MODULE VI HW SOLNS

A: NUMERICAL METHODS
1)

2)

1
3)

4)

2
Euler (0.1) VS Euler (0.05) Plot

x Euler(0.1) Euler(0.05)
Euler (0.1) VS Euler (0.05) Plot
0 0.5 0.5
0.58
0.1 0.525 0.5232
0.2 0.5431 0.5395 0.56

0.3 0.5548 0.5496 0.54

0.4 0.5613 0.5547 0.52
0.5 0.5639 0.5565 0.5

0.48

0.46
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Euler(0.1) Euler(0.05)

3
5)

y'=x*y2-y/x
x y h
1 1 0.1
1.1 1 0.1
1.2 1.0191 0.1
1.3 1.0588 0.1
1.4 1.1231 0.1
1.5 1.2194 0.1

4
6)

y'=2(cosx)y h= 0.05 y =e^(2sinx)

x y(exact) y(euler) y(RK4) k1 k2 k3 k4 h

0 1 1 1 2 2.099343784 2.104309421 2.207668479 0.05
0.05 1.10512 1.1 1.105124791 2.207487345 2.314100253 2.319415913 2.429990389 0.05
0.1 1.221 1.209863 1.220995708 2.42979163 2.543479866 2.549119926 2.66662009 0.05
0.15 1.34834 1.330244 1.348342469 2.666404073 2.786781168 2.792708094 2.916634765 0.05
0.2 1.48786 1.461775 1.48785928 2.916402306 3.042857506 3.049020895 3.178634099 0.05
0.25 1.64018 1.605039 1.640182557 3.178386506 3.310054006 3.316390012 3.45067933 0.05
0.3 1.80587 1.760553 1.805865506 3.450418424 3.586149093 3.592580356 3.730238754 0.05
0.35 1.98535 1.928745 1.985349806 3.729966867 3.868304384 3.87474059 4.014143774 0.05
0.4 2.17894 2.109926 2.178934811 4.013863726 4.153027286 4.159366455 4.298560021 0.05
0.45 2.38675 2.304263 2.386744905 4.298275067 4.436150981 4.442281584 4.578978302 0.05
0.5 2.6087 2.51175 2.608695892 4.578692049 4.712836617 4.718640542 4.850230115 0.05

5
7)

6
8)

𝒚𝒚′ = 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒙𝒙�𝒚𝒚
𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 𝒉𝒉
1 9 0.1
1.1 9.4 0.1
1.2 9.8373 0.1

9)

Comparing Plot
5.0000
4.0000
3.0000
2.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Euler Exact

7
10)

𝐲𝐲 ′ = 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝐲𝐲 𝟐𝟐
𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 𝒉𝒉 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
0 0.1 0.1 0.01 0.01260025 0.012626399 0.020254122
0.1 0.101345124 0.1 0.0202708 0.032977296 0.033107762 0.050952857
0.2 0.10473502 0.1 0.0509694 0.074009748 0.074258259 0.102580055
0.3 0.112236445 0.1 0.102597 0.136274848 0.136672947 0.175851752
0.4 0.125975518 0.1 0.1758698 0.220662686 0.221271371 0.271934396
0.5 0.148170057 0.1 0.2719544 0.328668813 0.329594311 0.392807892

11)

8
12)

9
13)

t (days) 1 2 3 4 5
A (observed) 2.78 13.53 36.30 47.50 49.40
A (approximated) 1.928 12.501 36.462 47.234 48.996

Actual values

A(1)= 1.94541 A(2)= 12.6436 A(3)= 36.6283

A(4)= 47.3164 A(5)= 49.0196

14)

Y (1.4)  903.03 with h  0.1 Y (1.4)  1.0608  1015 with h  0.05

10
SYSTEMS WITH DIFFERENTIAL OPERATOR
Write the following systems in Operator Notation.



dx  4x  7y
 
Dx  4x  7y
15)  
 dt  

dy 
Dy  x  2y
  x  2y 

 dt


 dx

  x  z
 dt 
Dx  x  z
dy 

16)   y  z  Dy  y  z


 dt 


dz 
Dz  x  y
  x  y 


 dt



 2
d x  dy  5x
 D 2x  Dy  5x
 2 
17)  dt dt  


dx dy 
Dx  Dy  x  4y
   x  4y 


 dt
 dt

 dx dy

2  5x   et 2Dx  5x  Dy  e t


18)  dt dt  


dx dy 
Dx  x  Dy  5e t
 x   5e t 


 dt
 dt

Solve the following systems of differential equations by elimination.


(2D 2  D  1)x  (2D  1)y  1 D 2x  2(D 2  D )y  sin t
19) 
 20) 


(D  1)x  Dy  1 x  Dy  0

 
Dx  z  e t
 

(D 2  5)x  2y  0
21) (D  1)x  Dy  Dz  0 22) 
 
2x  (D 2  2)y  0
x  2y  Dz  e t 



11
SYSTEMS WITH LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Solve the following systems of differential equations using Laplace Transform.

23)


dx

  2y  e t
 dt
 x (0)  1, y(0)  1.

dy
  8x  t

 dt


Taking the Laplace Transform of the system gives


 

sX (s )  x (0)  2Y (s )  1
 sX (s )  1  2Y (s )  1

 s 1  s 1
  

 1 
 1
sY (s )  y(0)  8X (s )  2 sY (s )  1  8X (s )  2


 s 

 s

 

2Y (s )  sX (s )  1  1 8 2Y (s )  sX (s )  1  1
 s 1   s 1

sY (s )  8X (s )  1  1 
s sY (s )  8X (s )  1  1


 s2 

 s2

 8

16Y (s )  8sX (s )  8

 s  1

 1
s 2Y (s )  8sX (s )  s 


 s

s 3  7s 2  s  1
Adding the equations gives Y (s )  .
s(s  1)(s 2  16)

1 1 8 1 173 1 53 1
PFD gives us Y (s )     .
16 s 15 s  1 96 s  4 160 s  4

1 8 173 4t 53 4t
y(t )  1 Y (s )   et  e  e .
16 15 96 160

Now, we solve for x (t ) .


 1 
 s

2Y (s )  sX (s )  1 
2sY (s )  s 2X (s )  s
 s 1  s 1
  

 1 
 2
sY (s )  8X (s )  1  2 2sY (s )  16X (s )  2  2


 s 

 s
12
 s 2
Adding the equations gives us (s 2  16)X (s )  s 2 2 .
s 1 s

s 4  2s 3  2s 2  2s  2 1 1 1 1 53 1 173 1
X (s )     
2 2
s (s  1)(s  16) 8s 2
15 s  1 320 s  4 192 s  4

1 1 53 4t 173 4t
 x (t )  t  et  e  e .
8 15 320 192

24) Note: x  x (0), y  y(0).


dx dy

  3x  1
 dt dt
 x (0)  0, y(0)  0.

dx dy
 x   y  et

 dt
 dt
We start with taking the Laplace Transform of both equations.

