PEDRO RUIZ GALLO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

AGRONOMY FACULTY

 SUBJECT: SOIL FERTILITY AND PLANT NUTRITION.

 TOPIC: HISTORY OF SOIL FERTILITY, THERMAL CONSTANT

OF MAIN AGROEXPORT CROPS, CROPS CARD

 TEACHER : ING. RODIL LEODÁN CÓRDOVA NÚÑEZ

 MEMBERS:

SANCHEZ DIAZ DELVIS

ELIAS PORTOCARRERO CARLOS ALBERTO

 CYCLE: 2021-I

AUGUST 2021.
Content
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................3
AIM....................................................................................................................................................3
HISTORY OF SOIL FERTILITY...............................................................................................................4
Years before Christ........................................................................................................................4
Soil fertility until the 1700s after Christ...............................................................................5
Bacon's original idea..................................................................................................................6
Liebig's contributions................................................................................................................9
Twentieth century.........................................................................................................................9
Expansion in the consumption of mineral fertilizers..................................................10
Main raw materials in the manufacture of fertilizers...................................................10
The fertilizer industry in the Dominican Republic.......................................................10
Experimental Stations.............................................................................................................11
THERMAL CONSTANT OF THE MAIN AGROEXPORT CROPS............................................................13
CROPS CARD....................................................................................................................................18
CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................................23
INTRODUCTION
In all types of agricultural production, soil fertility is a very important factor, since a
large part of good production depends on this factor and to a large extent on the
agronomic management given to the crop.

In this research, the history of soil fertility and the changes that little by little
emerged in agriculture to have better results in production are revealed.

Since ancient times, human beings have been looking for ways to feed plants to
have better results in their production, which we have compared to traditional
fertilization via soil. From the times of the Persian Empire, through the Egyptians,
the Greeks and the idea of Francis Bacon and his theory of why a plant grows. The
truth is that advances in plant nutrition and increased yields were closely
associated with the development of natural sciences, especially chemistry.

By the end of the 20th century, research was carried out on how to feed plants
whose roots grew in the air (Kaspar et al, 1992). These plants were fed by
pumping “hydroponic mists” made from water and nutrients, with extremely fine
droplets. These mists were sprayed several times a day so that the roots remained
moist and aerated.

The root system and the plants showed perfect vegetative development, so the
experiment demonstrated that a plant can grow perfectly with its roots in the air.
These crops whose roots grow in the air are called “ aeroponic crops” .

By the end of the 20th century, it was also common practice to grow drip-fertilized
plants both in the field and in greenhouses; There were also hydroponic systems
that produced plants of excellent quality. With fertigation and hydroponics the
yields are spectacular compared to traditional fertilization via soil.
AIM.
The objective of this work is to offer an introduction to the history of soil fertility and
the origin of the first organic and mineral fertilizers.

HISTORY OF SOIL FERTILITY.

In the ancient Persian empire, now IRAQ, soil fertility was first discussed. In
Mesopotamia , about 2500 years before Christ, writings appeared that spoke of
soil fertility, indicating that there were soils in which "86 times more yields could be
obtained than in others", which meant that for each unit planted in a 86 soils were
harvested, while others were not.

Historians, writers and scientists of antiquity have reported the use of agricultural
products and practices for the purposes of improving crop productivity.

Years before Christ

“In Homer 's Odyssey the use of manure as fertilizer is mentioned 900 years
before Christ.”

Indeed, manure is an excellent organic fertilizer due to its high content of

nitrogen and organic matter. It is used to take advantage of the nutrient levels
of agricultural soils. Those who use these products the most are those who
are most dedicated to organic farming.

“Herodotus, a Greek historian, traveled to Mesopotamia 500 years before

Christ and mentioned the extraordinary yields that were obtained there as a
result of the alluvial soils left by the Tigris River.”

The alluvial soils are significantly used today thanks to the strong currents,
they are dragged into a flat surface where any amount of nutrients is
deposited to have good production. We find these soils on the banks of rivers.
“Over the years, man learned that after sowing and sowing the same crops,
the yields decreased, and the idea of crop rotation appeared.”

Today this method involves alternating the types of plants that are grown in
the same place with the intention of not favoring the development of diseases
that affect a specific class of crops and to prevent the soil from being
depleted, thus obtaining better results and also helping to minimize soil wear,
an alternation of crops could be corn with some legumes (beans as an
example).

