Meeting 7

Referencing, Bibliography and Plagiarism

1. Introduction
This is one of the crucial areas that any student – experienced or novice – must fully understand.
All students should make time to read this chapter, noting its contents, and implement its advice
and guidance in all pieces of assessment that they undertake whilst at the Yogyakarta State
University.

Referencing means acknowledging the sources you have used and proves that you are not
attempting to pass the work of others off as your own. It is important to reference your work
as this will:

• give your work academic credibility

• demonstrate how your work links into your subject area
• prevent accusations of stealing other people’s ideas or words (plagiarism)

Credit must be given when quoting or paraphrasing (that is, summarising someone else’s idea
and reproducing it in a shortened form, in your own words) the work of other people. There
are no exceptions to this rule. Failure to acknowledge the sources you have used in writing
your assignment is likely to result in an allegation of plagiarism being made against you.

If you are unsure whether the information that you have provided should be referenced or not,
then it is better to provide one to be on the safe side. The consequences of providing too many
references are far less severe than those of not providing them at all or providing a list full of
omissions. However, you do not need to reference common knowledge e.g. Tony Blair was the
prime minister of the UK in 2004.

2. How to reference?
Your essay or report should contain a reference to other people’s work. This indicates to the
reader that you are using other people’s ideas. Here are some standard ways of referencing in
your text:
 You need to reference Example Explanation
other people’s work:

If you quote another David McConnell suggests that Date only, because the
author ‘word for “students in cooperative author’s name is already
word’ environments perform at a clearly given; and page
higher level than those working number because it is a direct
in competitive or individualistic quotation.
environments.” (2002,
19).

If you are using David McConnell (2002) This sentence is

someone’s ideas, provides an overview of ‘paraphrased,’ that means the
theories or models - collaborative and co- operative student has used their own
using your words learning and he identifies the words, and they mention the
rather than their following benefits: source of these ideas by
words. including the author’s surname
and date.

If you refer to a Between 1979 and 1999, the The student provides the
specific fact or number of women in source of this fact and the date
piece of employment has risen by of publication. This means that
information
6% (DfEE 2000). the readers can check the fact
for themselves.

McConnell (2002) The student hasn’t read the

If you use someone’s describes the work of work of Johnson and Johnson
ideasare described in
that Johnson and Johnson
(1999) and doesn’t want to
another book
(1999) who.... mislead the reader, so it is
made clear where
the ideas of Johnson and
If you use Johnson have come from i.e.
the work of McConnell.

3. The Difference between Quoting and Paraphrasing

a. Quoting
Quoting may be defined as borrowing text by copying another’s work word-for-word and
putting that copied content into your own text. The quotations require citations of the
original source. The copied material is called a quote. The shorter quotes are enclosed within
quotation marks as:
 “Always bear in mind that your own resolution to success is more important than any
other one thing,” by Abraham Lincoln.
The longer quotes are identified by indenting them from the left margin. The prime
characteristics of these quotes are:
• Quotes copy the original text.
• Quotes are short and the most impressive segment of the original work.
• Quotes are always accompanied by the citation from the original source.
• Quotes must be enclosed within quotation marks.
Quoting is a tool for highlighting the meaning, clarifying, or to support the text which is
put within quotes. This is used to provide information about the quoted work be it in a
positive or negative aspect. Quoting always involves due respect to the author of the work
and compliance with copyright laws. They are borrowed for the purpose of review. Some
famous quotations are used as a means of inspiration and conjure up deep thinking from
the reader.

b. Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing involves copying the thought from another author and putting it into your own
words. It is a summary of what you have heard, read, or have seen somewhere into your
own style of writing. What you paraphrase is your own work with the original idea borrowed
from someone else. Paraphrasing does not involve the use of quotation marks.
The important characteristics of paraphrasing are:
• Paraphrasing does not involve copying.
• Paraphrasing involves grabbing the original idea and putting it into your own words.
• Paraphrasing does not intend to change the original meaning of the text.
• Paraphrasing must always be accompanied by the citation from the original source.
• A paraphrase has a slightly compressed text as compared to the original work.