 1

sX (s )  x (0)  3X (s )  sY (s )  y(0) 
 s


 1
sX (s )  x (0)  X (s )  sY (s )  y(0) Y (s ) 


 s 1

 1

sX (s )  3X (s )  sY (s ) 

 s

 1
sX (s )  X (s )  sY (s ) Y (s ) 


 s 1

(s  3)X (s )  sY (s )  1
 s
 1
(s  1)X (s )  (s  1)Y (s ) 
 s 1

We solve for Y (s ) by eliminating X (s ) .

(s  1) 

(s  3)X (s )  sY (s ) 
1


 s
 1
(s  3) 

(s  1)X (s )  (s  1)Y (s ) 

 s 1

13

 (s  1)

(s  1)(s  3)X (s )  s(s  1)Y (s ) 

 s

 (s  3)
(s  1)(s  3)X (s )  (s  1)(s  3)Y (s ) 


 s 1

(s  1)(s  3)  s(s  1)Y (s )  (s  3)  (s  1)

  s 1 s
5s  1
Y (s )  .
3s(s  1)2

Using partial fraction decomposition with MATHEMATICA, we have

5s  1 11 1 1 4 1
Y (s )    
3s(s  1)2
3 s 3 s  1 3 (s  1)2

1 1 4
y(t )   Y (s )    e t  te t .
3 3 3

Now, to find X (s ) , we eliminateY (s ) .


 1 (s  1) 
 1

(s  3)X (s )  sY (s )  
(s  3)X (s )  sY (s ) 
 s  s
 

 1  1


(s  1)X (s )  (s  1)Y (s )  s  

(s  1)X (s )  (s  1)Y (s ) 

 s 1 
 s 1


 (s  1) 
 s 1 s
  
(s  3)(s  1)X (s )  s(s  1)Y (s )  
 (s  3)(s  1)  s(s  1) X (s )  s  s  1


 s  

 s  2s  1

s(s  1)X (s )  s(s  1)Y (s )  
 X (s )  .


 s 1 

 3s(s  1)2

11 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 t
X (s )     x (t )   e  te .
3 s 3 s  1 3 (s  1)2 3 3 3

14
25)


dx dy

 x  y  0
 dt dt
 x (0)  0, y(0)  1.

dx dy
   2y  0

 dt dt


 (s  1)X (s )  (s  1)Y (s )  1
sX (s )  x (0)  X (s )  sY (s )  y(0) Y (s )  0  


sX (s )  x (0)  sY (s )  y(0)  2Y (s )  0 sX (s )  (s  2)Y (s )  1
 

Solving for Y (s ) gives us

s  
(s  1)X (s )  (s  1)Y (s )  1

(s  1) 
sX (s )  (s  2)Y (s )  1


s(s  1)  (s  1)(s  2)Y (s )  2s  1 s 1/ 2

   Y (s )  .
s2  s  1

Denominator is not factorable, so we must complete the square!

 1  1
s   s  
 2   2  3
Y (s )  2  Y (s )  2
 y(t )  e t /2 cos t.
s s 1  1 3 2
s   
 2  4

Apply the same elimination process to find x (t ) .

3 3

3
X (s )  2 2  3 2
2
 x (t )   3e t /2 sin t
s s 1    3 
2 2
1
s     
 2   2 

15
26)


d 2x dx dy

   0
 dt 2
 dt dt
 2 x (0)  0, y(0)  1, x (0)  0, y (0)  5.

d y dy dx
  4 0

 dt

2
dt dt


s 2X (s )  sX (s )  sY (s )  1  0 
s(s  1)X (s )  sY (s )  1

 2  

s Y (s )  s  5  sY (s )  1  4sX (s )  0 
 4sX (s )  s(s  1)Y (s )  s  4

 


s(s  1)X (s )  sY (s )  1 Multiply the first equation with - (s + 1)


 4sX (s )  s(s  1)Y (s )  s  4

s(s  1)2 X (s )  s(s  1)Y (s )  s  1
  s(s  1)2  4s  X (s )  5
  
4sX (s )  s(s  1)Y (s )  s  4


5 1 s 2 1 s 1 1 2
X (s )  2
  2   
s(s  2s  5) s s  2s  5 s (s  1)  4 2 (s  1)2  4
2

 1 
x (t )  1  e t  cos 2t  sin 2t 
 2 
 

27)


dx d 3y

  4x   6 sin t

 dt dt 3


dx d 3y
  2x  2 3  0

 dt
 dt

 6

sX (s )  x (0)  4X (s )  s 3Y (s )  s 2y(0)  sy (0)  y (0)  2

 s 1

  
sX (s )  x (0)  2X (s )  2 s Y (s )  s y(0)  sy (0)  y (0)  0
3 2

  

After applying the initial conditions, we have


 

sX (s )  4X (s )  s 3Y (s )  6  3
(s  4)X (s )  s Y (s )  2
6

 
s2  1 s 1

 

sX (s )  2X (s )  2s 3Y (s )  0 (s  2)X (s )  2s 3
Y (s )  0

 


I will now eliminate Y (s ) to solve for X (s ) by multiplying the first equation with a 2.

16

 12
 3
2(s  4)X (s )  2s Y (s )  2 12
  


s 1 2(s  4)  (s  2) X (s )  2
(s  2)X (s )  2s 3
Y (s )  0 s 1




4
 X (s )  . To find x (t ) , we take the
(s  2)(s 2  1)
Inverse Laplace Transform of X (s ) .

 4 1 4 s 8 1  4 4 8
x (t )  1   2  2   x (t )  e 2t  cos t  sin t.
 5 s  2 5 s  1 5 s  1 5 5 5

Now we solve for Y (s ) by eliminating X (s ) .

