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Plastic Bending of Beams

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121 views6 pages

Plastic Bending of Beams

Uploaded by

Zerihun mulugeta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Plastic Bending of Beams

If bending moment is small so the length of the beam will bend elastically, it means the stress
and strain vary linearly across the section, if increase the moment M there will be a stage where
the maximum direct stress at the point farthest from neutral axis its equal to σy (Fy) , the
corresponding value of M we can call it Yield Moment (My) = σyI/y1
If the moment is increased again, as shown below on the stress distribution diagram that yield
stress σy is attain in the top fibber looks a plastic zone on the top of the diagram, the centre is
elastic zone. Now if a further increase of moment, the yield stress also it reach a plastic zone in
the bottom. Between the top and bottom plastic zone there is elastic zone. If increase moment
further again and again, surely the plastic zone will move towards in the centre to neutral axis i.e
the elastic zone will be reduced to a negligible size and the beam section comes to completely
plastic.

To understand the plastic zone concept, let’s take a stress strain curve, if the bending moment
further increased, the strain εy also increases, however due to plastic yielding the stress remain
constant equal to σy.

Let’s take a section mentioning the top and bottom plastic zone, if further increase the bending
moment, the elastic core will be reduced to negligible size.
If further more increase the bending moment, the two plastic zone yield met, so there is no
elastic zone i.e. fully plastic. The neutral axis in the fully plastic conditions divides the section
into two equal areas and the resultant tension and compressions it forms a couple which is equal
to ultimate moments. Zp Related to the plastic situation, if the maximum moment which a
section can carry without exceeding the yield stress in that situation we can use yield moment
My= σy Ze, so we got plastic moment Mp and My yield moment, using this moment we can
find a shape factor Ratio=Mp/My its depend on shape on the cross section.
Plastic Hinges in Simply Supported Beam
Plastic Hinges refers to the deformation of a part of a beam wherever plastic bending happens.
Hinge means that having no capability to resist moment. Therefore, a plastic hinge behaves like a
standard hinge - permitting free rotation.
Plastic hinge is the presence of unrestricted plastic flow at a section of a beam leads us the
concept of formation of plastic hinge in beams. It is used to describe the deformation of a section
of a beam where plastic bending moment occurs.

If the value P is increased until PL/4 = M p , the mid span section of the beam will be fully plastic
with the region of plasticity, i.e extending the value of P to both side to the support, the bending
moment also decrease both right and left hand sides. Unrestricted plastic flow occurs at the mid
span section where large increase in the deformation takes place with no increase in loads and
outs side the hinge this beam it behaves as two rigid beams connected by plastic hinges and
rotates relative to each other. No plasticity occurs in beam section for which bending moment
Mp is less than My.
We need to find the length of region of plasticity Lp = L/3

LIMIT STATES DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES


Concepts of limit states
The term limit states refers to a variety of conditions (or) (states) that must not be violated if a structure partly or
wholly, must retain its ability to perform its intended functions (or usefulness) during its intended service life. Many
conditions that, if violated, would impair a structures ability to satisfactorily carry extreme loads. These limit states
are owner/designer- driven conditions and there intents specified in the design code/standard specifications.
Intended Service life is prescribed in the design codes, usually 50 or 70 Years.
Example let us say
 Deflection of a bridge beam should not exceed L/800…this form a serviceability limit
state for the bridge. Excessive deflection cause functional problems, i.e. not permitted.
 The design load cycles on the bridge not exceed 2*10^6 cycles for the entire service
life of the bridge…such form is a fatigue limit state for the bridge
 The bridge should be safe and remain serviceable when it is subjected to the maximum
design load…such a condition would constitute a strength limit state for the bridge.
The limit states can be material specific. Example,
 Crushing and Cracking, and bond failure are some of the limit states applicable to
concrete and masonry structures but not to steel or wood structures. Likewise,
 Buckling and formation of plastic hinge are limit states only specific to steel structures.
 Yielding of steel applicable to both steel and steel reinforcement in concrete.
 Buckling, Stability and Bearing failure are common to structures constructed from all of these three
materials. (steel, concrete (masonry) and wood)
Typical limit states for structures can be classified in the context of
1. Safety this includes collapse of all or parts of structure.
 Conditions that affect safety of structure include
 Tipping or sliding
 Rupture
 Sudden or progressive collapse
 Plastic mechanism
 Instability
 Corrosion
 Fatigue
 Deterioration
 Fire
2. Damage
 Conditions that affect damage of structure include
 Excessive or premature cracking
 Deformation
 Permanent inelastic deformation
 Collision damage
3. Serviceability
 Conditions that affect serviceability of structure include
 Disruption of normal use due to excessive deflection
 Vibrations
 Local damage
In structural design codes, generally 3 kinds of limit states are recognized in relation to the intended functions of a
structure

1. Strength Limit State: - which relate to safety against some level of predefined load or
extreme loads during the intended life of structure.
2. Serviceability Limit State: - which relate to the functional requirements of the structure.
3. Fatigue Limit States: - which relate to loss of strength under repeated loads.
Design criteria ensure that a limit state is violated only with an acceptably small probability by selecting the load
and resistance factors and nominal load and resistance values that will never be exceeded under the design
assumption.

1. Strength Limit State

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