layer. As our dataset is
quite large, we can run our visualization analysis on a subset of the data. QGIS has a neat
feature where you can load a subset of features from a layer without having to export it to a
new layer. Right-click the earthquake_with_places layer and select Properties.

15. In the General tab, scroll down to the Feature subset section. Click Query Builder.

16. For this tutorial, we will visualize the earthquakes and their nearest populated places
for Mexico. Enter the following expression in the Query Builder dialog.

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"COUNTRY" = 'MEXICO'

23. You will see that only the points falling within Mexico will be visible in the canvas. Let’s do
the same for the populated places layer. Right-click on
the ne_10m_populated_places_simple layer and select Properties.

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24. Open the Query Builder dialog from the General tab. Enter the following
expression. "adm0name" = 'Mexico'

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25. Now we are ready to create our visualization. We will use a plugin named MMQGIS. Find
and install the plugin. See Using Pluginsfor more details on how to work with plugins. Once
you have the plugin installed, go to MMQGIS ‣Create ‣H u b Lines.

26. Select ne_10m_populated_places_simple as the Hub Point Layer and name as the Hub ID
Attribute. Similarly, selectearthquake_with_places as the Spoke Point Layer and matrix_Tar as
the Spoke Hub ID Attribute. The hub lines algorithm will go through each of earthquake points
and create a line that will join it to the populated place which matches the attribute we
specified. Click Browse and name the Output Shapefile as earthquake_hub_lines.shp. Click OK
to start the processing.

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27. The processing may take a few minutes. You can see the progress on the bottom-left corner
of the QGIS window.

28. Once the processing is done, you will see the earthquake_hub_lines layer loaded in QGIS. You
can see that each earthquake point now has a line that connects it to the nearest populated
place.

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B) Sampling Raster Data using Points or Polygons

Many scientific and environmental datasets come as gridded rasters. Elevation data (DEM) is
also distributed as raster files. In these raster files, the parameter that is being represented is
encoded as the pixel values of the raster. Often, one needs to extract the pixel values at certain
locations or aggregate them over some area. This functionality is available in QGIS via two
plugins - Point SamplingTool and Zonal Statistics plugin.

Procedure
1. Go to Layer ‣A d d Raster Layer and browse to the
downloaded us.tmax_nohads_ll_{YYYYMMDD}_float.tif file and click Open.

2. Once the layer is loaded, select the Identify tool and click anywhere on the layer. You will
see the temperature value in celsius as the value or Band 1 at that location.

3. Now unzip the downloaded 2013_Gaz_ua_national.zip file and extract

the 2013_Gaz_ua_national.txt file on your disk. Go to Layer ‣A d d Delimited Text Layer.

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4. In the Create a Layer from Delimited Text File dialog, click Browse and
open 2013_Gaz_ua_national.txt. Choose Tab under Custom delimiters. The point coordinates
are in Latitude and Longitude, so select INTPTLONG as X field and INTPTLAT as Y field.
Check the Use spatial index box and click OK.

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5. Now we are ready to extract the temperature values from the raster layer. Install
the Point Sampling Tool plugin. See Using Plugins for details on how to install plugins.

6. Open the plugin dialog from Plugins ‣Analyses ‣Point sampling tool.

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7. In the Point Sampling Tool dialog, select 2013_Gaz_ua_national as the Layer containing
sampling points. We must explicitely pick the fields from the input layer that we want in the
output layer. Choose GEOID and NAME fields from the2013_Gaz_ua_national layer. We
can sample values from multiple raster band at once, but since our raster has only 1 band,
choose the us.tmax_nohads_ll_{YYYYMMDD}_float: Band 1. Name the output vector layer
as max_temparature_at_urban_locations.shp. Click the OK to start the sampling process.
Click Close once the process finishes.

8. You will see a new layer max_temparature_at_urban_locations loaded in QGIS. Use

the Identify tool to click on any point to see the attributes. You will see the us.tmax_no field -
which contains the raster pixel value at the location of the point.

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9. First part of our analysis is over. Let’s remove the unnecessary layers. Hold the Shift key and
select max_temparature_at_urban_locations and 2013_Gaz_ua_national layers. Right-click
and select Remove to remove them from QGIS TOC.

10. Go to Layer ‣A d d Vector Layer. Browse to the downloaded tl_2013_us_county.zip file

and click Open. Select thetl_2013_us_county.shp as the layer and click OK.
11. The tl_2013_us_county will be added to QGIS. This layer is in EPSG:4269 NAD83 projection.
This doesn’t match the projection of the raster layer. We will re-project this layer
to EPSG:4326 WGS84 projection.
12. Right-click the tl_2013_us_county layer and select Save As...