(s  2)  6 
 6(s  2)
 3
(s  4)X (s )  s Y (s )  2  3
(s  2)(s  4)X (s )  (s  2)s Y (s )  2
 s 1   s 1

 3 
 3
(s  4) (s  2)X (s )  2s Y (s )  0 (s  4)(s  2)X (s )  (s  4)2s Y (s )  0

 


2(s  2) 2(s  2)
(s 4  2s 3 )Y (s )   Y (s ) 
s2  1 s (s  2)(s 2  1)
3

Using Partial Fraction Decomposition, we have

1 2 2 1 1 2 3s  4
Y (s )   2 3 
s s s 5 s  2 5 s2  1

1 2 2 1 1 6 s 8 1
 Y (s )   2 3  2  2
s s s 5 s 2 5 s 1 5 s 1

1 6 8
 y(t )  1  2t  t 2  e 2t  cos t  sin t.
5 5 5

28)


d 2x dy

  3  3y  0

 2
dt
 dt2

d x
  3y  te t

 dt

2

17
s 2X (s )  sx (0)  x (0)  3 sY (s )  y(0)  3Y (s )  0
 
s 2X (s )  3(s  1)Y (s )  2

   


 2  
 2
1 1

s X (s )  sx (0)  x (0)  3Y (s )  
s X (s )  3Y (s )  2


 (s  1)2 

 (s  1)2

Subtracting the equations gives

1 After PFD
11 1 1 1 1
Y (s )     
3s(s  1)2 3 s 3 s  1 3 (s  1)2

1 1 1
y(t )  1 Y (s )    e t  te t .
3 3 3

We solve for x (t ) in the same manner.


s 2X (s )  3(s  1)Y (s )  2 
s 2X (s )  3(s  1)Y (s )  2

 


 2 1  
 1(s + 1)

s X (s )  3Y (s )  2 
(s + 1)s 2X (s )  3(s + 1)Y (s )   2(s + 1)


 (s  1)2


 (s  1)2

s 2  s 2 (s  1) X (s )  2  2(s  1)  1  X (s ) 
2
 3
1
  s 1 s 2
s (s  1)
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
X (s )   3 2   2  
s 2
s s s s 1 s 2 s 3
s s 1

1
x (t )  t  t 2  1  e t .
2

29)

18
SYSTEMS WITH MATRICES

30)
𝒙𝒙 𝟏𝟏 −𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎
a) 𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 𝑿𝑿 = �𝒚𝒚� . 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝑿𝑿′ = � 𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟐� 𝑿𝑿.
𝒛𝒛 −𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏
𝒙𝒙 −𝟑𝟑 𝟒𝟒 𝟎𝟎 𝒆𝒆−𝒕𝒕 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
b) 𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 𝑿𝑿 = �𝒚𝒚� . 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝑿𝑿′ = � 𝟓𝟓 𝟗𝟗 𝟎𝟎� 𝑿𝑿 + �𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒−𝒕𝒕 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐�
𝒛𝒛 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟔𝟔 −𝒆𝒆−𝒕𝒕

31)

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
= 𝒙𝒙 − 𝒚𝒚 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝒆𝒆−𝒕𝒕 − 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
= 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 − 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 + 𝒛𝒛 + 𝟐𝟐𝒆𝒆−𝒕𝒕 + 𝒕𝒕
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
= −𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 + 𝟔𝟔𝒛𝒛 + 𝟐𝟐𝒆𝒆−𝒕𝒕 − 𝒕𝒕
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

32)

a)
𝟓𝟓 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 − 𝟓𝟓 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕 −𝟐𝟐 𝟓𝟓 𝟓𝟓 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 − 𝟓𝟓 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝑿𝑿′ = � � 𝒆𝒆 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 � � 𝑿𝑿 = � � 𝒆𝒆
𝟐𝟐 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 − 𝟒𝟒 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 −𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒 𝟐𝟐 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 − 𝟒𝟒 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕

−𝟐𝟐 𝟓𝟓
𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝑿𝑿′ = � � 𝑿𝑿
−𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒

b)
𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏� 𝟑𝟑
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝑿𝑿′ = � �𝟐𝟐� 𝒆𝒆−𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑⁄𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 �−𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒� 𝑿𝑿 = � �𝟐𝟐� 𝒆𝒆−𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑⁄𝟐𝟐
−𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏 −𝟏𝟏 −𝟑𝟑

𝟏𝟏�
𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝑿𝑿′ = �−𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒� 𝑿𝑿
𝟏𝟏 −𝟏𝟏

c)

19
 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝑿𝑿′ = � 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 − 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕� 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 � 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 � 𝑿𝑿 = � 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 − 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕�
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 −𝟐𝟐 𝟎𝟎 −𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
− 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 − 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 − 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 − 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕

𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏
′
𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝑿𝑿 = � 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 � 𝑿𝑿
−𝟐𝟐 𝟎𝟎 −𝟏𝟏

33)

𝒀𝒀𝒀𝒀𝒀𝒀, 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝑾𝑾�𝑿𝑿𝟏𝟏, 𝑿𝑿𝟐𝟐 , 𝑿𝑿𝟑𝟑 � = −𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝒆𝒆−𝒕𝒕 ≠ 𝟎𝟎 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝑿𝑿𝟏𝟏, 𝑿𝑿𝟐𝟐 , 𝑿𝑿𝟑𝟑 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊
𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 − ∞ < 𝒕𝒕 < ∞

34)
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑 −𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝑿𝑿′𝑷𝑷 = � 𝟎𝟎 � 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 �−𝟒𝟒 𝟐𝟐 𝟎𝟎� 𝑿𝑿𝑷𝑷 + � 𝟒𝟒 � 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = � 𝟎𝟎 �
−𝟑𝟑 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 −𝟔𝟔 𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟑 −𝟑𝟑 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑 −𝟏𝟏
𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝑿𝑿′𝑷𝑷 = �−𝟒𝟒 𝟐𝟐 𝟎𝟎� 𝑿𝑿𝑷𝑷 + � 𝟒𝟒 � 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
−𝟔𝟔 𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟑

35)

𝟏𝟏
𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 𝑿𝑿𝟏𝟏 = � � 𝒆𝒆√𝟐𝟐𝒕𝒕 ,
−𝟏𝟏 − √𝟐𝟐

𝟏𝟏
𝑿𝑿𝟐𝟐 = � � 𝒆𝒆−√𝟐𝟐𝒕𝒕 ,
−𝟏𝟏 + √𝟐𝟐

𝟏𝟏 −𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏
𝑿𝑿𝒑𝒑 = � � 𝒕𝒕𝟐𝟐 + � � 𝒕𝒕 + � � ,
𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟒 𝟎𝟎

−𝟏𝟏 −𝟏𝟏
𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝑨𝑨 = � �
−𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏

20
 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝑿𝑿′𝟏𝟏 = � √𝟐𝟐 � 𝒆𝒆√𝟐𝟐𝒕𝒕 = 𝑨𝑨𝑿𝑿
𝟏𝟏
−𝟐𝟐 − √𝟐𝟐

