Table of Contents

1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE ________________4 4.5. Cyber Threats and Financial Sectors ________ 45
1.1. Mass Media and Election __________________ 4 4.6. News in Shorts _________________________ 46
1.2. Internet Shutdowns ______________________ 6 4.6.1. Arrest under UAPA Act ____________________ 46
1.3. Other Backward Classes (OBCs) List _________ 7 4.6.2. Hermes-900 ____________________________ 47
1.4. News in Shorts __________________________ 9 4.6.3. Exercises in News ________________________ 47
1.4.1. Article 39(b) of The Constitution and Private 5. ENVIRONMENT ________________________ 48
Properties ____________________________________ 9 5.1. Traditional Knowledge in India ____________ 48
1.4.2. Article 329(b) _____________________________ 9 5.1.1. Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources
1.4.3. Form 17C ________________________________ 9 and Associated Traditional Knowledge ____________ 49
1.4.4. Silence Period ____________________________ 9 5.2. Clean Energy Transition __________________ 50
1.4.5. World Press Freedom Index (WPFI) 2024 _____ 10 5.3. Mangroves Conservation _________________ 52
1.4.6. UGC Regulation 2018 _____________________ 10 5.4. Coral Bleaching _________________________ 53
1.4.7. Diplomatic Passport ______________________ 10 5.5. International Arrangement on Forests (IAF) __ 55
2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ______________12 5.6. Heatwave _____________________________ 57
2.1. India’s Act of Balancing Bilateral Relationship 12 5.7. Fire Safety Regulations in India ____________ 59
2.2. Global Institutions in the Changing Times ____ 13 5.8. Nor ’westers ___________________________ 61
2.3. India and Indonesia Relations _____________ 15 5.9. News in Shorts _________________________ 62
2.4. International Criminal Court (ICC) __________ 17 5.9.1. Venezuela May Be The First Nation To Lose All Its
2.5. News in Shorts _________________________ 19 Glaciers _____________________________________ 62
2.5.1. BIMSTEC Acquires ‘Legal Personality’ After Charter 5.9.2. Climate Change Can Weaken Monetary Policy
Comes into Force ______________________________ 19 Transmission: RBI _____________________________ 63
2.5.2. Second India-US Strategic Dialogue on Africa held 5.9.3. New Collective Quantified Goal on Climate Finance
in Washington DC _____________________________ 19 (NCQG) _____________________________________ 63
2.5.3. India’s Telecom Diplomacy _________________ 20 5.9.4. Carbon Removals and Carbon Farming (CRCF)
2.5.4. Animal Diplomacy ________________________ 20 Regulation in European Union (EU) _______________ 64
2.5.5. South-China Sea _________________________ 20 5.9.5. Direct Air Capture and Storage (DAC+S) plant _ 65
2.5.6. Middle-Power ___________________________ 21 5.9.6. Keeling Curve ___________________________ 65
2.5.7. Geopolitical Recession ____________________ 21 5.9.7. Biocover _______________________________ 65
3. ECONOMY _____________________________22 5.9.8. World Bank Released Report Titled ‘Water For
3.1. India and Global Value Chains (GVCs) _______ 22 Shared Prosperity’ ____________________________ 65
3.2. RBI Surplus Transfer _____________________ 24 5.9.9. India Became Third Largest Solar Power Generator
____________________________________________ 66
3.3. Logistics Sector of India __________________ 25
5.9.10. Spain Becomes 99th Member Of International
3.4. India’s Agriculture Export Policy ___________ 28 Solar Alliance (ISA) ____________________________ 66
3.5. Land Squeeze __________________________ 30 5.9.11. Global Land Outlook Report on Rangelands and
3.6. News in Shorts _________________________ 32 Pastoralists __________________________________ 67
3.6.1. Commodity Dependence __________________ 32 5.9.12. World Wildlife Crime Report 2024 __________ 68
3.6.2. Eligibility for Universal Banking by SFBs _______ 33 5.9.13. Sea Anemone __________________________ 68
3.6.3. ‘Five-Year Review of India’s Merchandise Trade’ 5.9.14. Baseflow ______________________________ 69