Theophrastus (372-287 BC) recommended the abundant use of manure on soils

with a thin topsoil and little manure on soils with a thick topsoil.

“The use of legumes as green manure was mentioned by the Roman

poet Virgil (70-19 BC).”

Legumes have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen in symbiosis with

bacteria, a very essential component that is responsible for many reactions
and part of chlorophyll, enzymes and proteins. Being essential, its balance
affects root formation, photosynthesis, production. and growth rate of the
leaves and roots used by plants. Because they fix nitrogen, legumes are
important from an ecological point of view because they reduce the use of
chemical fertilizers.

The use of mineral fertilizers was not well known in ancient times, but
Theophrastus and Pliny mention potassium nitrate (KNO3) as very useful for
fertilizing plants. This is also mentioned in the Bible in the book of Luke.

The ancient age was dominated by Greek culture, ideas and agricultural
practices which were the most advanced. With the appearance of the Roman
Empire, they copied Greek ideas and no important contributions are
remembered in the agricultural field during that period.
Soil fertility until the 1700s after Christ.
After the fall of Rome, few important contributions appeared regarding
agricultural practices, until a book titled Opus Ruralium Commodorum
appeared by Pietro Crescenzi (1207-1307). This book was a compilation of
agricultural practices from ancient times to his era. He reported an increase in
the use of manure as fertilizer, that is, more and more manure was used
every day.

Bacon's original idea

“In 1627 Francis Bacon (1561-1624) suggested that the main nutrient of
plants was water and that soil was to support and protect plants from cold
and heat (Millar, 1955).”

The water deficit in the soil is the main factor that prevents crops from reaching
their productivity potential. Water affects the chemical form in which nutrients are
found in the soil and when a moisture deficit occurs, their availability is reduced. In
order for them to be absorbed by the root and transported through the plant to the
places where they will be metabolized, the nutrients must be dissolved in water
present in the pores that are formed between the soil particles, that is, in the
solution. of soil, in which water acts as a solvent and nutrients act as pollutants.

Although the total water content in a soil is very high, the water available for
cultivation is always less because the usable water is that which is between the
points of field capacity and permanent wilting.

“During that same time, a Belgian physicist and chemist named Jean
Baptiste Van Helmont (1577-1644) reported an experiment that
demonstrated that water was the only important nutrient for plants. His
conclusion was that plants grew from water.”

The two ounces of soil that were lost he attributed to experimental error. His
conclusion was erroneous but it stimulated other researchers to search for
the truth. Furthermore, his experiment showed that plants fed in a different
way than animals, that is, plants “do not eat soil.” Today it is known that there
are an average of 16 essential nutrients for plants, and water is a limiting
factor for the plant to take these essential nutrients.

Van Helmont 's work was later repeated by Robert Boyle (1627-1691), an
English chemist (gas law), who repeated his experiment but including
analysis of plants. As a result of the analyses, he concluded that the plants
contained salts, essences, earth and oils, all of which were made from water.

“At the same time, JR Glauber (1604-1688), a German chemist, suggested

that KNO3 was the “principle of vegetation,” and not water. He collected and
separated KNO3 from the soil beneath the livestock manure and assumed it
came from the animals. He then established that since cattle ate forage,
KNO3 must come from plants. When he applied this product to the plants,
they grew rapidly, therefore, he was convinced that they were growing due to
the KNO3 and not due to the water.”

Speaking of potassium nitrate (KNO3), it is a fertilizer widely used nowadays

as fertilizer for many crops. It is composed of NK, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and
Potassium, essential macro elements that plants need to have better crop
quality. Nutrients fulfill various functions in the plant, Nitrogen increases the
vegetative density of the plant, Phosphorus intervenes in the formation of
roots and in the flowering and fruit setting and Potassium is responsible for
improving the absorption of water and other nutrients by the roots, add
resistance to water stress and improve the organogenic qualities of the fruits.

Around the year 1700, an Englishman named John Woodward (1665-1728),

who knew the works of Van Helmont and Boyle, planted mint in several water
samples he had collected: rainwater, river water, sewage water, and mixed
sewage water. with plant remains. He carefully measured the amount of water
transpired by the plant and recorded its initial and final weights. He found that
the growth of mint was proportional to the amount of impurities in the water
and concluded that terrestrial matter or soil was the principle of plant growth
and not water. Although his conclusion was not completely correct, it
represented a great advance for its time in terms of research technique.