𝑿𝑿′𝟐𝟐 = � −√𝟐𝟐 � 𝒆𝒆−√𝟐𝟐𝒕𝒕 = 𝑨𝑨𝑿𝑿𝟐𝟐

−𝟐𝟐 + √𝟐𝟐

𝟐𝟐 −𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒 −𝟏𝟏
𝑿𝑿′𝒑𝒑 = � � 𝒕𝒕 + � � = 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝒑𝒑 + � � 𝒕𝒕𝟐𝟐 + � � 𝒕𝒕 + � �
𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟒 𝟏𝟏 −𝟔𝟔 𝟓𝟓
𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝑾𝑾�𝑿𝑿𝟏𝟏, 𝑿𝑿𝟐𝟐 � = 𝟐𝟐√𝟐𝟐 ≠ 𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝑿𝑿𝒑𝒑 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒂𝒂 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝑿𝑿𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝑿𝑿𝟐𝟐
𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒂𝒂 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 − ∞ < 𝒕𝒕 < ∞

36)

𝟓𝟓
− 𝟐𝟐
𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 ′
𝑿𝑿 = � 𝟐𝟐 � 𝑿𝑿
𝟑𝟑
−𝟐𝟐
𝟒𝟒
𝟏𝟏 𝟕𝟕
𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅(𝑨𝑨 − 𝝀𝝀𝝀𝝀) = (𝝀𝝀 + 𝟏𝟏)(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟕𝟕) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝝀𝝀𝟏𝟏 = − 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 | 𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 | 𝟎𝟎 −𝟐𝟐
�𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑 � ⇒ � � 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝑲𝑲𝟏𝟏 = � �
| 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 | 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏
𝟒𝟒 𝟐𝟐

𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝝀𝝀𝟐𝟐 = −𝟏𝟏 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐

−𝟑𝟑/𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 | 𝟎𝟎 −𝟑𝟑 𝟒𝟒 | 𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟒
� � ⇒ � � 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝑲𝑲𝟐𝟐 = � �
𝟑𝟑/𝟒𝟒 −𝟏𝟏 | 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 | 𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟑
𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻
−𝟐𝟐 −𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕/𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒
𝑿𝑿 = 𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 � � 𝒆𝒆 + 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 � � 𝒆𝒆−𝒕𝒕
𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟑

−𝟔𝟔 𝟐𝟐
𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝑿𝑿′ = � � 𝑿𝑿
−𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏
𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅(𝑨𝑨 − 𝝀𝝀𝝀𝝀) = 𝝀𝝀(𝝀𝝀 + 𝟓𝟓) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝝀𝝀𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐

−𝟔𝟔 𝟐𝟐 | 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏 −𝟏𝟏/𝟑𝟑 | 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏
� � ⇒ � � 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝑲𝑲𝟏𝟏 = � �
−𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏 | 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 | 𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟑

21
𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝝀𝝀𝟐𝟐 = −𝟓𝟓 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐
−𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 | 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏 −𝟐𝟐 | 𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟐
� � ⇒ � � 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝑲𝑲𝟐𝟐 = � �
−𝟑𝟑 𝟔𝟔 | 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 | 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏
𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻
𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐
𝑿𝑿 = 𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 � � + 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 � � 𝒆𝒆−𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏

37)

𝟐𝟐 −𝟕𝟕 𝟎𝟎
38) 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝑿𝑿′ = �𝟓𝟓 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒� 𝑿𝑿
𝟎𝟎 𝟓𝟓 𝟐𝟐
𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅(𝑨𝑨 − 𝝀𝝀𝝀𝝀) = (𝟐𝟐 − 𝝀𝝀)(𝝀𝝀 + 𝟓𝟓)(𝝀𝝀 − 𝟕𝟕) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝝀𝝀𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐, 𝝀𝝀𝟐𝟐 = 𝟓𝟓, 𝝀𝝀𝟑𝟑 = 𝟕𝟕 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐
𝟒𝟒 −𝟕𝟕 −𝟕𝟕
𝑲𝑲𝟏𝟏 = � 𝟎𝟎 � , 𝑲𝑲𝟐𝟐 = � 𝟑𝟑 � , 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝑲𝑲𝟑𝟑 = � 𝟓𝟓 �
−𝟓𝟓 𝟓𝟓 𝟓𝟓
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕

𝟒𝟒 −𝟕𝟕 −𝟕𝟕
𝑿𝑿 = 𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 � 𝟎𝟎 � 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 � 𝟑𝟑 � 𝒆𝒆𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 + 𝑪𝑪𝟑𝟑 � 𝟓𝟓 � 𝒆𝒆𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕
−𝟓𝟓 𝟓𝟓 𝟓𝟓

22
39)

𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅(𝑨𝑨 − 𝝀𝝀𝝀𝝀) = −𝝀𝝀(𝝀𝝀𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝝀𝝀𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐
𝟏𝟏
𝑲𝑲𝟏𝟏 = � 𝟎𝟎 �
𝟎𝟎
𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝝀𝝀𝟐𝟐 = 𝒊𝒊 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐
−𝒊𝒊
𝑲𝑲𝟐𝟐 = � 𝒊𝒊 �
𝟏𝟏
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕
−𝒊𝒊 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 − 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕
𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊
𝑿𝑿𝟐𝟐 = � 𝒊𝒊 � 𝒆𝒆 = �− 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕� + 𝒊𝒊 � 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 �
𝟏𝟏 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕
𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻
𝟏𝟏 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 − 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕
𝑿𝑿 = 𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 �𝟎𝟎� + 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 �− 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕� + 𝑪𝑪𝟑𝟑 � 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 �
𝟎𝟎 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕
40)

𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅(𝑨𝑨 − 𝝀𝝀𝝀𝝀) = −(𝝀𝝀 − 𝟔𝟔)(𝝀𝝀𝟐𝟐 − 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝝀𝝀𝟏𝟏 = 𝟔𝟔 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐
𝟎𝟎
𝑲𝑲𝟏𝟏 = � 𝟏𝟏 �
𝟎𝟎
𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝝀𝝀𝟐𝟐 = 𝟒𝟒 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐
−𝒊𝒊
𝑲𝑲𝟐𝟐 = � 𝟎𝟎 �
𝟐𝟐
𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕
−𝒊𝒊 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
(𝟒𝟒+𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐)𝒕𝒕 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝑿𝑿𝟐𝟐 = � 𝟎𝟎� 𝒆𝒆 = � 𝟎𝟎 � 𝒆𝒆 + 𝒊𝒊 � 𝟎𝟎 � 𝒆𝒆𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻
𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑿𝑿 = 𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 �𝟏𝟏� 𝒆𝒆𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 + 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 � 𝟎𝟎 � 𝒆𝒆𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 + 𝑪𝑪𝟑𝟑 � 𝟎𝟎 � 𝒆𝒆𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟐 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