Report ______________________________________ 33 5.9.15. Blue Hole ______________________________ 69
3.6.4. Authorised Economic Operator (AEO) Status __ 34 5.9.16. Catatumbo Lightning ____________________ 69
3.6.5. India International Bullion Exchange (IIBX) ____ 34 5.9.17. Batagay Crater _________________________ 69
3.6.6. India Volatility Index (VIX) __________________ 34 5.9.18. Errata ________________________________ 70
3.6.7. Cost Inflation Index (CII) ___________________ 35 6. SOCIAL ISSUES _________________________ 71
3.6.8. Paradox of Thrift (PoT) Theory ______________ 35
6.1. Women Entrepreneurs in India ____________ 71
3.6.9. UN Panel for Critical Energy Transition Minerals 35
3.6.10. Drip Pricing ____________________________ 35
6.2. Localizing the SDGs: Women in Local Governance
3.6.11. Travel & Tourism Development Index, 2024 __ 36 in India ___________________________________ 72
3.7.12. ISHAN Initiative _________________________ 36 6.3. Social Infrastructure _____________________ 75
4. SECURITY _____________________________37 6.4. News in Shorts _________________________ 76
4.1. Pokhran-I _____________________________ 37 6.4.1. Supreme Court Judgement on Juvenile Justice Act
____________________________________________ 76
4.2. Technology Absorption in Defence _________ 38
6.4.2. Significant Increase In Screen Time Among Children
4.3. Submarines and Anti-Submarine Warfare ___ 40 ____________________________________________ 77
4.4. Threat of Online Radicalisation ____________ 42 6.4.3. World Migration Report 2024 ______________ 77
1 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
7. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ______________79 7.5.15. Doppler Effect __________________________ 92
7.1. Space Situational Awareness ______________ 79 7.5.16. Graphite ______________________________ 93
7.2. Solar Storm (Geomagnetic Storm) __________ 81 7.5.17. Nephrotic Syndrome ____________________ 93
7.3. 3D Printing ____________________________ 82 8. CULTURE _____________________________ 94
7.4. AgriTech ______________________________ 85 8.1. Weaving in India ________________________ 94
7.4.1. Nanotechnology in Agriculture ______________ 87 8.2. Apartheid System _______________________ 96
7.5. News in Shorts _________________________ 89 8.2.1. UNESCO's MOW Asia-Pacific Regional Register 98
7.5.1. Amplifying the Global Value of Earth Observation 8.2.2. Sahitya Akademi _________________________ 98
report _______________________________________ 89 8.2.3. Deda Method ___________________________ 98
7.5.2. Ultra-Processed Food (UPF) ________________ 89 8.2.4. Lushai Tribe _____________________________ 98
7.5.3. WHO Prequalifies New Dengue Vaccine TAK-00390 8.2.5. Avars __________________________________ 99
7.5.4. World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) 91 8.2.6. Errata__________________________________ 99
7.5.5. Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome 9. ETHICS ______________________________ 100
(TTS) ________________________________________ 91 9.1. Compassionate Capitalism _______________ 100
7.5.6. Naegleria Fowleri ________________________ 91 9.2. Ethics of Punishment ___________________ 102
7.5.7. Eta Aquarid Meteor Shower ________________ 91 9.3. Ethical Use of Social Media Platforms ______ 104
7.5.8. Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX) ______ 91 9.4. Ethics and Entrepreneurship _____________ 107
7.5.9. High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) __________ 91
10. SCHEMES IN NEWS ___________________ 110
7.5.10. BHISHM Portable Cubes __________________ 92
7.5.11. Soil Nailing _____________________________ 92
10.1. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi Scheme
7.5.12. Goldene _______________________________ 92 (PM-KISAN) ______________________________ 110
7.5.13. AI Agents ______________________________ 92 11. PLACES IN NEWS _____________________ 111
7.5.14. Endosymbiotic Theory ___________________ 92 12. PERSONALITIES IN NEWS ______________ 112