“For many years scientists searched for the “vegetation principle,” that is, the
unique substance that made plants grow. In 1775, Francis Home (1719-
1813), an English physician and naturalist, established that there was not
“one principle” but several, among which he included: air, water, earth, salts,
oil and fire (in a fixed state). . He carried out pot experiments in which he
measured the effect of different substances on plant growth and did chemical
analyzes of them. “His work was considered very brave.”

Plant nutrition is the study of chemical elements and compounds. necessary for
plant growth, plant metabolism and its external supply.

“In 1754 Joseph Black (1728-1799) made a great contribution when he

discovered CO2 and Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) discovered oxygen in
1774.”

“Jan Ingenhousz (1730-1799), a Dutch physicist, demonstrated that air

purification (disappearance of CO2 from the air) was possible in the presence
of plants and light, but in the dark there was no such purification.”

Plants absorb carbon dioxide for photosynthesis through the same pores,
through the processes of photosynthesis they metabolize it to obtain sugars
and other compounds that they require for the normal development of their
life cycle.

Along with Ingenhousz's discovery, there was another by Jean Senebier

(1742-1809), a Swiss philosopher and historian, who demonstrated that the
increase in weight in Van Helmont's experiment was due to air! Senebier
found that submerged branches, in the presence of light, emitted bubbles that
were oxygen and that the CO2 in the water decreased when this
phenomenon occurred. For him this process was related to the growth of
plants, but he could not prove it. Senebier died, but the role of photosynthesis
in plant growth was underway.

During the 1800s and 1900s, great progress was made in the field of nutrition
and fertilization.

Liebig's contributions
“Justus Von Liebig (1803 –1873), a German chemist, was very effective in
revealing the mysteries of humus. The presentation of his paper at a
prominent scientific meeting shook the thinking of conservative scientists, to
the point that he assured that the carbon contained in the plants came from
carbon dioxide. Liebig established the following:

 Most of the carbon in a plant comes from the atmosphere (CO2)

 Oxygen and hydrogen come from water.

 Alkali metals (Ca, Mg, Na, K) are necessary to neutralize the acids
formed by plants as a result of their metabolic activities.

 Phosphorus is necessary for seed formation.

 Plants absorb everything from the soil but excrete those substances
that are not necessary.

Twentieth century
“Melvin Calvin (1911-1997): during the 20th century, the role of
photosynthesis in plant growth was clearly defined. In the 1940s, by using
radioactive carbon 14, Calvin was able to detect the sequence of chemical
reactions produced by plants. floors."
Photosynthesis is a cellular metabolic process, regulated by enzymes, in which
organic compounds are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water, using the light
absorbed by the pigments as an energy source and oxygen as a product. This is
the main nutrition mechanism of plants. To carry out photosynthesis, the presence
of chlorophyll is required, the same thing that gives plants their green color. The
process of photosynthesis is fundamental for the ecosystem and life since it allows
the creation of organic matter and also the production of oxygen necessary for
most living beings for respiration.

Expansion in the consumption of mineral fertilizers

“With the 20th century, industrial manufacturing and the massive use of
fertilizers began, with the industrial fixation of ammonia (NH3) being one of
the most important facts. This technique was created by two German
scientists Haber and Bosch (1910) and allowed the manufacture of urea and
other nitrogen fertilizers on a large scale and at low prices. It should be noted
that the ammonia research was conducted for military and not agricultural
purposes.”

Ammonia is a building block for ammonium nitrate fertilizers that releases nitrogen,
an essential nutrient for growing plants, including agricultural crops. Farmers
depend on fertilizers to keep their land productive.

Main raw materials in the manufacture of fertilizers

“During the 20th century there was a great expansion of the fertilizer industry;
The main fertilizer products were based on three main elements: nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium. The trend in the massive use of NPK continues
even today in the 21st century.”

Fertilizers provide nutrients that crops need. With fertilizers, more food and
commercial crops can be produced, and of better quality. With fertilizers, the
low fertility of soils that have been overexploited can be improved.
The fertilizer industry in the Dominican Republic
By the end of the 20th century, FERSAN and FERQUIDO dominated the
mineral fertilizer market in the DR.

“Starting in 2004, it began in the DR a notable expansion of greenhouse

agriculture and this has brought with it an increase in the consumption of
soluble fertilizers. The expansion of greenhouses has been possible through
efforts from the private sector and a government program called
PROMEFRIN. Soluble fertilizers are widely used in drip fertilization; Drip
irrigation is very common in greenhouses and it allows the application of
fertilizers along with water.”