23
41)

42)

a)

𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝑨𝑨 = � 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 �
−𝟐𝟐 −𝟐𝟐 −𝟐𝟐
𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟐
𝑨𝑨 = � 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 � � 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 � = �𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎�
−𝟐𝟐 −𝟐𝟐 −𝟐𝟐 −𝟐𝟐 −𝟐𝟐 −𝟐𝟐 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻, 𝑨𝑨𝟑𝟑 = 𝑨𝑨𝟒𝟒 = 𝑨𝑨𝟓𝟓 = ⋯ = 𝟎𝟎 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕 + 𝟏𝟏 𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕
𝒆𝒆𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝑰𝑰 + 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = �𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 � + � 𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕 � = � 𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕 + 𝟏𝟏 𝒕𝒕 �
𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏 −𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 −𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 −𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 −𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 −𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 −𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏
b)
𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉
𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟐
𝑨𝑨 = �𝟑𝟑 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎� �𝟑𝟑 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎� = �𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎�
𝟓𝟓 𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟓𝟓 𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟑 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎

24
 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝑨𝟑𝟑 = 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 = �𝟑𝟑 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎� �𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 � = � 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎�
𝟓𝟓 𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟑 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻, 𝑨𝑨𝟒𝟒 = 𝑨𝑨𝟓𝟓 = 𝑨𝑨𝟔𝟔 = ⋯ = 𝟎𝟎 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
𝟏𝟏
𝒆𝒆𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 = 𝑰𝑰 + 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 + 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝒕𝒕𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐
𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎
𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎
= �𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏� + �𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎� + �𝟑𝟑 � = �𝟑𝟑 �
𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒕𝒕 𝟎𝟎 𝒕𝒕𝟐𝟐 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝒕𝒕𝟐𝟐 + 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒕𝒕 𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝟏𝟏

43)

𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

𝒕𝒕 + 𝟏𝟏 𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕 𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝒕𝒕 + 𝟏𝟏 𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕
𝑿𝑿 = � 𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕 + 𝟏𝟏 𝒕𝒕 � � 𝑪𝑪 𝟐𝟐 � = 𝑪𝑪 𝟏𝟏 � 𝒕𝒕 � + 𝑪𝑪 𝟐𝟐 � 𝒕𝒕 + 𝟏𝟏 � + 𝑪𝑪 𝟑𝟑 � 𝒕𝒕 �
−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 −𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 −𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏 𝑪𝑪𝟑𝟑 −𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 −𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 −𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏

44)

a)
𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟑
𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝑿𝑿′ = � � 𝑿𝑿 + � �
𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟐 −𝟏𝟏
𝟑𝟑
𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒕𝒕𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎𝟎, 𝑭𝑭(𝒕𝒕) = � � , 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝟏𝟏
−𝟏𝟏
𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 (𝟓𝟓)𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕.
𝒕𝒕
𝑿𝑿(𝒕𝒕) = 𝒆𝒆𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝑪𝑪 + 𝒆𝒆𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 � 𝒆𝒆−𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝑭𝑭(𝒔𝒔)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒕𝒕𝟎𝟎

𝒕𝒕
= �𝒆𝒆
𝒕𝒕
𝟎𝟎 � �𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 � + �𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒕 𝟎𝟎 � � �𝒆𝒆−𝒔𝒔 𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟑
−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 � � � 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝟎𝟎 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 𝟎𝟎 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝒆𝒆 −𝟏𝟏
𝒕𝒕
𝑪𝑪 𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕
𝟎𝟎 � � � 𝟑𝟑𝒆𝒆−𝒔𝒔 � 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
= � 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 � + �𝒆𝒆
𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 𝒆𝒆 𝟎𝟎 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟎𝟎 −𝒆𝒆−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒕
=�
𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
� + � 𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒕
𝟎𝟎
𝟎𝟎 � � 𝟑𝟑𝒆𝒆−𝒔𝒔 �
𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 −𝒆𝒆−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
|𝒕𝒕𝟎𝟎
25
 𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒕 −𝟑𝟑𝒆𝒆−𝒔𝒔 + 𝟑𝟑
=� 𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒕 𝟎𝟎 � � 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏�
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 � + � 𝒆𝒆−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 −
𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 𝒆𝒆 𝟎𝟎 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐

𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒕 −𝟑𝟑 + 𝟑𝟑𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒕 −𝟑𝟑

𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎
=� � + � 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 � = 𝑪𝑪𝟑𝟑 � � 𝒆𝒆 + 𝑪𝑪𝟒𝟒 � � 𝒆𝒆 + � 𝟏𝟏 �
𝒕𝒕 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 𝒆𝒆𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝒆𝒆 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐

b)

𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕
𝑿𝑿′ = � � 𝑿𝑿 + � �
𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕
𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕
𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒕𝒕𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎𝟎, 𝑭𝑭(𝒕𝒕) = � � , 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝟐𝟐
𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕
𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 (𝟓𝟓) 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕.
𝒕𝒕
𝑿𝑿(𝒕𝒕) = 𝒆𝒆𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝑪𝑪 + 𝒆𝒆𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 � 𝒆𝒆−𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨 𝑭𝑭(𝒔𝒔)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒕𝒕𝟎𝟎

𝒕𝒕
𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 − 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕
=� �� �+ � �� � �� � 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 𝑪𝑪 𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 𝟎𝟎 − 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕
𝒕𝒕
𝑪𝑪 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 + 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 𝟏𝟏
= � 𝟏𝟏 �+� � � � � 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 + 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎
𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 + 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒕
=� �+� �� � |
𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 + 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎
𝑪𝑪 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 + 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕
= � 𝟏𝟏 �+� �� �
𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 + 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 𝟎𝟎
𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 + 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕
=� �+� � = 𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 � � + 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 � � + 𝒕𝒕 � �
𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 + 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒕𝒕 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒕𝒕

45)
−𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏
𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 = 𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝑷𝑷 = 𝑰𝑰 + 𝒕𝒕(𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷−𝟏𝟏 ) + 𝒕𝒕 (𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷−𝟏𝟏 )𝟐𝟐 + 𝒕𝒕𝟑𝟑 (𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷−𝟏𝟏 )𝟑𝟑 + ⋯
𝟐𝟐! 𝟑𝟑!
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
= 𝑷𝑷 �𝑰𝑰 + 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 + (𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕)𝟐𝟐 + (𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕)𝟑𝟑 + ⋯ � 𝑷𝑷−𝟏𝟏 = 𝑷𝑷𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝑷𝑷−𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐! 𝟑𝟑!

