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A GIS Is A System of Computer Hardware

A GIS is a system that uses computer hardware, software, and geographical data to view and analyze spatial information. A GIS application allows users to view geographical vector and raster data on a map with tools like menus and legends. Vector data represents real-world features as points, lines, and polygons with geometries and attribute tables to describe each feature's properties. Raster data stores spatial information in a grid of pixels that can represent values or spectra across one or more bands. Both vector and raster data can be digitized, analyzed, and stored in a GIS to model and understand geographic relationships.

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Marinela Daumar
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41 views2 pages

A GIS Is A System of Computer Hardware

A GIS is a system that uses computer hardware, software, and geographical data to view and analyze spatial information. A GIS application allows users to view geographical vector and raster data on a map with tools like menus and legends. Vector data represents real-world features as points, lines, and polygons with geometries and attribute tables to describe each feature's properties. Raster data stores spatial information in a grid of pixels that can represent values or spectra across one or more bands. Both vector and raster data can be digitized, analyzed, and stored in a GIS to model and understand geographic relationships.

Uploaded by

Marinela Daumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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• A GIS is a system of computer hardware, computer software and geographical data.

• A GIS Application allows you to view geographical data and is an important part of the GIS.
• A GIS Application normally consists of a menu bar, toolbars, a map view and a legend.
• Vector and raster data are geographical data used in a GIS application.
• Geographical data can have associated non-geographical data.
• Vector data is used to represent real world features in a GIS.
• A vector feature can have a geometry type of point, line or a polygon.
• Each vector feature has attribute data that describes it.
• Feature geometry is described in terms of vertices.
• Point geometries are made up of a single vertex (X,Y and optionally Z).
• Polyline geometries are made up of two or more vertices forming a connected line.
• Polygon geometries are made up of at least four vertices forming an enclosed area. The first
and last vertices are always in the same place.
• Choosing which geometry type to use depends on scale, convenience and what you want to do
with the data in the GIS.
• Most GIS applications do not allow you to mix more than one geometry type in a single layer.
• Digitising is the process of creating digital vector data by drawing it in a GIS application.
• Vector data can have quality issues such as undershoots, overshoots and slivers which you
need to be aware of.
• Vector data can be used for spatial analysis in a GIS application, for example to find the
nearest hospital to a school.
• Vector features have attributes
• Attributes describe the properties of the feature
• The attributes are stored in a table
• Rows in the table are called records
• There is one record per feature in the vector layer
• Columns in the table are called fields
• Fields represent properties of the feature e.g. height, roof colour etc.
• Fields can contain numerical, string (any text) and date information
• The attribute data for a feature can be used to determine how it is symbolized
• Graduated colour symbology groups the data into discrete classes
• Continuous colour symbology assigns colours from a colour range to the features based on
their attributes
• Unique value symbology associates each different value in the chosen attribute column with a
different symbol (colour and style)
• If the attribute of a vector layer is not used to determine its symbology, it is drawn using a single
symbol only
• Digitising is the process of capturing knowledge of a feature’s geometry and attributes into a
digital format stored on the computer’s disk.
• GIS Data can be stored in a database or as files.
• One commonly used file format is the shapefile which is actually a group of three or more files
(.shp, .dbf and .shx).
• Before you create a new vector layer you need to plan both what geometry type and attribute
fields it will contain.
• Geometry can be point, polyline or polygon.
• Attributes can be integers (whole numbers), floating points (decimal numbers), strings
(words) or dates.
• The digitising process consists of drawing the geometry in the map view and then entering its
attributes. This is repeated for each feature.
• Heads-up digitising is often used to provide orientation during digitising by using a raster
image in the background.
• Professional GIS users sometimes use a digitising table to capture information from paper
maps.
• Raster data are a grid of regularly sized pixels.
• Raster data are good for showing continually varying information.
• The size of pixels in a raster determines its spatial resolution.
• Raster images can contain one or more bands, each covering the same spatial area, but con-
taining different information.
• When raster data contains bands from different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, they are
called multi-spectral images.
• Three of the bands of a multi-spectral image can be shown in the colours Red, Green and Blue
so that we can see them.
• Images with a single band are called grayscale images.
• Single band, grayscale images can be shown in pseudocolour by the GIS.
• Raster images can consume a large amount of storage space.
• Topology shows the spatial relation of neighbouring vector features.
• Topology in GIS is provided by topological tools.
• Topology can be used to detect and correct digitizing errors.
• For some tools, such as network analysis, topological data is essential.
• Snapping distance and search radius help us to digitise topologically correct vector data.
• Simple feature data is not a true topological data format but it is commonly used by GIS
applications.

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