The fertilization of crops in greenhouses is too high because with the cultivars
and techniques applied, the potential yields are much higher. However, the
use of fertilizers is a means of increasing the production and availability of
food, it can in turn be understood as an objective of the agricultural sector.

Experimental Stations
The great advances in the use of both organic and mineral fertilizers have
been the product of thousands of tests carried out in experimental stations
around the world.

Rothamstead Experimental Station: founded in 1843 in England, it is very

famous for its experiments in crop management and for being the cradle of
Experimental Design (Ronald Fisher/ANOVA/F test) and great scientists such
as EW Russell, Fisher and Cockran and other pioneers of insect and weed
genetics and control. In this season, the 2-4-D herbicide and the pyrethroid
insecticide were developed, both of which are the most used in all parts of the
world. One of the most famous books on agriculture came out of this season
(Soil Conditions and Plant Growth by John Russell).

In 1958, 471 scientists from different areas worked there. In 1987 the station
merged with other institutions and was renamed the Institute of Arable Crops
Research (IACR), under the control of a new institution: Rothamstead
Research.

This is the second oldest agricultural experiment in the world and still in
service (Fig. 1.2). It consists of an experiment on crop rotation and chemical
and organic fertilization that began in 1876 near Chicago and which still
continues. It was named a United States National Monument in 1968.

International Rice Research Institute (IRRI): was established in 1960 in the

Philippines through donations from the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations. In
1962 he began his research in rice that led to the “Green Revolution” in this
and other crops.

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT): this was an

institution originated in 1943 between the Government of Mexico and the
Rockefeller Foundation of the United States, although it adopted the name
CIMMYT in 1963. Their work is focused on corn and wheat. An American
scientist, Norman Borlaug, led the initial work to produce, through genetic
crosses, short varieties of corn and wheat that used photosynthesis to
produce more grain and less stalks and straw.

The Morrow Plots experiment at the University of Illinois which has been
continuously running for over 100 years.

JUMA Experimental Station. Located in Bonao, this station was founded in

1963 and from the beginning its work was aimed at genetic improvement and
management of rice.

Arroyo Loro Experimental Station: this other station is located in San Juan de
la Maguana and specializes in legumes, rice and minor fruits (corn, cassava,
sweet potato, pigeon peas, cowpeas, etc.). It was founded in 1978.
THERMAL CONSTANT OF THE MAIN AGROEXPORT
CROPS

Number of hours of energy that the plant needs between visible germination
and physiological maturity.

If it does not store enough energy, the yield decreases (negative effect -6 °C
and 12 °C), other plants need hours of cold.

We have the main agro-export crops:

Avocado

The ideal thermal conditions for good fruiting are 25º C during the day and 20º C at
night, although many of the varieties cultivated today produce fruit quite well with
the following thermal situation: average 20 - 21º C, at night 15 -17º C and on the
22nd - 26º C.

Below these values, fertilization encounters, in most cases, difficulties in

occurring. (Ferreyra & Selles, 2017)

Thermal increases beyond certain limits (around 30º C), if prolonged, affect the
water balance of the plant and negatively influence the development of the fruits.
This is due to the abundant presence of strongly transpiring stomata.

These negative effects are aggravated when temperatures are accompanied by

strong, dry winds.
Brightness is another important factor that guarantees the quality of the fruit.
Branches that are too shaded do not produce and will act parasitically on the tree,
hence the need to control the density of the trees and eliminate useless branches
through pruning.
On the other hand, the bark of the avocado tree is sensitive to light intensity,
causing characteristic burns on branches and fruits; These burns have a certain
resemblance to some diseases such as sun-blotch, of viral origin.

When the temperature decreases below 0°C, intracellular water loss

increases and the electrical conductivity of avocado leaves gradually
increases to a level that is lethal. The Hass cultivar showed better tolerance
at temperatures of -2 °C when the increase in electrical conductivity of
avocado leaves was evaluated as a symptom of the disruption of cytoplasmic
membranes, on the other hand, at temperatures of -4 °C the Hass cultivar
showed much greater damage, similar to the other varieties in the study:
Fuerte, Zutano, Rincón, Reed and Bacon. On the other hand, in another
study, the application of thermal stress with temperatures of -2.5 and -4.0 °C
for periods of 1 hour respectively, followed by a recovery period of 1 day,
failed to show differences significant in the CO2 assimilation rates of 6
avocado cultivars with photosynthesis levels that normally fluctuated between
6 and 12 μmol/m2 /s.