2 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE
1.1. MASS MEDIA AND ELECTION
Why in the News?
Taking the note of misuse of social media, (a type of mass media) by political parties during the election campaign the
Election Commission of India (ECI) issued guidelines for the ethical use of social media platforms.
Key highlights of the guidelines
 The ECI directed parties to not:
o publish content that is false, misleading, or derogatory, especially towards women,
o not use social media platforms to carry any content which use children in any political campaigning
o depict violence or harm to animals.
o not impersonate another person, including political parties or their representatives on a social media platform
 It also mandated Political parties to:
o remove any violating content within three hours of notification and warn the responsible members,
o report any unlawful information and fake user accounts to the respective social media platforms,
o and escalate unresolved issues to the Grievance Appellate Committee as outlined in Rule 3A of the Information
Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021.
About Mass Media
 Mass Media refers to diverse communication channels that transmit information and entertainment content to a
large audience.
 It includes print media (Newspapers, Magazines, Books), electronic media (Radio, Television, Films), and digital media
(Internet, social media).
 It is also termed the Fourth Estate of a democratic country, the other three pillars being: the Legislature or the
Parliament; the Executive; and the Judiciary
 The fundamental right of ‘Freedom of Speech and Expression’ granted to Citizens under Article 19(1)(a) of the
constitution is also available to the press.
Allocation of time to political parties on State Media
Role of the Mass Media in the Election Process  National parties, all put together, get a minimum of 10
hours of telecasting time on Doordarshan’s national
 Emphasizing Election Importance: Media coverage
channel, and at least 15 hours on its regional channels.
underscores the significance of elections, highlighting o They also get 10 hours of broadcasting time on the
voter choice, the need to be informed, and the national hook-up of AIR and 15 hours of
fundamental right to vote. broadcasting on regional AIR stations.
○ This fosters faith in the electoral process and  State parties, all put together, get a minimum of 30 hours
encourages citizen participation. of telecasting time on the appropriate regional
 Dissemination of Campaign Information: Media spreads Doordarshan channel and AIR radio station.
campaign propaganda widely, providing politicians with affordable advertising space and quickly reach a large
audience.
○ Recognised political parties have been allowed to freely use state-owned television and radio during polls since
the 1998 Lok Sabha elections (refer to the box).
 Influencing Voter Behavior: Media arouses interest, reduces apathy, and instils a sense of civic duty by emphasizing
the importance of every vote and the Right to Vote.
 Shaping the Public Image of Candidates: Media portrayal greatly impacts a candidate's public image. Newspaper,
magazine coverage, and broadcasts can either help or harm them.
 Effective messaging: It ensures politicians maintain consistent messages, preventing them from saying different
things to different audiences.
 Facilitating Policy Discussion: Mass media informs the public about government actions, highlights policy
shortcomings, and communicates public expectations to politicians, facilitating a two-way discussion on both current
and future policies.
4 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
Challenges posed by mass media to election process
Mass media with all its positive implications also pose challenges to a free and fair election process when it is not
objective and its reporting are selective and biased (a phenomenon known as media gatekeeping).
With the rapid and widespread dissemination of information on social media, these challenges are magnified. Some key
challenges to election process posed by social media are as follows:
 Threat to Sovereignty: social media can be manipulated by anyone, inside or outside the country, to target specific
parties or candidates, compromising the democratic process as well as the Sovereignty of the country.
○ For example, during the 2016 US presidential elections, Russia allegedly used social media to manipulate the
outcome.
 Misinformation: Social media is a breeding ground for misinformation and manipulated content, distorting public
perception and influencing voter behavior.
○ AI-generated deepfakes complicate the issue, making it hard to distinguish real information from fake, disrupting
election integrity.
 Sensationalisation: Social media algorithms amplify viral content, overshadowing factual narratives and quickly
setting political narratives.
○ Many YouTube-based independent content creators run online-only news channels, bypassing traditional media
regulations.
 They set narratives through the sensationalisation of issues and manipulation for more views. It may result
in the marginalisation of more important issues from public discussion.
 Online Echo Chambers: Social media can create echo chambers, where individuals only encounter viewpoints
aligning with their own, resulting in confirmation bias where people are opposed to diverse perspectives.
○ It may worsen societal divisions leading to polarization. For instance, Facebook's failure to address platform abuse
in Sri Lanka reportedly fueled widespread violence in 2018.
 Compromising Model Code of Conduct: The lack of effective regulation on social media platforms makes it challenging
to enforce the code of conduct for parties and candidates.
○ Also, regulating content on encrypted platforms like WhatsApp is currently not feasible.
 Privacy Concerns and threat to voter’s objective opinion: Voters lack control over data collection. They're often
profiled by social media, impacting their feed content which may potentially change their behaviour.
○ In 2018, several Indian political parties allegedly hired Cambridge Analytica, a data mining and analytics business.
Way ahead for mitigating the adverse impact of Mass Media on Indian elections
Mass media should be nudged to follow the advisories of Press Council of India that called for Press to give objective
reports about elections and the candidates, eschew reports which tend to promote feelings of enmity or hatred, observe
all the directions/ orders/instructions of the Election Commission/Returning Officers or Chief Electoral Officer, etc.
In addition to these, following steps should also be taken to prevent the abuse of mass media during election:
 Effective Implementation of Voluntary Code of Ethics: Ensure strict adherence to the Voluntary Code of Ethics for
the General Elections 2019, aimed at promoting responsible behaviour on social media platforms during elections.
 Enhance Social Media Monitoring: Increase cooperation and exchange of information among stakeholders involved
in social media monitoring.
○ Strengthen links between civil society groups and internet platforms to facilitate the timely raising of concerns
and consideration of findings by platforms.
 Foster International Cooperation: Compare best practices globally and foster networks to share lessons learned and
insights gained after elections.
○ Collaborate with other countries to develop effective strategies for mitigating the adverse impact of social media
on elections.
 Strengthen Data Protection Framework: As India's voting process becomes more modern in terms of data utilisation,
enhance the data protection framework to adapt to different levels of data usage.
○ Ensure that voter data is protected and used responsibly to maintain the integrity of the electoral process.