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13. In the Save Vector layer as.. dialog, click Browse and name the output file as counties.shp.
Choose Selected CRS from the CRS dropdown menu. Click Browse and select WGS 84 as
the CRS. Check the Add saved file to map and click OK.

14. A new layer named counties will be add to QGIS.

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15. Enable the Zonal Statistics Plugins. This is a core plugin so it is already installed. See
Using Plugins to know to how enable core plugins.

16. Go to Raster ‣Zonal statistics ‣Zonal statistics.

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17. Select us.tmax_nohads_ll_{YYYYMMDD}_float as the Raster layer and counties as

the Polygon layer containing the zones. Enter ZS_ as the Output column prefix. Click OK.

18. The analysis may take some time depending on the size of the dataset.

19. Once the processing finishes, select the counties layer. Use the Identify tool and click on
any county polygon. You will see three new attributes added to the
layer: ZS_count, ZS_mean and ZS_sum. These attributes contain the count of raster pixels,
mean of raster pixel values and sum of raster pixel values respectively. Since we are
interested in average temperature, the ZS_meanfield will be the one to use.

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20. Let’s style this layer to create a temperature map. Right-click the counties layer
and select Properties.

21. Switch to the Style tab. Choose Graduated style and select ZS_mean as the Column.
Choose a Color Ramp and Mode of your chose. Click Classify to create the classes.
Click OK.

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22. You will see the county polygons styled using average maximum temperature extracted
from the raster grid.

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c) Interpolating Point Data

Procedure
1. Open QGIS. Go to Layer ‣A d d Layer ‣A d d Vector Layer..
2. Browse to the downloaded Shapefiles.zip file and select it. Click Open.
3. In the Select layers to add... dialog, hold the Shift key and
select Arlington_Soundings_2007_stpl83.shp andBoundary2004_550_stpl83.shp layers.
Click OK.

4. You will see the 2 layers loaded in QGIS. The Boundary2004_550_stpl83 layer represents
the boundary of the lake. Un-check the box next to it in the Table of Contents.

5. This will reveal the data from the second layer Arlington_Soundings_2007_stpl83. Though
the data looks like lines, it is a series of points that are very close.

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6. Click the Zoom icon and select a small area on the screen. As you zoom closer, you will see
the points. Each point represents a reading taken by a Depth Sounder at the location recorded
by
a DGPS equipment.

7. Select the Identify tool and click on a point. You will see the Identify Results panel show up on
the left with the attribute value of the point. In this case, the ELEVATION attribute contains
the

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depth of the lake at the location. As our task is to create a depth profile and elevation contours,
we will use this values as input for the interpolation.

8. Make sure you have the Interpolation plugin enabled. See Using Plugins for how to
enable plugins. Once enabled, go toRaster‣Interpolation ‣Interpolation.
9. In the Interpolation dialog, select Arlington_Soundings_2007_stpl83 as the Vector layers
in the Input panel. Select ELEVATION as the Interpolation attribute. Click Add. Change
the Cellsize X and Cellsize Y values to 5. This value is the size of each pixel in the output grid.
Since our source data is in a projected CRS with Feet-US as units, based on our selection, the
grid size will be 5 feet. Click on the ... button next to Output file and name the output file
as elevation_tin.tif. CLick OK.

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10. You will see the new later elevation_tin loaded in QGIS. Right-click the layer and select
Zoom to layer.
11. Now you will see the full extent of the created surface. Interpolation does not give accurate
results outside the collection area. Let’s clip the resulting surface with the lake boundary.
Go to Raster ‣Extraction ‣Clipper.

12. Name the Output file as elevation_tin_clipped.tif. Select the Cliiped mode as Mask
layer. Select Boundary2004_550_stpl83 as the Mask layer`. Click OK.

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13. A new raster elevation_tin_clipped will be loaded in QGIS. We will now style this layer
to show the difference in elevations. Note the min and max elevation values from
the elevation_tin layer. Right-click the elevation_tin_clipped layer and select Properties.

14. Go to the Style tab. Select Render type as Singleband pseudocolor. In the Generate new color
map panel, select Spectralcolor ramp. As we want to create a depth-map as opposed to a
height- map, check the Invert box. This will assign blues to deep areas and reds to shallow
areas.
Click Classify.

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15. Switch to the Tranparency tab. We want to remove the black-pixels from our output. Enter 0
as the Additional no data value. Click OK.

16. Now you have a elevation relief map for the lake generated from the individual depth
readings. Let’s generate contours now. Go to Raster ‣Extraction ‣Contours.

