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Impact Test

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40 views15 pages

Impact Test

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Uploaded by

bashaadel752
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Impact test

The purpose of impact testing is to measure an object's ability to resist high-


rate loading.
What is Impact Energy?
- Impact energy is a measure of the toughness of a materials, i.e. materials
resistance to fracture.
- When the striker impacts the specimen, the specimen will absorb energy
until it yields.
- At this point, the specimen will begin to undergo plastic deformation at the
notch.
- The test specimen continues to absorb energy at the plastic zone at the
notch. When the specimen can absorb no more energy, fracture occurs.
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpGhqQvftAo
- The most common methods of measuring impact energy are the:

• Charpy Test

• Izod Test

The Charpy Test


- The Charpy test is most commonly used to evaluate the relative toughness or
impact toughness of materials.

- Used on Metals, polymers, ceramics and composites.


• Charpy Test Specimens:

-55x10x10mm and have a notch machined across one of the larger faces.

The notches may be:


- V-notch –2mm deep, 45° angle and 0.25mm radius along the base.
- U-notch or keyhole notch – A 5mm deep notch with 1mm radius at the
base of the notch.
Schematic of the Charpy specimen impact test.

Schematic of the Charpy impact test.


Determination of Charpy Impact Energy
At the point of impact, the calculated impact energy based on the difference
between initial and final heights of the swinging pendulum.

Impact energy (E) = mgh1- mgh2 = mg ( h1-h2)


Energy unit is Joule = N.m
h unit is m
g is gravity ( 9.8 N/Kg or m/s2 )
m unit (Kg)

Note: Tough materials absorb a lot of energy, whilst brittle materials tend
to absorb very little energy prior to fracture
A B

Figure 4. A- Brittle and B- ductile fracture under Charpy impact test

The left specimen brittle—looks like it just snapped in half. The right
specimen sample is ductile and bends without breaking into pieces.
The Izod Test:
Izod and Charpy tests are similar, but they are different in:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSr4G3l8e78
1. Point of Strike : In Izod test hammer strike at the upper tip of specimen while in
Charpy test hammer strike at point of notch but in opposite direction
2- Direction of Notch: The notch face in the izod test is facing the striker, fastened
in a pendulum, while in the charpy test, the notch face is positioned away from the
striker.
3-Type Of Notch: In the Izod method, there is V-notch is used,while In the Charpy
method, there are two kinds of notches, the V-notch and the U-notch, while
4-Specimen Dimensions: The basic Izod test specimen is 75 x 10 x 10mm, the
basic Charpy test specimen is 55 x 10 x 10mm.
CHARPY TEST IZOD TEST
Factors Affecting Charpy Impact Energy

1- Yield Strength and Ductility: impact energy decrease if the yield strength is increased

due to the reduction of ductility

2-Notches: The notch serves as a stress concentration zone and some materials are more

sensitive towards notches than others. The notch depth and tip radius are therefore very

important.

3- Temperature and Strain Rate: The higher strain rate, the lower impact energy
Ductile to Brittle Transition for metals
BCC such as carbon steels undergo as a ‘brittle to ductile transition’. This
behavior is obvious when impact energy is plotted as a function of temperature.

In BCC metals, at low temperature the stress required to make crack propagation
is less than stress required for plastic flow, thus failure occurs by crack
propagation.
FCC metals do not have a ductile to brittle transition temperature and
instead remain ductile at low temperatures.
This is because the stress required to move dislocations is not strongly
temperature-dependent in FCC metals, and thus failure occurs by plastic
flow instead of crack propagation.

Examples of Materials which have FCC structure are: Aluminum,


Nickel, Copper,
austenite (Gamma-Iron)
Examples of Materials which have BCC structure are: Pure Iron,
Chromium, (alpha, delta Iron)
Figure 6. Ductile to Brittle transition of BCC materials at low temperature
Figure 7. Effect of Temperature on materials with FCC and BCC structure

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