5 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

 Role of Social Media in Election
 Social media differs from traditional mass media in terms of scale and speed of communication. Social media revolutionizes
politics by instantly transmitting messages to global audiences.

Existing Regulatory Frame for Social Media

 The Information Technology Act, 2000 governs all areas of electronic communication, including social media.
Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Regulations, 2021 for ensuring
accountability of social media and other intermediaries.

1.2. INTERNET SHUTDOWNS

Why in the news?
As per an ‘Access Now’ report, India
witnessed 116 shutdowns in 2023, the
highest number of shutdown in world
for the sixth consecutive year.
Internet shutdown
 It is an intentional disruption of
internet communications for
specific population or within a
location for any duration of time,
often to exert control over the flow
of information.
o In 2023, globally the number of
internet shutdowns rose by 41% to 283 from 201 in 2022.
Provisions for Internet Shutdown
 Currently, suspension of telecom services (including internet shutdowns) is governed by Temporary Suspension of
Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Safety) Rules, 2017, notified under Indian Telegraph Act, 1885.
o It provide for a temporary shutdown of telecom services in a region on grounds of public emergency (up to 15
days at once).
o The 1885 Act empowers the central government to regulate various types of telecom services including internet
services and grant licenses for them.
 Orders of temporary suspension of telecom services are to be issued By Union/State home secretary Only.
o Under 2017 Rules, a three-member Review Committee headed by Cabinet Secretary at central level and Chief
Secretary at state level, reviews telecom/internet shutdown orders by central government and state government,
respectively.
6 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 Supreme Court Judgement in Anuradha Bhasin vs. Union of India and Ors. 2020
 SC held that freedom of speech and expression through medium of internet is an integral part of Article 19(1)(a) and
accordingly, any restriction on the same must be in accordance with Article 19(2) of the Constitution.
 In relation to internet shutdown, Court had passed following directions
o An order suspending internet services indefinitely is impermissible under 2017 Rules. Suspension can be utilised for
temporary duration only.
o Any order suspending internet issued under Suspension Rules, must adhere to principle of proportionality and must not
extend beyond necessary duration.
o Any order suspending internet under the Suspension Rules is subject to judicial review.
Impact of Internet Shutdown
 Economic loss: Shutdowns reportedly led to loss of $118 million in foreign investment from Jan- June 2023 alone in
India.
o Also, a single-day shutdown can push up to 379 people into unemployment in the country.
 Fundamental rights: Internet shutdowns impacts access to information, curbing digital freedom and fundamental
human rights such as freedom of speech and expression (Article-19), access to information etc.
 Inequality: Shutdowns disproportionately affect marginalized communities, hindering their access to newer revenue
streams and opportunities. This exacerbates existing inequalities and undermines efforts towards equitable
digitization.
 Disaster management: Loss of communication due to internet shutdown hinders information dissemination w.r.t.
early warning, evacuation routes, further exacerbating the impact of disasters.
o The ongoing internet shutdown in Myanmar exacerbated the effects of Cyclone Mocha, which hit western
Myanmar in May 2023
 Education and Healthcare: Shutdowns hinders access to online services such as education platforms, healthcare
information etc.
 Protest and Violence: Internet shutdown disconnects people from the rest of the world, creating ambiguity and
frustration. This can trigger strikes or protests that may become violent.
 Human rights abuse: Shutdowns impedes accountability where attackers utilise the disruption to cover up their
offenses such as killing, arson, gender-based violence etc.
Way ahead
 Recommendations of Parliamentary Standing Committee on Communications and Information Technology
o Codifying defined parameters that constitute as public emergency and public safety.
 Public emergency and public safety have not been defined in the 1885 Act or the 2017 Rules.
o Putting in place a mechanism to decide the merit of an internet shutdown.
o Department in co-ordination with Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) should lay down a clear principle of
proportionality and procedure for lifting of shutdown so that these are not extended indefinitely.
o Department of Telecommunications (DoT) should formulate a policy to selectively restrict use of OTT services
instead of banning the internet as a whole to ensure minimum inconvenience to public and curb misinformation.
o A study on the impacts of internet shutdowns and its effectiveness in dealing with public safety and public
emergency should be conducted by DoT and MHA.
 Government should clearly communicate to users any limitations, restrictions, or change to service they may
experience and provide regular updates on status and duration of shutdown.

1.3. OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES (OBCS) LIST

Why in the News?
The National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) is reviewing the state list of Other Backward Classes (OBCs)
using powers granted under the 102nd Constitutional Amendment Act.
More on the News
 NCBC has noted presence of ineligible communities in the OBC lists of States like Karnataka and West Bengal.
7 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 It has also stalled request of West Bengal to include various castes/communities in the Central OBC list, and has
asked current report justifying the backwardness of these communities.
 Moreover, NCBC is also planning to review OBC lists in Kerala, Odisha, Bihar, Maharashtra, and other states to ensure
maximum OBC reservation within the 50% limit.
About OBCs and OBCs list
 Definition: There is no standard definition of OBC in the Indian Constitution. Socially and Educationally backward
Classes (SEBCs) are commonly known as other backward classes (OBCs).
 OBCs list: Currently, for each state, there are two OBC lists one at the central level (for benefits by the Central
Government initiatives) and another at the state level (for benefits by the State government initiatives).
o Central List: Article 342A (1) of the Constitution authorized the President (in consultation of the governor of the
state) to specify the Central list of the OBCs, in relation to a particular State or Union Territory.
 Further, any modification to the central list of the OBCs can be done only by the Parliament.
o State List: Article 342A (3) empowers every State or UT to prepare and maintain for its own purposes, a list of
SEBC entries which may be different from the Central List.
 Reservations for OBCs: Articles 15 and 16 of the Constitution enable reservation for OBCs in admission to educational
institutions, and in public employment.
o In 1990, the Centre implemented 27% reservation for OBCs in Central Educational Institutions and Central
Government services as recommended by the Mandal Commission.
o Such reservation for OBC was upheld by the Supreme Court in Indra Sawhney Vs. Union of India 1992 subject to
exclusion of the “Creamy Layer” (different groups based on income and parental rank).
Commissions constituted for the upliftment of OBCs
 Under Article 340, President, may by order appoint to investigate the conditions of SEBCs and to make recommendations as
to the steps that should be taken by the Union or any State to remove such difficulties and to improve their condition.
 The President had constituted Kalelkar Commission in 1953, and Mandal Commission in 1979 to investigate the conditions
of OBCs.
o The recommendations of Kalelkar Commission was never implemented.
 In 2017, the President appointed a Justice Rohini Commission, headed by Justice G. Rohini to examine the sub-categorisation
of OBC caste groups to ensure more equitable distribution of reservation benefits among OBCs in India.
o The Commission submitted its report in 2023 but it is yet to be implemented.
About NCBC
 Constitutional Body: NCBC was granted Constitutional Status under Article 338B (inserted through 102nd
Constitutional Amendment Act, 2018).
o Article 338 B mandates Union and every State Government to consult the NCBC on all major policy matters
affecting the rights of OBCs.
 Composition:
Includes a
Chairperson, Vice-
Chairperson, and
three other
members
appointed by the
President. Their
service conditions
is also determined
by the President.
 Power: The
Commission has all the powers of a civil court.