26
 𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 ⋯𝟎𝟎 𝝀𝝀𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 ⋯ 𝟎𝟎 𝝀𝝀𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 ⋯ 𝟎𝟎
𝟎𝟎� + 𝒕𝒕 � 𝟎𝟎 𝝀𝝀𝟐𝟐 ⋯ 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝝀𝝀𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 = �𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏 ⋯ � + 𝒕𝒕𝟐𝟐 ⎛ 𝟎𝟎 ⋯ 𝟎𝟎 ⎞
⋮ ⋮ ⋱⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 𝟐𝟐! ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 ⋯𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 ⋯ 𝝀𝝀𝒏𝒏 ⎝ 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 ⋯ 𝝀𝝀𝟐𝟐𝒏𝒏 ⎠
𝟑𝟑
𝝀𝝀𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 ⋯ 𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟑 𝟎𝟎 𝝀𝝀𝟑𝟑 ⋯ 𝟎𝟎 ⎞ + ⋯
+ 𝒕𝒕 ⎛ 𝟐𝟐
𝟑𝟑! ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
⎝ 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 ⋯ 𝝀𝝀𝟑𝟑𝒏𝒏 ⎠
𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏 + 𝝀𝝀𝟏𝟏 𝒕𝒕 + (𝝀𝝀 𝒕𝒕)𝟐𝟐 + ⋯ 𝟎𝟎 ⋯ 𝟎𝟎
⎛ 𝟐𝟐! 𝟏𝟏 ⎞
𝟏𝟏
⎜ 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏 + 𝝀𝝀𝟐𝟐 𝒕𝒕 + (𝝀𝝀𝟐𝟐 𝒕𝒕)𝟐𝟐 + ⋯ ⋯ 𝟎𝟎 ⎟
=⎜ 𝟐𝟐! ⎟
⎜ ⋮ ⎟
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ 𝟏𝟏
⎝ 𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 ⋯ 𝟏𝟏 + 𝝀𝝀𝒏𝒏 𝒕𝒕 + (𝝀𝝀𝒏𝒏 𝒕𝒕)𝟐𝟐 + ⋯⎠
𝟐𝟐!
𝒆𝒆𝝀𝝀𝟏𝟏 𝒕𝒕 𝟎𝟎 ⋯ 𝟎𝟎
= � 𝟎𝟎 𝒆𝒆𝝀𝝀𝟐𝟐 𝒕𝒕 ⋯ 𝟎𝟎 �
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 ⋯ 𝒆𝒆 𝒏𝒏 𝒕𝒕
𝝀𝝀

27
D: FOURIER SERIES

 1 3


46) cos x sin2 xdx  sin x 0
0
0 3

5  /4 1 1 
47)  e x sin xdx   e x sin x  e x cos x  5  /4
0
 /4  2 2   /4

𝟐𝟐
∫𝟎𝟎 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 (𝒙𝒙𝒆𝒆−𝒙𝒙 − 𝒆𝒆−𝒙𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = ∫𝟎𝟎 (𝒙𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏) 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = �𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝒙𝒙� |𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏
48)

41) 𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝒎𝒎 ≠ 𝒏𝒏

𝝅𝝅/𝟐𝟐
� 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏)𝒙𝒙 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏)𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅/𝟐𝟐
= � (𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝟐𝟐( 𝒏𝒏 − 𝒎𝒎)𝒙𝒙 − 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝟐𝟐(𝒏𝒏 + 𝒎𝒎 + 𝟏𝟏)𝒙𝒙) 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝟐𝟐 𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅/𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅/𝟐𝟐
= 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝟐𝟐(𝒏𝒏 − 𝒎𝒎)𝒙𝒙 |𝟎𝟎 − 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝟐𝟐(𝒏𝒏 + 𝒎𝒎 + 𝟏𝟏)𝒙𝒙 |𝟎𝟎
𝟒𝟒(𝒏𝒏 − 𝒎𝒎) 𝟒𝟒(𝒏𝒏 + 𝒎𝒎 + 𝟏𝟏)
= 𝟎𝟎
𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝒎𝒎 = 𝒏𝒏
𝝅𝝅/𝟐𝟐 𝝅𝝅/𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
� 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝟐𝟐 (𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏)𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � � − 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝟐𝟐(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏)𝒙𝒙� 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐

𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅/𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅/𝟐𝟐
= 𝒙𝒙 |𝟎𝟎 − 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝟐𝟐(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏)𝒙𝒙 |𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏)
𝝅𝝅
=
𝟒𝟒

𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕

28
 𝟏𝟏
‖𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏)𝒙𝒙‖ = √𝝅𝝅
𝟐𝟐

49) 𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝒎𝒎 ≠ 𝒏𝒏, 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏:

𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑
𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
� 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝟐𝟐 � 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝟎𝟎
−𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑 𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑
𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑
𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
� 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝟐𝟐 � 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝟎𝟎
−𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑 𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑

𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨
𝒑𝒑
𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝟏𝟏 𝒑𝒑 (𝒏𝒏 − 𝒎𝒎)𝝅𝝅 (𝒏𝒏 + 𝒎𝒎)𝝅𝝅
� 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � �𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 + 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙� 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝟎𝟎
−𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑 𝟐𝟐 −𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑
𝒑𝒑
𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒑𝒑 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒑𝒑
� 𝟏𝟏 ∙ 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜
𝒑𝒑
𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 =
𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏
𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 | = 𝟎𝟎
𝒑𝒑 −𝒑𝒑
−𝒑𝒑
𝒑𝒑
𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒑𝒑 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒑𝒑
� 𝟏𝟏 ∙ 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬
𝒑𝒑
𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = −
𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏
𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 | = 𝟎𝟎
𝒑𝒑 −𝒑𝒑
−𝒑𝒑

𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
𝒑𝒑
𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒑𝒑
𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒑𝒑 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒑𝒑
� 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = − 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙|−𝒑𝒑 = 𝟎𝟎
−𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑 −𝒑𝒑 𝟐𝟐 𝒑𝒑 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒑𝒑

𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝒎𝒎 = 𝒏𝒏
𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑
𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
� 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � � + 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒙𝒙� 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒑𝒑
−𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑 −𝒑𝒑 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝒑𝒑
𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑
𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
� 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � � − 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒙𝒙� 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒑𝒑
−𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑 −𝒑𝒑 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝒑𝒑

𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
𝒑𝒑
� 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
−𝒑𝒑

𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕
𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏
‖𝟏𝟏‖ = �𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 , �𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙� = �𝒑𝒑 , 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 �𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙� = �𝒑𝒑
𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑

29
50)

𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼𝑼 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 ∅𝟎𝟎 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 ∅𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 ∅𝒏𝒏 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒏𝒏 > 𝟏𝟏, 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉
𝒃𝒃 𝒃𝒃 𝒃𝒃
� (𝜶𝜶𝜶𝜶 + 𝜷𝜷)∅𝒏𝒏 (𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝜶𝜶 � 𝒙𝒙∅𝒏𝒏 (𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 + 𝜷𝜷 � 𝟏𝟏 ∙ ∅𝒏𝒏 (𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒂𝒂 𝒂𝒂 𝒂𝒂
𝒃𝒃 𝒃𝒃
= 𝜶𝜶 � ∅𝟏𝟏 (𝒙𝒙)∅𝒏𝒏 (𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 + 𝜷𝜷 � ∅𝟎𝟎 (𝒙𝒙)∅𝒏𝒏 (𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒂𝒂 𝒂𝒂

= 𝜶𝜶 ∙ 𝟎𝟎 + 𝜷𝜷 ∙ 𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎𝟎
𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟐𝟐, 𝟑𝟑, 𝟒𝟒, ….

