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ImpactNotes With Results

The document describes an impact test experiment to measure the toughness of materials under different conditions. It provides background on impact testing and explains the Charpy and Izod test methods. Charpy tests involve striking an unclamped notched beam from the side, while Izod tests clamp and strike the notched end of a cantilever beam. The document outlines factors that affect impact energy absorption like yield strength, notches, temperature, and fracture mechanism. Graphs show how ductility and impact energy vary with these factors. The test provides information on absorbed energy, lateral expansion, and fracture appearance to characterize material properties.

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احمد الشلماني
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40 views5 pages

ImpactNotes With Results

The document describes an impact test experiment to measure the toughness of materials under different conditions. It provides background on impact testing and explains the Charpy and Izod test methods. Charpy tests involve striking an unclamped notched beam from the side, while Izod tests clamp and strike the notched end of a cantilever beam. The document outlines factors that affect impact energy absorption like yield strength, notches, temperature, and fracture mechanism. Graphs show how ductility and impact energy vary with these factors. The test provides information on absorbed energy, lateral expansion, and fracture appearance to characterize material properties.

Uploaded by

احمد الشلماني
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 5

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB.

ME 325

Experiment #5: Impact Test

Group: ME
Date: 12/11/2003 Wed.

OBJECTIVE:
Impact tests are performed to measure the relative toughness of the material under
different conditions of heat treatment, composition and temperature.

THEORY:
In engineering applications, many
mechanical parts are subjected to dynamic
loads that applied according to functions
of time. The loads applied for extremely
short time are called impact loads.
Theoretical analysis for impact loading is
quite difficult, so empirical test results are
commonly used to get an index of high-
velocity impact resistance of the material.
Impact test are performed according one
of commonly used standards: Charpy and
Izod. In these standard tests, bars of
specified geometries are utilized to
provide information about the ductility or
brittleness at failure and impact strength
under unfavorable conditions. The
unfavorable conditions are created by a
notch in the specimen and by low
temperature. The specimen is struck by a
pendulum released from a fixed height and
the energy absorbed by the specimen
during the deformation and fracture,
called impact energy, is computed from
the height of swing after the fracture.

Charpy impact test:


The specimen is supported (not
clamped) from both ends like a simply
supported beam and struck by the striking
edge in the middle of the surface opposite
to the notched surface (see figure 1-d).
The notch can be in several shapes: V,
keyhole or U, as shown in figure 1-a, b,
and c.
Figure 1: Types of Charpy specimen and
its arrangement in machine.

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Izod impact test:
The specimen is clamped by a vise grip to act
as a cantilever and struck at the free end on the
notched surface as shown in figure 2. The specimen
is a 10x10x75mm rod having a standard 45º notch
2mm deep.

Another difference between the two test machines is


the fall angle of the pendulum. The angle in Charpy
setup is larger than Izod’s since the impact energy
and linear velocity in the former is larger.

Some experiments prefer the Charpy to the Izod


machine, since in the former the test piece is not
stressed in the region of the notch by the grip of a
vise.

The impact energy is equal to the difference between


pendulum energy before and after impact. Figure 3
shows both positions of the hammer and the
geometric variables to derive the absorbed energy
calculation formula as following:
Initial energy =
Figure 2: Izod specimen and its
Energy after impact = clamping position in machine.
Absorbed impact energy =

where W is the weight of pendulum,


H is height of fall of center of gravity of the pendulum,
is height of rise of center of gravity of the pendulum,
A is the angle of fall,
B is the angle of rise,
and R is the distance from the center of gravity of the pendulum to axis of rotation.

Figure 3: The positions of the pendulum of the impact machine.


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Practically, Charpy and Izod machines are equipped with protractor scales calibrated
according to the sizes and weights in order to give direct readings of the absorbed
energy in Joules.

Factors affecting the impact energy:


1- Yield strength and ductility:
Increasing the yield strength of a metal by
processes such as cold work, precipitation
strengthening and substitutional or
interstitial solution strengthening generally
decreases the ductility (figure 4).  This is
the plastic strain to failure. Increasing the
yield strength by these mechanisms
therefore decreases the Charpy impact
energy since less plastic work can be done
before the strain in the plastic zone is
sufficient to fracture the test specimen. An
increase in yield strength can also affect
the impact energy by causing a change in
the fracture mechanism. Figure 4: Variation of ductility and toughness
with change in yield strength of a material.

2- Notch:
The stress concentration of the notch causes yielding or plastic deformation to
occur at the notch, and this reduces the impact energy. Some materials are more
sensitive to notches than others, and a standard notch tip radius and notch depth
are therefore used to enable comparison between different materials.  The Charpy
impact test therefore indicates the notch sensitivity of a material.

3- Temperature:
Some materials (particularly steels) loose their ductility (as measured by impact
test) and become brittle at low temperatures. The effect of temperature difference
on some materials is shown in figure 5.

Figure 5: Variation of Charpy impact energy with test temperature for different
materials.

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The range where the ductility is replaced by brittleness is called ductile-brittle
transition range (Figure 6). For steels, its average varies between -120ºF and
+60ºF (-85ºC and +15ºC). The ductile-brittle temperature is very important in
design of mechanical parts in low temperature applications.

Figure 6: Transition temperature range and types of failure.


4- Fracture mechanism:
The impact energy is constituted by elastic deformation energy, yielding energy
and plastic deformation energy which is the dominant, because the occurrence
strain hardening increases the energy needed in forming the fracture surface. The
last stage show very large deformation due to the dislocations happens within the
crystal planes, and the fracture zone is affected with ductility of the material very
clearly. Figure 7 shows microstructures of two fracture surfaces. The first for a
ductile material (brass:100ºC) and the second for a brittle material (steel: -60ºC).

(a) (b)
Figure 7: Microstructure of fracture surface for (a) ductile material (b) brittle material.

Information obtainable from the test:


1) Absorbed energy: the amount of energy required to fracture the specimen.
2) Lateral expansion: the expansion of the fracture surface before separation due
to the compression stress.
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3) Fracture appearance: the percentage of shear fracture in the fracture surface.
It can be determined by measuring the length and width of eh cleavage portion
of the fracture surface or by comparing the appearance of the fracture with
appearance chart, as show in figure 8.

Figure 8: Fracture appearance.


TECHNICAL DATA:
Maximum impact energy of pendulum: 300 Joules
Angle of fall of pendulum: 140º
Effective weight of pendulum: 20.996 kg
Minimum value of scale graduation: 2 Joules
Striking velocity of pendulum: 5.35 m/sec.
Permissible total friction loss of corresponding indicated energy: 0.5%
Distance from axis or rotation of pendulum to center of specimen: 825 mm

TEST READINGS:
Material Heat Treatment Impact value
(Joules)
Steel: 0.38% C, 0.15%Si, 0.79% Mn, Normalized at 860ºC 86
0.038%S, 0.036%F at room temp.
Steel: 0.38% C, 0.15%Si, 0.79% Mn, Oil Quenched 870ºC, 17
0.038%S, 0.036%F Tempered 300ºC at room temp.

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