8 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

1.4. NEWS IN SHORTS
1.4.1. ARTICLE 39(B) OF THE that once the Election Commission of India officially
CONSTITUTION AND PRIVATE notifies the election process, the court cannot
intervene or interfere.
PROPERTIES
 Also, under Representation of the People Act (1951),
 Supreme Court will decide if private properties can be Section 80 states that, the validity of any election
considered ‘material resources of the community’ cannot be challenged or questioned except by filing an
under Article 39 (b) of the constitution. election petition.
o Article 39(b) in the Directive Principles of State o Election petitions are filed in the concerned state's
Policy (DPSP) says that “the state shall, in High Court, which has original jurisdiction over
particular, direct its policy towards securing- that them.
the ownership and control of the material o Appeals lie with the Supreme Court of India.
resources of the community are so distributed as o An election petition can be filed by any candidate,
best to subserve the common good”. or an elector relating to the election personally.
 The court will also ponder upon the legal sanctity of  Elector means a person who was entitled to
Article 31C of the Constitution in the wake of the vote at the election to which the election
Minerva Mills judgment. petition relates.
o Article 31C protects a law made under Articles
39(b) and (c) empowering the State to take over 1.4.3. FORM 17C
material resources of the community, including  Election Commission told the Supreme Court the rules
private properties, for distribution to subserve the do not permit sharing Form 17C data with any entity
common good. apart from polling officials.
 Article 39(c) states that “the operation of the  Form 17 C
economic system does not result in the o It is associated with the directions under Conduct
concentration of wealth and means of of Election Rules, 1961.
production to the common detriment”. o Its 1st part provides information related to the
o In the Minerva Mills case of 1980, SC had declared number of:
two provisions of the 42nd Amendment which  eligible voters assigned to the booth, electors
restricted the Judicial Review, as unconstitutional. in the register of voters,
 any constitutional amendment from being  voters who decided not to exercise their
'called in question in any court on any ground' franchise,
and  voters not allowed to vote
 accorded precedence to the Directive o Its 2nd part contains information like the name of
Principles of State Policy over the the candidate and the total votes they received.
fundamental rights of individuals,
1.4.4. SILENCE PERIOD
1.4.2. ARTICLE 329(B)
Silence Period was observed in the states where Lok Sabha
 Recently, the Election Commission of India invoked elections were held.
Article 329(b) of the Constitution before the Supreme
Court to limit judicial intervention in the electoral  The silence period is a ban on political campaigning
process. before voting.
 As per 329(b), no election to either House of Parliament  It begins 48 hours before the voting day and ends after
or to the either House of the Legislatures of a State shall polling ends.
be called in question except by an election petition  Some prohibitions under the Representation of People
presented to such authority and in such manner as may Act 1951 during this period (however the Act does not
be provided for by or under any law made by the use the term silence period):
appropriate legislature. o Section 126 (1) prohibits displaying any election
o The articles 324 to 329 of the Indian Constitution, matter using television or similar apparatus, or
which are enshrined in Part XV, specifically deal propagation of election matters through any
with the provisions related to elections. entertainment (like musical concert).
 Supreme Court in N. P. Ponnuswami vs Returning
Officer, Namakkal Constituency & Ors. (1952) states
9 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 o Section 126A prohibits conducting Exit polls and o ten years of experience as Professor in a University
displaying their result (using print or electronic system or
media). o ten years of experience in an equivalent position in
o Section 126(1)(b) prohibits displaying the results of reputed research and / or academic administrative
any Opinion Poll (in any electronic media). organization.
 Supreme Court in Gambhirdan K. Gadhvi v. State of
1.4.5. WORLD PRESS FREEDOM INDEX Gujarat & Ors(2022) judgement stated that
(WPFI) 2024 o Being a subordinate legislation, UGC Regulations
becomes part of the UGC Act (1956).
 India ranked 159 among 180 countries in annual WPFI
o As 'education' falls under the Concurrent List (List
2024.
III) of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution,
o It is released by Paris based Reporters Without
both the central and state governments have the
Borders (RSF), one of the world’s leading NGOs in
power to legislate on this subject.
defense and promotion of freedom of information.
 In the event of a conflict between state
o It is published on World Press Freedom Day (3
legislation and central legislation, the central
May).
legislation shall take precedence by invoking
o Theme: “A Press for the Planet: Journalism in the
the rule/principle of repugnancy as outlined
face of the Environmental Crisis”.
in Article 254 of the Constitution.
 About WPFI 2024
o Not part of verdict, but as per rule/principle of
o Top 3 rankers are Norway, Denmark and Sweden.
repugnancy, if a state law on a concurrent list
o Based on 5 indicators- Political, Economic,
contradicts an existing central law, the state law
Legislative, Social and Security.
shall prevail in that state, provided it received the
1.4.6. UGC REGULATION 2018 President's assent after being reserved for his
consideration.
 Recently, the vice-chancellor appointment in state o Therefore, any appointment as a Vice Chancellor
universities saw a clash between University Grants contrary to the provisions of the UGC Regulations
Commission (UGC) regulation 2018 and state can be said to be in violation of the statutory
legislation. provisions.
 UGC Regulation 2018 (UGC Regulations on Minimum
Qualifications for Appointment of Teachers and Other 1.4.7. DIPLOMATIC PASSPORT
Academic Staff in Universities and Colleges and
One of the incumbent Members of Parliament fled to
Measures For the Maintenance of Standards In Higher
Germany on a diplomatic passport after allegations of
Education, 2018)
sexual abuse.
o Empowered under University Grants Commission
Act, 1956, UGC enacted the regulation. Diplomatic passports
o Regulation is applicable on
 Eligibility: Issued to designated members authorised
 All universities established under Central,
by the Government of India. These persons could be
Provincial or State Acts.
○ Those living or having been granted a diplomatic
 All colleges and institutions affiliated to or
status; or
recognized by the UGC in consultation with the
○ Government officials proceeding abroad on
respective university.
diplomatic assignments or for official purposes.
 All institutions deemed to be universities by
 Validity period: 5 years or less.
the UGC.
 Issuance: External Affairs Minister has the discretion to
o Selection Of Vice Chancellor of Universities:
issue a Diplomatic Passport to a person if the person, in
 A Search-cum-Selection Committee will
the opinion of the minister, should have such a Passport
identify a panel of 3-5 suitable candidates.
either
 One member of the Search cum Selection
○ because of the nature of his or her foreign mission
Committee shall be nominated by the
or
Chairman of UGC, for selection of Vice
○ because of the position he or she holds or has held
Chancellors of State, Private and Deemed to be
in the past.
Universities.
 Advantage:
 The Vice-Chancellor to be appointed should be a
○ Immunity: Holders of such passports are entitled
distinguished academician, with a minimum of
to certain privileges and immunities as per