Furthermore, what was notable about this study was that with the -6°C
treatment, no cultivar was able to recover its photosynthetic activity,
generating a lower limit of tolerance to low temperatures for the avocado
crop. (Salvo, 2018)
Grapes

Peru has a mega diverse territory, on the southern coast a climate with
special characteristics allowed the implementation of grape cultivation; the
cold winter and the warm and dry summer, similar to the classic
Mediterranean lands of the vine and olive tree; favored the introduction of the
crop.

Temperatures not only act by their absolute values, setting thresholds and
maximums of possible vegetation, but also act by their periodicity. A marked
difference in temperatures from winter to summer, and even from day to night,
is desirable during the ripening period of the grapes, which should be as long
as possible. Vines growing in cold, continental climates are exposed to a
large daily thermal amplitude and often experience widely fluctuating
temperatures during spring and fall. Low temperature can limit growth by
decreasing the rate of protein production or cell wall elasticity. The top 13
maximum yield formation temperature limit in vines appears to be
approximately 35°C.

The vine is, on the other hand, very resistant to lack of humidity, and can
vegetate with little rain once its minimum needs are met. The vine also
requires a high heliophany, a minimum of 1,500 to 1,600 hours per year, of
which a minimum of 1,200 hours must correspond to the vegetation period, all
depending on the latitude of the vineyard.

The vine is a heliophilous plant, needing brighter climates, since its flowers
set poorly in the shade or in cloudy weather, and its fruits ripen poorly in low
lighting conditions; regarding the photoperiod; This concept represents the
relative duration between day and night. The vine is a vegetable with long
days, as it requires a significant amount of light and temperature
accumulation. (Arias, 2017)

Blueberry

Regarding temperature requirements, blueberries tolerate frost well during

the winter break, with -0.6°C being a critical value prior to damage records.
Once dormancy is over, it becomes sensitive to low temperatures, especially
during flowering. Therefore, it is recommended to consider the historical frost
data in the area where the crop begins, and the number of cold hours, which
range from 400 to 1,200 cold hours with a threshold of 7°C, to make a correct
choice of variety. The optimal temperature for root growth is in the range of
18° - 22°C, for shoots, leaves and fruits between 20° - 26°C.

The blueberry can develop in very different climates, since it depends greatly
on the number of cold hours required by the cultivar to be installed so that the
buds break dormancy (from the English term Dormancy). This is verified by
contrasting the different blueberry producing areas in the world.

However, it must be taken into account that low temperatures affect flowering,
therefore cultivars whose phenology does not coincide with these phenomena
must be selected.

The temperature for optimal photosynthesis in tall southern blueberries is 18

to 26°C ('Jersey'), 14 to 22°C for tall northern blueberries ('Bluecrop'), and 25
to 30°C for the species Vaccinium darrowii. When the temperature rises from
20 to 30°, the rate of photosynthesis decreases. An average of 20 percent for
'Jersey', 30 for 'Bluecrop' and only nine for V. darrowii; which would indicate
the tolerance of this last species to tropical climates (Moon et al., 1987). In tall
southern shrubs, leaves are damaged at -8ºC.
A clear effect of temperature is on floral induction: it has been shown that in
tall southern blueberry cv. Misty has a greater induction at 21ºC than at 28ºC
for 8 weeks, and the carbohydrate reserve decreases as the temperature
increases. They conclude in their experiment on 11 chill-hour requirements
(effective hours at less than 7°C) that 'Biloxi' requires 200 or less to thrive,
'Climax' 300 and 'Tifblue', 'Jubilee' 400.

Blueberry vegetative cuttings are used to determine the critical amount of

chilling hours necessary to break dormancy.

Cold resistance depends on the cultivar or species, and the region where the
crop is grown. Patten (1991) concludes that Rabbit-eye cultivars resist low
temperatures better than Northern or Southern cultivars. It also mentions that
the more advanced the development phase of the flower, the more
susceptible to cold damage. Flower buds developed in autumn would be
more resistant than spring ones. (Morales, 2017)
CROPS CARD
The crop schedule is the quantification in absolute and percentage values of
the occupation of land by crops in the planning area. To determine the crop
schedule, it is necessary to have the following data: arable area, area under
current irrigation, annual crop dryland area, rotating dryland area, area
occupied by crops in the first campaign, area occupied by crops in the
second. campaign, area occupied by each specific crop on each type of land
and fallow areas.