While paraphrasing, it must be noted that too many words and phrases are not taken from
the original text. Both paraphrasing and quotations must be used and intertwined to come
up with an effective and thought-provoking work. Quotations must only be used sparsely in
the text.
4. Referencing (APA Style)
a. For Books
The name of the author (surname + initials); date i.e. year of publication; the title of the
text; the edition (unless it is the first edition); and any further details necessary to track
down the source – publisher’s details (name and place).
Allan, B. (2010). Study skills handbook. Hull: Hull University Business School
publisher.
b. For Journals
The name of the author (surname + initials); date i.e. year of publication; the title of the
paper; the title of the journal and volume, issue and spread of pages over which the article
is found.
Dai, L. (2011). Practical techniques for cultural-based language teaching in the EFL
classroom. Journal of Language Teaching & Research, 2(5), 1031-1036.
c. For Websites
The name of the author (surname and initials) or organisation; date i.e. year of publication;
the title of the page or paper; web address plus date accessed .
Kucuker, Y. (2004). The effects of activities based on role-play on ninth grade
students’ achievement and attitudes towards simple electric circuits. Retrieved
on March 2, 2019, from https://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605375/ind ex.pdf.
d. For chapters in an edited book
The name of the author(s) of the chapter (surname + initials); date i.e. year of publication of
the book; the complete title of the chapter, including any subtitle(s); the word “In” followed
by a colon; the name of the editor(s) of the book in which the chapter appears (surname +
initials) – followed by the word ed(s); the complete title of the book, including any subtitle(s);
the place of publication; the name of the publisher; the inclusive page numbers of the chapter
within the book.
Palmer, F. (2007). Treaty principles and Maori sport: Contemporary issues. In C.
Collins & S. Jackson (Eds.), Sport in Aotearoa/New Zealand society (2nd
ed., pp. 307-334). South Melbourne, Australia: Thomson.

5. Evaluating your Sources

In your search for information, you eventually face the challenge of evaluating the resources
you have located and selecting those you judge to be most appropriate for your needs.
Examine each information source you locate and assess sources using the following criteria:
TAARP METHOD
a. Timeliness
Your resources need to be recent enough for your topic. If your paper is on a topic like
cancer research, you would want the most recent information, but a topic such as
World War II could use information written in a broader time range.
b. Authority
Does the information come from an author or organization that has authority to speak
on your topic? Has the information been peer-reviewed? Do they cite their credentials?
Be sure there is sufficient documentation to help you determine whether the
publication is reliable including footnotes, bibliographies, credits, or quotations.
c. Audience
Who are the intended readers and what is the publication's purpose? There is a
difference between a magazine written for the general public and a journal written for
professors and experts in the field.
d. Relevance
Does this article relate to your topic? What connection can be made between the
information that is presented and your thesis? An easy way to check for relevance is
by reviewing the Abstract or Summary of the article before downloading the entire
article.
e. Perspective
Biased sources can be helpful in creating and developing an argument, but make sure
you find sources to help you understand the other side as well. Extremely biased
sources will often misrepresent information and that can be ineffective to use in your
paper.
Websites create an interesting challenge in evaluating credibility and usefulness because no
two websites are created the same way. The TAARP method described above can be used,
but there are additional things you want to consider when looking at a website:
a. The look and feel of the website - Reliable websites usually have a more professional
look and feel than personal Web sites.
b. The URL of your results - The .com, .edu, .gov, .net, and .org all actually mean
something and can help you to evaluate the website!
c. Are there advertisements on the site? - Advertisements can indicate that the
information may be less reliable.
 d. Check the links on the page - Broken or incorrect links can mean that no one is taking
care of the site and that other information on it may be out-of-date or unreliable.
e. Check when the page was last updated - Dates when pages were last updated are
valuable clues to its currency and accuracy.

REFERENCES
Allan, B. (2010). Study skills handbook. Hull: Hull University Business School.
Kaushik, N. (2011). Difference between quoting and paraphrasing. Retrieved on Saturday,
October 9, 2021, from http://www.differencebetween.net/language/words-
language/difference-between-quoting-and-paraphrasing/.
Lee, H. B. (2021). Step-by-step guide & research rescue: Evaluating credibility. Retrieved on
Saturday, October 9, 2021, from
https://guides.lib.byu.edu/c.php?g=216340&p=1428399