10 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

 international law, including immunity from arrest, About Indian passport
detention, and certain legal proceedings in the  Passports and Visas are mentioned under the Union list of
host country. the 7th Schedule of the Constitution.
○ Exemption from Visa requirement in some  Issuance of passports in India is governed by the Passports
countries: Typically, MEA also issues visa notes to Act, of 1967 according to which:
○ All persons who depart or intend to depart from
Indian Government officials going abroad for an
India are required to have a valid passport or travel
official assignment or visit. document.
 However, India has Visa Waiver Agreements  However, the Central government may exempt
for the holders of diplomatic passports with some people from the need for possession of a
Germany along with 33 other countries. passport.
 This agreement allows Indian diplomatic ○ Additionally, the Central Government may issue a
passport holders to visit these countries passport to a person who is not a citizen of India if
without a visa for up to 90 days. that Government believes that it is necessary so to do
in the public interest.
 There are three classes of passports issued in India:
Ordinary (blue colour), Diplomatic (white colour) and
Official (maroon colour)

11 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
2.1. INDIA’S ACT OF BALANCING BILATERAL RELATIONSHIP
Why in the News?
Recently, United States of Americas warned of potential sanctions on India
as it signed Chabahar port deal with Iran.
More on News
 USA fears that India-Iran Chabahar deal may act against trade
sanctions imposed by USA to curb its nuclear programme.
 Earlier, there were also apprehensions of sanctions on India as per
Countering America's Adversaries through Sanctions Act (CAATSA)
for purchase of the S-400 missile defence system from Russia (No such
sanctions was imposed).
o CAATSA is a USA federal law in force since 2017, under which the
US government can impose sanctions on any country that has
"significant transactions with Iran, North Korea or Russia".
o It entails economic & financial penalties for any nation that
transacts with Russia on arms.
 Such events, along with the Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Palestine crises,
have tested India’s strategies to manage its bilateral relationships with
various players in the region as well as the globe.
To know more about India’s agreement with Iran for the development of
the Chabahar Port, kindly refer to Article 2.1 Geopolitical Significance of
Ports in April 2024 edition of VisionIAS Current Affairs Magazine.
Strategies Adopted by India in Balancing Bilateral Relationships
 Maintenance of Strategic Autonomy in international affairs, which has evolved through policies such as doctrine of
Non-Alignment.
o E.g. India maintains its independent relationship with Russia and the US, refusing to let either one dictates its
foreign policy.
 De-hyphenation as a tool to engage with countries involved in conflicts with each other in an independent manner.
o E.g. India’s relationship with Israel and Palestine stand on its own merits and are independent of each other.
 Wider diplomatic engagements and outreach.
o E.g., in 2022, India was able to evacuate students by Operation Ganga during Russia-Ukraine crisis by engaging
with countries such as Russia, Ukraine, USA, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, etc.
 Vision of Multi-polarity and Multilateralism offers India great potential to expand cooperation and advance an
original outlook.
o E.g., India’s push for reforms at the United Nations Security Council, World Trade Organization, etc., allows it to
engage with like-minded countries worldwide.
 Offering alternative mechanisms such as Rupee-Rouble trade, Rupee-Rial mechanism enhances India’s credibility in
balancing its bilateral relationships.
 Use of soft power through outreach to diaspora such as NRIs and PIOs, etc. has helped build India’s case at global
stage.
o E.g. Indians in the USA lobbied for the Indo-US Nuclear Deal.
 Playing the Role of Mediator by maintaining a neutral stance and capability to bring diverse stakeholders to the
negotiating table.
o E.g. India's hosting of G20 positioned its role as a dealmaker in a fluid international order. Moreover, India has
also been able to project itself as a leader and voice of the Global South.
12 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
Issues and challenges India faces with respect to balancing bilateral relations
 Accusation of being a “Fence Sitter”: E.g., Various countries accuse India of being a fence sitter and not taking stand
even when it aspires to a world leader.
 Allegations of Financing Wars in favour of aggressor: E.g., European powers accused India of funding Russia’s War by
buying cheap Russian crude oil and not publicly criticising Russia’s act of aggression.
 Emergence of New Axis: E.g., India’s movement towards USA is leading to development of Russia-China Pakistan axis.
 Reputational damage: Maintaining neutrality while balancing its bilateral with conflicting nations can impact India’s
reputation with said nations.
o E.g., India did not condemn the USA’s withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), which
allegedly led to reputational damage, pushing Iran towards China.
 Dependence on Imports for energy as well as defence at times compromises India’s stand at global position.
o E.g. Dependence on defence imports from Russia and oil imports from the Middle East at times plays an important
role in shaping foreign policy.
 Emergence of Mini-laterals in the Indo-Pacific, such as QUAD, compromises the ideal vision of global cooperation.
Way forward
 Emerge as an alternative: India is suitably placed to emerge as an alternative to the US and China, and also focus on
representing Global South in an increasingly polarized world order.
 Strategic Hedging: E.g. Balancing China involves developing the capacity and linkages to counter China's political and
military efforts against India, despite maintaining civil diplomatic ties and trade.
 Self-dependency or diversification of risks: It is especially needed in critical sectors such as defence, energy etc.
 Following Internationalist and Multi-aligned foreign policy: Such policy can be based on issues-based coalition (E.g.
BRICS, QUAD, G20, G7, SCO).
 Playing leadership role in tackling global challenges: Related to climate change, connectivity, terrorism, supply chain
resilience (E.g. Supply Chain Resilience Initiative, Biopharmaceutical Alliance, Asia-Africa Growth Corridor ).