17. In the Contour dialog, enter contours as the Output file for contour lines. We will
generate contour lines at 5ft intervals, so enter 5.00 as the Interval between contour lines.
Check the Attribute name box. Click OK.

18. The contour lines will be loaded as contours layer once the processing is finished. Right-
click the layer and select Properties.

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19. Go to the Labels tab. Check the Label this layer with box and select ELEV as the
field. Select Curved as the Placement type and click OK.

20. You will see that each contour line will be appropriately labeled with the elevation along
the line.

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Practical 9
Automating Complex Workflows using Processing Modeler
Procedure
Our workflow for this exercise will have the following steps.
 Apply a Majority Filter algorithm to the input landcover raster. This will reduce noise in
our output by eliminating isolated pixels.
 Convert the resulting raster to a polygon layer.
 Query for a class value from the attribute table of the polygon layer and create a vector layer
for that class.
The following steps outline the process to code the above process into a model and run it on the
downloaded datasets.
1. Launch QGIS and go to Processing ‣ Graphical Modeler....

2. The Processing modeler dialog contains a left-hand panel and a main canvas.
Select the Inputs tab in the left-hand panel and drag the + Raster layer to the
canvas.

3. A Parameter definition dialog will pop-up. Enter Input as the Parameter name
and mark Yes to Required. Click OK.

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4. You will see a box with the name Input appear in the canvas. This represents the
landcover raster that we will use as input. Next step is to apply a Majority filter algorithm.
Switch to the Algorithm tab from the bottom-left corner. Search for the algorithm and you
will find it listed under SAGA provider. Drag it to the canvas.
Note
If you do not see this algorithm or any of the subsequent algorithms mentioned in thi tutorial, you may
be using the Simplified Interface of the Processing Toolbox. Switch to the Advanced Interface by
using the dropdown at the bottom of the Processing Toolbox in the main QGIS window.

5. A configuration dialog for Majority Filter will be presented. Leave the values to their
default and click OK.

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6. You will note that there is now a new box named Majority Filter in the canvas and it is
connected to the Input box. This is because the Majority Filter algorithm uses the Input raster
as its input. The next step in our workflow is to convert the output of majority filter to vector.
Find the Polygonize (raster to vector) algorithm and drag it to the canvas.
Note
The boxes can be moved and arranged by clicking on it and dragging it while holding the left mouse
button. You can also use the scroll-wheel to zoom in and out in the model canvas.

7. Select ‘Filtered Grid’ from algorithm ‘Majority Filter’ as the value for Input layer. Click OK.

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8. The final step in the workflow is to query for a class value and create a new layer from
the matching features. Search for the Extract by attribute algorithm and drag it the
canvas.

9. Select ‘Vectorized’ from algorithm ‘Polygonize (raster to vector) as the Input Layer. We want
to extract the pixels that represent Croplands. The corresponding pixel value for this class will
be 12. (see Code Values). Enter DN as the Selection attribute and 12as the value. As the
output

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of this operation will be the final result, we need to name the output. Enter vectorized class as
the Output.

10. Enter the Model name as vectorize and Group name as raster. Click the Save button.

11. Name the model vectorize and click Save.

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12. Now it is time to test our model. Close the modeler and switch to the main QGIS window.
Go to Layer ‣ Add Layer ‣ Add Raster Layer....

13. Browse to the downloaded LC_hd_global_2001.tif.gz file and click Open. Once the raster
is loaded, go to Processing ‣ Toolbox.

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14. Find the newly created model under Models ‣ raster ‣ vectorize. Double-click to launch
the model.

15. Select LC_hd_global_2001 as the Input and click Run.

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16. You will see all the steps being executed without any user input. Once the processing finishes,
a new layer vectorized_classwill be added to QGIS. Let’s improve the model a little bit. Right-
click on the vectorize model and select Edit model.

17. In Step 12, we hard-coded the value 12 as the class value. Instead, we can specify it as a
input parameter which the user can change. To add this, switch to the Inputs tab and drag the
+ String to the model.

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18. Enter the Parameter Name as Class. Enter 12 as the Default value.

19. We will now change the Extract by attribute algorithm to use this input instead of the
hard- coded value. Click the Edit button next to the Extract by attribute box.

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20. Click the dropdown arrow for Value and select Class. Click OK.

21. You will see from the model diagram that the Extract by attribute algorithm now uses 2
inputs. The modeler has a shortcut to launch the model and test it. Click the Run button from
the toolbar.

22. Notice that the model dialog has a new editable field called Class. Enter 16 as the Class
value and click Run.

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23. Once the processing finishes, you will see that with just a click of a button we were able to run
a complex workflow and extract the area for class 16.