A certificate is more useful when the number of hectares occupied by each

plant species on each type of land is distinguished, specifying the varieties
and forms of presentation of the product, because both in agronomic and
economic terms there are differences, for example, between the Urubamba
white corn and ch'ullpi corn or between dry grain barley and forage barley.

Among the materials and instruments that can be used to prepare the crop
record are: the parcel cadastre, aerial photographs, national charts, registers,
communal censuses and surveys. A quick and acceptable methodology
consists of quantifying the areas occupied by crops by mapping on a national
map at a scale of 1/25,000 with contour lines and then using the grid method
or the planimeter to calculate the respective areas. It can be complemented
with surveys of producers and key informants to refine the calculation of the
area occupied by each crop. Another methodology consists of carrying out
cadastral surveys at the parcel level. For large areas, satellite images can be
used where crops appear differentiated according to color. The choice of
methodology depends largely on the availability of funding, the degree of
precision desired, and the breadth of the scope of study.

Crop certificates will be simpler when the planning area presents

agroecological and agroeconomic homogeneity, for example: valley floors and
high Andean plateaus. On the other hand, they will be more complex for
basins, sub-basins or micro-basins with agroecological and agroeconomic
heterogeneity or with the presence of several altitudinal levels with a variety
of microclimates. Even so, this is not a general rule, since in the southern
Peruvian Andes the most varied and complex situations occur that the
planner must represent with the greatest possible fidelity, thus, the lower part
of Curahuasi presents a certain homogeneity in terms of climate, however, a
varied range of products is grown both in the first and second seasons; On
the other hand, in the Sacred Valley, with a similar climate, corn clearly
predominates. A hypothetical example is presented in the following table.
(Hurtado, 1999)

Table No. 01: Crop ID (Hurtado, 1999)

AREA (ha) PERCENTAGE (%)

 Accumulat
CROPS Partial Accumulated Partial
ed

Low irrigation

Urubamba white corn 150.00 150.00 15.46 15.46

Yellow corn 80.00 230.00 8.25 23.71

Early planting potato 70.00 300.00 7.22 30.93

Forage barley 2nd. Campaign 10.00 … 1.03 …

Annual rainfed

Ch'ullpi corn 40.00 340.00 4.12 35.05

dry grain bean 30.00 370.00 3.09 38.14

Dry grain wheat 10.00 380.00 1.03 39.17

dry grain barley 80.00 460.00 8.23 47.40

Rotary dryland

Big sowing potato 80.00 540.00 8.23 55.63

Olluco 70.00 610.00 7.22 62.85

Rest 360.00 970.00 37.11 99.96

TOTAL PHYSICAL AREA 970.00 100.00 100.00

SOWN AREA 620.00 63.88

INTENSITY OF USE 0.64

Graphic representation of the crop schedule. It consists of specifying the
production calendar (sowing month, harvest month and production cycle) of
each crop involved in the certificate, considering the respective areas they
occupy in both absolute and relative terms.

This graph can be created manually or in a spreadsheet. If it is done

manually, it is advisable to use graph paper. In both cases the idea is to
represent on a scale the area occupied by each crop in order to quickly
visualize the importance of each product.

The central part of the graph is divided into twelve vertical spaces that
represent each month of the year, and in as many horizontal spaces as there
are crops in the first season. The second season crops are graphed below
the crop from the corresponding first season. On the right side of the vertical
axis, 16 partial and accumulated land areas are placed according to existing
crops in the study area. On the left side of the vertical axis, the partial and
cumulative percentages that each crop occupies with respect to the total
existing agricultural land are placed. On the upper horizontal axis the names
of the months are placed and on the lower horizontal axis the physical
occupation of the land by crops is noted month by month, both in absolute
and percentage values, if necessary, distinguishing areas under irrigation and
total areas. cultivated. (Hurtado, 1999)
(Hurtado,
CONCLUSION
Fertilization will always be necessary for the simple fact that crop lands are
worn out day by day the more we cultivate, the nutrients contained in the soil
disappear, which is why it is necessary to apply some fertilizer to provide the
necessary sustenance that plants use for their development. and sustain the
growth of crops planted with either organic fertilizers or chemical fertilizers.
That is why every day there will be new methods of producing fertilizers.