2.2. GLOBAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE CHANGING TIMES

Why in the news?
Major global institutions such as the UN System, WTO, IMF, and World Bank (WB) among others have been under scrutiny
for not being able to fulfil their desired objectives.
Context of formation of major Global Institutions
Most of the major global institutions were formed in the context of a War-stricken, bipolar, and highly unequal world with
regard to development.
 United Nations (UN) System: The UN was formed in 1945 in the background of World War I and II, with a primary
agenda to prevent another global conflict and promote international cooperation.
o It aims to maintain international peace and security, give humanitarian assistance to those in need, protect human
rights, and uphold international law.
 World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF): Both formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference, to
support economic reconstruction and development in the aftermath of WW II.
o The WB promotes long-term economic development and poverty reduction.
o IMF aims to establish a new international monetary and financial system.
 World Trade Organization (WTO): WTO was formed in 1995 in the background of gradual liberalization of
international trade and the transition from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) framework.
o WTO aims to facilitate the liberalization of international trade by reducing tariffs, eliminating barriers, and
promoting the free flow of goods, services, and investment.
What are the issues in continuing with current structures?
 Representation & Inclusiveness: Global institutions formed in the last century, don’t reflect the current global power
structure as they do not provide adequate representation to the developing countries.
13 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 o E.g., India with the largest population and 3rd largest (in PPP terms) economy in the world but has only 2.75%
Special Drawing Rights (SDR) quota in the IMF.
 Growing Bilateral and Multilateral Groupings: Such as G20, G7, and BRICS, etc. have created alternative forums and
thus decreased the overall importance and relevance of global institutions.
o E.g., BRICS countries established the New Development Bank (NDB), as an alternative to World Bank in funding
developmental needs.
 Misuse of Veto Power: Veto powers conferred to permanent UNSC members (China, France, Russia, U.K. and U.S.)
are often misused to protect self-interest.
o E.g., Russia used its veto power to block resolutions condemning its actions in Ukraine.
 Rising Protectionism and Trade Tensions: The surge in protectionist policies, such as tariffs and trade barriers (like
Trade Wars between US and China), has disrupted the global trade system and multilateral frameworks like the World
Trade Organization (WTO).
o It threatens the principles of free trade and economic integration that have underpinned the post-World War II
economic order.
o The U.S. also blocked the appointment of WTO's Appellate Body, effectively crippling WTO's role as an impartial
arbiter of trade disputes.
 Inability to handle emerging challenges: Global institutions created in the last century are not able to effectively
address the issues of 21st century such as climate change, cyber-security, data protection etc.
o The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the failure of the UN and WHO to bring countries together to respond
effectively in times of crisis.
 Backlash Against Globalization:
There has been growing public
discontent and political
backlash against globalization in
many countries.
o It is being fueled by
concerns over job losses,
income inequality, which
has led to calls for more
inward-looking economic
policies.
Way Forward
 Governance Overhaul: Bodies
like the UN Security Council
must be reconstituted to give
greater representation and
voice to emerging powers. E.g., expanding the permanent membership.
 Financing Revamp: Financing should be diversified including tapping private capital and emerging donors, moving
away from the dominance of a handful of wealthy nations.
 Strengthening Enforcement: Rules and commitments negotiated through global institutions need teeth in the form
of stronger enforcement and dispute resolution mechanisms. E.g., empowering institutions like UNCLOS (United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea).
 Embracing Technology: From monitoring climate change to verifying disarmament or human rights, institutions must
better leverage technologies like AI, satellite monitoring, and digital data collection.
o For instance, the Secretary-General has called for UN 2.0 to tackle 21st-century challenges. UN 2.0 would
emphasize 5 areas - data, digital solutions, innovation, foresight, and behavioral science.
 Strengthen the global financial system through robust regulation, supervision, and risk management frameworks to
prevent systemic crises.
 Diversifying Funding Sources: Exploring innovative financing mechanisms, such as voluntary contributions,
international taxes, or public-private partnerships.
14 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
The choices made in the coming years will determine whether these bodies can rise to meet the challenges or diminish
into insignificance.
To know more about WTO issues, kindly refer to March 2024 Monthly Current Affairs article on WTO.