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24. Now that our model is ready, we can run it just as easily on a new raster layer. Load
the LC_hd_global_2012.tif.gz file by going to Layer ‣ Add Layer ‣ Add Raster Layer...Click
the vectorize` model from the Processing Toolbox panel.

25. Pick the LC_hd_global_2012 layer as the Input and click Run.

26. Once the new output is loaded, you can compare the changes in the Croplands from 2001
to 2012.

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27. It is always a good idea to add documentation to your model. The modeler has a built-in Help
editor that allows you to embed help directly in the model. Right-click the vectorize model
and select Edit model.

28. Click the Edit model help button from the toolbar.

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29. In the Help editor dialog, select any item from the Select element to edit panel and enter the
help text in Element description. Click OK. This help will be available in the Help tab when
you launch the model to run.

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PRACTICAL - 10
A. Validating map data.
AIM: To validate Map data using Excel and QGIS.
Software Used: QGIS Desktop 3.4.2 and Microsoft Excel 2013.
Datasets Used: The following datasets are used
1. Kenya_epidemiological_data.xls
2. Kenya_epidemiological_dict.xl
s Shape Files used: Kenya admin.
Theory
The aim of this practical is to focus on the validation steps that should be performed during data
cleaning. These include three types of checks:
1. Structural checks: e.g. unique ID, duplicates, format
2. Validation of plausibility - possible range of values e.g. min/max expected age
3. Logical checks - inconsistencies in answers e.g. occupation/age
The practical will be conducted using Microsoft Excel and QGIS software. The practical will be
performed in the following stages
1. Developing a data cleaning plan
2. Performing Structural data checks
3. Verifying the plausibility of data
4. Performing Logical data checks
5. Verifying coordinates of mapping data
6. Preparing data for mapping.

Procedure
The following steps we need to perform in the Stage I of developing a data cleaning plan
1. Open the “Kenya_epidemiological_data.xls” in Microsoft Excel. Additionally open the
corresponding dictionary “Kenya_epidemiological_dict.xls”, which contains a description of
all variables and information about their coding.
2. You should make note of the number of entries in your database, as you will need to keep
track of any changes e.g. when you remove duplicates at a later stage.

The following steps we need to perform in the Stage II of performing Structural Data checks
A. Format of the Database
B. Removing Duplicates
C. Coding of variables
2A Format of the database
Open Kenya_epidemiological_data.xls in excel.
Go to the View tab, click Freeze Panes and choose Freeze Top Row.

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select the entire “child_id‟ column(first column),

Under Home Tab, click on Conditional formatting >Highlight Cell Rules> Select Duplicate values

Now select the first combo box and select Duplicate and select Light red fill with Dark red text in the
next combo box as shown in figure

2B Removing Duplicates
Select all the columns of existing worksheet
Now go to Data Tab and select Remove Duplicates

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2C Coding of variables
In the current worksheet, select the sex column.
Now type Ctrl+F and use Replace Function and Replace as
follows M-1
F-2
Please keep track of how many values are getting replace.

Step 3 Verifying the plausibility of data

In this step, we perform two basic operations
A. Coding of variables
B. Using a filter to detect outliners
3A Coding of variables
Select the age column in the existing worksheet.
Now go to Insert tab and select Scatter. You will set chart as shown below

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3B Using a filter to detect outliners

First go to the Home Tab>Sort and Filter>Filter. Click and apply the filter to all the columns of the
worksheet.
Now click on age filter and click on Number Filter> Greater Than option and type the value 20 in
greater than field.

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Step 4: Logical Data checks

In this step, we perform two basic operations
A. Cross Tabulations
B. Formulas
4A. Cross Tabulations
Open the existing worksheet. Now go to Insert Tab and select Pivot table function.

Select New Worksheet and click OK

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An empty table is inserted in a new sheet and a window will open on the right hand side named PIVOT
TABLE FIELD LIST.

From the PivotTable Field List, drag the “stool” item and drop it into the “Row Label” field as show
above.
Similarly, Click on anysth_inf and draw it into the “Column labels” and “Σ Values” field.
To include the count of observations in the table you might need to change the value field settings to
count.
Click on the combo box Sum of stools and Click on Value Field Settings.
Change the value in Summarize value filed by to Count and click OK. Table is updated with count
values as shown below

4B Formulas
Open the existing worksheet
Create a new column with the variable called check
Type the following formula in S2 column of worksheet =IF(AND(H2=0, NOT(P2="")),1,0)

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Now copy the formula to all other cells (ensure that the formula is copied to all rows in your dataset)
Now use the filter to show only entries with a check value of 1.