51)

𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ∅𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ∅𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑛𝑛 ≠ 𝑚𝑚 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝒃𝒃 𝒃𝒃
‖∅𝒎𝒎 (𝒙𝒙) + ∅𝒏𝒏 (𝒙𝒙)‖𝟐𝟐 = � [∅𝒎𝒎 (𝒙𝒙) + ∅𝒏𝒏 (𝒙𝒙)]𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � �∅𝒎𝒎 𝟐𝟐 (𝒙𝒙) + 𝟐𝟐∅𝒎𝒎 (𝒙𝒙)∅𝒏𝒏 (𝒙𝒙) + ∅𝒏𝒏 𝟐𝟐 (𝒙𝒙)�𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒂𝒂 𝒂𝒂
𝒃𝒃 𝒃𝒃 𝒃𝒃
= � ∅𝒎𝒎 𝟐𝟐 (𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 + 𝟐𝟐 � ∅𝒎𝒎 (𝒙𝒙)∅𝒏𝒏 (𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 + � ∅𝒏𝒏 𝟐𝟐 (𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒂𝒂 𝒂𝒂 𝒂𝒂

= ‖∅𝒎𝒎 (𝒙𝒙)‖𝟐𝟐 + ‖∅𝒏𝒏 (𝒙𝒙)‖𝟐𝟐

52)

𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅 𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅
𝒂𝒂𝟎𝟎 = � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � (−𝟏𝟏)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 + � 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏
𝝅𝝅 −𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅 −𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅 𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅 𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅
𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏 = � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � − 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 + � 𝟐𝟐 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝟎𝟎
𝝅𝝅 −𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅 −𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅 𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅 𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅 𝟑𝟑
𝒃𝒃𝒏𝒏 = � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � − 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 + � 𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = [𝟏𝟏 − (−𝟏𝟏)𝒏𝒏 ]
𝝅𝝅 −𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅 −𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅 𝟎𝟎 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏
∞
𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏 − (−𝟏𝟏)𝒏𝒏
𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = + � 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏
𝟐𝟐 𝝅𝝅 𝒏𝒏
𝒏𝒏=𝟏𝟏

𝟏𝟏
𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟎𝟎 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕.
𝟐𝟐

30
53)
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏
𝒂𝒂𝟎𝟎 = � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 =
−𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏
𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏 = � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � 𝒙𝒙 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = [(−𝟏𝟏)𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏]
−𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 𝝅𝝅𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
(−𝟏𝟏)𝒏𝒏+𝟏𝟏
𝒃𝒃𝒏𝒏 = � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � 𝒙𝒙 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 =
−𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏
∞
𝟏𝟏 (−𝟏𝟏)𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏 (−𝟏𝟏)𝒏𝒏+𝟏𝟏
𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = + � � 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 + 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏�
𝟒𝟒 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 𝝅𝝅𝟐𝟐 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏
𝒏𝒏=𝟏𝟏

𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊.

54)

𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅 𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅 𝟐𝟐 𝟓𝟓
𝒂𝒂𝟎𝟎 = � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � 𝝅𝝅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 + � (𝝅𝝅 − 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝝅𝝅𝟐𝟐
𝝅𝝅 −𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅 −𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅 𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟑

𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅 𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅
𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏 = � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � 𝝅𝝅𝟐𝟐 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 + � (𝝅𝝅𝟐𝟐 − 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 ) 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝝅𝝅 −𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅 −𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅 𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅𝟐𝟐 − 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝝅𝝅 𝟐𝟐 𝝅𝝅 𝟐𝟐
= � 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏|𝟎𝟎 + � 𝒙𝒙 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅� = 𝟐𝟐 (−𝟏𝟏)𝒏𝒏+𝟏𝟏
𝝅𝝅 𝒏𝒏 𝒏𝒏 𝟎𝟎 𝒏𝒏

𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅 𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅
𝒃𝒃𝒏𝒏 = � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � 𝝅𝝅𝟐𝟐 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 + � (𝝅𝝅𝟐𝟐 − 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 ) 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝝅𝝅 −𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅 −𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅 𝟎𝟎

𝝅𝝅 𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝝅𝝅𝟐𝟐 𝝅𝝅 𝟐𝟐 𝝅𝝅
= [(−𝟏𝟏)𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏] + � 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏|𝟎𝟎 − � 𝒙𝒙 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅�
𝒏𝒏 𝝅𝝅 𝒏𝒏 𝒏𝒏 𝟎𝟎
𝝅𝝅 𝟐𝟐
= (−𝟏𝟏)𝒏𝒏 + 𝟑𝟑 [𝟏𝟏 − (−𝟏𝟏)𝒏𝒏 ]
𝒏𝒏 𝒏𝒏 𝝅𝝅
∞ 𝟐𝟐 𝝅𝝅 𝟐𝟐[𝟏𝟏 − (−𝟏𝟏)𝒏𝒏 ]
𝟓𝟓𝝅𝝅𝟐𝟐 � (−𝟏𝟏) 𝒏𝒏+𝟏𝟏 𝒏𝒏
𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 + � (−𝟏𝟏) + � 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏�
𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = + � 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 𝒏𝒏 𝒏𝒏𝟑𝟑 𝝅𝝅
𝟔𝟔
𝒏𝒏=𝟏𝟏

𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊

31
55)

𝟐𝟐 𝝅𝝅⁄𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝝅𝝅⁄𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒂𝒂𝟎𝟎 = � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 =
𝝅𝝅 −𝝅𝝅⁄𝟐𝟐 𝝅𝝅 𝟎𝟎 𝝅𝝅

𝟐𝟐 𝝅𝝅⁄𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝝅𝝅⁄𝟐𝟐
𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏 = � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝝅𝝅 −𝝅𝝅⁄𝟐𝟐 𝝅𝝅 𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅⁄𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐(−𝟏𝟏)𝒏𝒏+𝟏𝟏
= � (𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏)𝒙𝒙 + 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏) 𝒙𝒙) 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 =
𝝅𝝅 𝟎𝟎 𝝅𝝅(𝟒𝟒𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏)