Step 5: Verifying the coordinates of mapping data

Create a New Project in QGIS Desktop 3.4.2.
Let’s add the files!
Navigate to Add Vector Layer and add file: Kenya_admin.shp

Similarly, navigate to Add Delimited Text Layer.

Here we have to add file: Kenya_school_location.csv. In the Geometry Definition section, there is a
field called Geometry CRS, in that we have to select WGS84 as coordinate system.
As you can see 2 points are not on the map.
To examine this, we need to save these layers as a Shapefile, to do that select both the layers
Kenya_school_location and Kenya admin, then right click on them and choose Save Features As…

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In the menu that comes up, set Format as ESRI Shapefile and put File Name as
Kenya_schools.shp After this is done you can uncheck the Kenya_school_location in the layers
section.

Let’s try and get the details of these 2 points that are not on the map, select the Kenya_schools
layer, click on the Identify Features Tool button and then click on the points outside of Kenya to
get their details.

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Now we want to add the district information to the map. Therefore, we will join information based on
the geographical localization.
In the menu click on Vector, then Data Management Tools, then select Join attributes by location.

Then select Kenya_schools as Input layer and Kenya_admin as Join layer.

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We also need to save the output so in Joined Layer, click “…”button to Browse location.

Save as Kenya_school_district.csv

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And then click run.

After it is done…
Navigate to the location of saved file Kenya_school_district.csvand open it, you should now be able to
compare both district and Name for discrepancies.

We need to change the co-ordinate of those 2 points which were not on the map. So, open the
file
Kenya_school_location.csv and make the following changes, set:
IBWALI: Longitude 34.6459198
SIWOT: Longitude 35.35437012
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Save the file as: Kenya_school_location2.csv.

Step 6: Preparing data for mapping
Open Kenya_epidemiological_data_2.xls, select the entire sheet, go to Insert tab to create new
Pivot Table.
Tick New Worksheet to tell Excel that you want to place the table in a new sheet.

Now click on school_idtodragand drop it in the “Row labels” field at the bottom.
Add district_id to“Σ Values”and click on it, a drop down list will open, click on Value Field
Settings. Choose Average as type of calculation, because all children in the same school will have
same district_id.

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Now drag and dropchild_id into the “Σ Values” field, click on Value Field Settings and choose
Count to summarize the results. So, we come to know how many children per school are infected.
Similarly, Drag and dropanysth_inf into the field, click on Value Field Settingsand choose Sum. As,
infected is 1 and not affected is 0, the sum will give us the total number of infected children.

Now copy the table, open a new Excel file and paste the values into the new spreadsheet. Therefore,
click Paste in the Home tab, then choose Paste special and paste only the values.
Remove the last row which has Grand Total and other values.

Save this new data table as Kenya_school_STH_surveys.xlsx

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Now we need to know the total count of infected children, that is, the prevalence of STH.
So, w ecreate a new column:sth_previn which we are going to be dividing the number of infected
children by the number of children and multiplying by hundred to obtain a value in percent (%).
In the first cell under the heading type =F2/C2*100 (this assumes that your number of children is in
row C and the number of infected children in row F; you will need to adjust the column label
accordingly); then copy the formula to the other cells in the column.

Additionally, you could calculate the 95% confidence interval (CI) of your prevalence.
You will have to create a new column called “CIlow” (lower confidence limit) and “CIup”(upper
confidence limit)
You can calculate the limits by typing the formulas as follows and then copying to the other cells:
For CIlow: =I2 - (1.96*(SQRT((I2*(100-I2)/C2))))
For CIup: =I2 + (1.96*(SQRT((I2*(100-I2)/C2))))
Assuming I2 as sth_prev and C2 as Count of child_id, adjust accordingly.

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Save this file as Kenya_epidemiological_school.csv

Now that all the datasets are ready, let’s add them.
Open a new QGIS project.
First, add Kenya_school_location2.csv to the project. Click on Add Delimited text layer in the menu,
and browse to select the file.

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Similarly, Add Vector Layer and add Kenya_ epidemiological_school.csv

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Now we’ll join the data.

Right click on Kenya _school_location2 layer and click on Properties

Go to the Joins section and click on the plus(+) button at the bottom

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For “Join layer” chooseKenya_epidemiological_school and for“Join field” and “Target field” choose
school_id. Then click on OK.

Right click on Kenya_school_location2 layer and select Open Attribute Table.

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You will see that the epidemiological variables are included.

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We are finally done, now we just have to save the files!!

Select all the layers, right-click on them and in Export select Save Features As.

Select Format as ESRI Shapefile and File Name as: Kenya_school_epidata.shp

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