𝟐𝟐 𝝅𝝅⁄𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝝅𝝅⁄𝟐𝟐
𝒃𝒃𝒏𝒏 = � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝝅𝝅 −𝝅𝝅⁄𝟐𝟐 𝝅𝝅 𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅⁄𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
= � (𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏)𝒙𝒙 + 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏)𝒙𝒙) 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 =
𝝅𝝅 𝟎𝟎 𝝅𝝅(𝟒𝟒𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏)
∞
𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐(−𝟏𝟏)𝒏𝒏+𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = + � � 𝟐𝟐
𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐�
𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅(𝟒𝟒𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏) 𝝅𝝅(𝟒𝟒𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏)
𝒏𝒏=𝟏𝟏

56)

𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅 𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅 𝟏𝟏
𝒂𝒂𝟎𝟎 = � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � (𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏) 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = (𝒆𝒆𝝅𝝅 − 𝝅𝝅 − 𝟏𝟏)
𝝅𝝅 −𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅 𝟎𝟎 𝝅𝝅
𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅 𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅 [𝒆𝒆𝝅𝝅 (−𝟏𝟏)𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏]
𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏 = � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � (𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏) 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 =
𝝅𝝅 −𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅 𝟎𝟎 𝝅𝝅(𝟏𝟏 + 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 )
𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅 𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅 𝟏𝟏 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝝅𝝅 (−𝟏𝟏)𝒏𝒏+𝟏𝟏 𝒏𝒏 (−𝟏𝟏)𝒏𝒏 𝟏𝟏
𝒃𝒃𝒏𝒏 = � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � (𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏) 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � + + − �
𝝅𝝅 −𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅 𝟎𝟎 𝝅𝝅 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 𝒏𝒏 𝒏𝒏
∞
𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 − 𝝅𝝅 − 𝟏𝟏 𝒆𝒆𝒏𝒏 (−𝟏𝟏)𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏 𝒏𝒏 𝒙𝒙 𝒏𝒏+𝟏𝟏
(−𝟏𝟏)𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏
𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = +�� 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 + � �𝒆𝒆 (−𝟏𝟏) + 𝟏𝟏� + � 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏�
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝝅𝝅(𝟏𝟏 + 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 ) 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 𝒏𝒏
𝒏𝒏=𝟏𝟏

57)

(𝒂𝒂) 𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 𝒄𝒄𝟎𝟎 = 𝒂𝒂𝟎𝟎 ⁄𝟐𝟐 , 𝒄𝒄𝒏𝒏 = (𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏 − 𝒊𝒊𝒃𝒃𝒏𝒏 )⁄𝟐𝟐, 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒄𝒄−𝒏𝒏 = (𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏 + 𝒊𝒊𝒃𝒃𝒏𝒏 )⁄𝟐𝟐 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉

32
 ∞
𝒂𝒂𝟎𝟎 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏
𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) = + � �𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒃𝒃𝒏𝒏 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙�
𝟐𝟐 𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑
𝒏𝒏=𝟏𝟏
∞
𝒆𝒆𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊⁄𝒑𝒑 + 𝒆𝒆−𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊⁄𝒑𝒑 𝒆𝒆𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊⁄𝒑𝒑 − 𝒆𝒆−𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊⁄𝒑𝒑
= 𝒄𝒄𝟎𝟎 + � �𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏 + 𝒃𝒃𝒏𝒏 �
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝒏𝒏=𝟏𝟏
∞
𝒆𝒆𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊⁄𝒑𝒑 + 𝒆𝒆−𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊⁄𝒑𝒑 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊⁄𝒑𝒑 − 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊−𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊⁄𝒑𝒑
= 𝒄𝒄𝟎𝟎 + � �𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏 − 𝒃𝒃𝒏𝒏 �
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒏𝒏=𝟏𝟏
∞
𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏 − 𝒊𝒊𝒃𝒃𝒏𝒏 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊⁄𝒑𝒑 𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏 + 𝒊𝒊𝒃𝒃𝒏𝒏 −𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊⁄𝒑𝒑
= 𝒄𝒄𝟎𝟎 + � � 𝒆𝒆 + 𝒆𝒆 �
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒏𝒏=𝟏𝟏
∞ ∞
𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊⁄𝒑𝒑 𝒊𝒊(−𝒏𝒏)𝝅𝝅𝝅𝝅⁄𝒑𝒑
= 𝒄𝒄𝟎𝟎 + ��𝒄𝒄𝒏𝒏 𝒆𝒆 + 𝒄𝒄−𝒏𝒏 𝒆𝒆 � = � 𝒄𝒄𝒏𝒏 𝒆𝒆𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊⁄𝒑𝒑 ∙
𝒏𝒏=𝟏𝟏 𝒏𝒏=−∞

(𝒃𝒃) 𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 (𝒂𝒂) 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉

𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝒑𝒑 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝟏𝟏 𝒑𝒑
𝒄𝒄𝒏𝒏 = (𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏 − 𝒊𝒊𝒃𝒃𝒏𝒏 ) = � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) �𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 − 𝒊𝒊 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙� 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)𝒆𝒆−𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊⁄𝒑𝒑 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 −𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 −𝒑𝒑

and

𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝒑𝒑 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 𝟏𝟏 𝒑𝒑
𝒄𝒄−𝒏𝒏 = (𝒂𝒂𝒏𝒏 + 𝒊𝒊𝒃𝒃𝒏𝒏 ) = � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) �𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒊𝒊 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙� 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)𝒆𝒆𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊⁄𝒑𝒑 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 −𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 −𝒑𝒑

𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟐𝟐, 𝟑𝟑, … . 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻. 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒏𝒏 = ±𝟏𝟏, ±𝟐𝟐, ±𝟑𝟑, …,

𝟏𝟏 𝒑𝒑
𝒄𝒄𝒏𝒏 = � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)𝒆𝒆−𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊⁄𝒑𝒑 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅.
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 −𝒑𝒑

𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟎𝟎 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈

𝟏𝟏 𝒑𝒑
𝒄𝒄𝟎𝟎 = � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅,
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 −𝒑𝒑

𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒂𝒂𝟎𝟎 ⁄𝟐𝟐 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒂𝒂𝟎𝟎 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 (𝟗𝟗)𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕. 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻
𝟏𝟏 𝒑𝒑
𝒄𝒄𝒏𝒏 = � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)𝒆𝒆−𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊⁄𝒑𝒑 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅, 𝒏𝒏 = 𝟎𝟎, ±𝟏𝟏, ±𝟐𝟐, ….
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 −𝒑𝒑

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