2.3. INDIA AND INDONESIA RELATIONS

Why in the news?
In 2024, India and Indonesia commemorated 75 years
of the establishment of diplomatic relations.
More about the news
 Several activities were undertaken to mark 75 years
of Track 1.5 Diplomacy in India-Indonesia bilateral
ties.
o Indonesian embassy organised e-sports show
match at the India Gaming Show 2024 in Pune, underscoring the immense potential of esports as a platform for
cultural exchange and international cooperation.
o Embassy of India in Jakarta, in partnership with Observer Research Foundation hosted the inaugural Jakarta
Futures Forum (JFF) in 2024.
 JFF is a vision and a commitment from both countries to build a meaningful and inclusive future together.
o First-ever “India-Indonesia defence industry exhibition-cum-seminar” organised in Jakarta.
Significance of India-Indonesia bilateral relations
For both countries
 Maritime security in the Indian Ocean region: Joint Exercises like Samudra Shakti (Navy), and India-Indonesia
Coordinated Patrol (IND-INDO CORPAT) enhance interoperability between the two navies and facilitate the
prevention drug trafficking, maritime terrorism, armed robbery, piracy etc. in the Indian Ocean region.
 Synergy in the vision for the Indo-pacific region: Both countries agreed on the “Shared Vision of India-Indonesia
Maritime Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific” and share a similar vision for a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific region
which respects ASEAN centrality.
o India's Act East Policy and Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) and Indonesia's Global Maritime Fulcrum vision
synergize, enhancing geopolitical engagement.
 Strategic partnership: Both countries established Strategic Partnership in 2005, later elevated to a New
Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in 2018 ,allowing for new collaboration in field of defence industry, science and
technology etc.
 Cooperation in multilateral forums: Both nations cooperate on matters like maritime security, digital transformation,
etc., on multilateral platforms like the G20, Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), East Asia Summit, and the United
Nations.
 Sharing of best practices: India–Indonesia Economic and Financial Dialogue (EFD Dialogue) was launched in July 2023
to provide a distinctive platform for mutual learning and policy coordination.
 Expanding military-to-military engagements: E.g., INS Sindhukesari docked in Jakarta, as part of military-to-military
engagements, for the first time in February 2023 for operational turnaround.
 Shared history and Cultural values
o Both countries participated in the Bandung Conference in 1955, which led to the establishment of the Non-
Aligned Movement (1961).

15 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

 o Stories from great epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata form source of Indonesian folk art and dramas.
o Bali Yatra is celebrated with a great deal of fervour in both India and Indonesia.
o Swami Vivekananda Cultural Centre promotes bilateral cultural linkages between India and Indonesia.
For India
 Enhancing India’s Defence exports: Indonesia
has expressed interest in the BrahMos missile
and Light Combat Aircraft among others.
 Important trade partner: Indonesia is India’s
largest trade partner in ASEAN region.
o Total Bilateral Trade between both
countries stands at around USD 38.85
Billion (during fiscal year 2022-23)
 Internationalization of Indian rupee: MoU to
promote the use of local currencies for cross-
border transactions were signed by Reserve
Bank of India (RBI) and the Bank Indonesia (BI)
in 2024.
 Enhancing maritime Connectivity:
Under Security and Growth for All in the Region
(SAGAR) initiative, India is helping in development of port infrastructure especially Sabang port in Aceh, Indonesia.
o Sabang port is a deep seaport that would allow India easier access to the Malacca Strait and there is a proposal
to establish connectivity to Andaman and Nicobar.
For Indonesia
 Important export destination: India is the 2nd largest buyer of coal and crude palm oil from Indonesia.
 Humanitarian Assistance: India launched Operation Samudra Maitri to provide humanitarian assistance to Indonesia,
post-earthquake and tsunami in 2018.
 Development Partnership: Indonesia is a major recipient of capacity-building platforms like ITEC (Indian Technical and
Economic Cooperation Programme), and Technical Cooperation Scheme (TCS) of the Colombo Plan.
Challenges in the relationship
 Trade Imbalance: The balance of trade favours Indonesia due to India's large imports of palm oil and coal.
 Unrealized trade potential: As per some estimates bilateral trade potential is US$ 61 billion, 33% higher than current
trade.
 Dominance of China: Indonesia has accepted substantial Chinese investment under the Belt and Road, which has
raised concerns.
 Regulatory and procedural Challenges:
o Joint production and defense supplies have failed due to differing acquisition processes.
o A special window for addressing Indian investors' concerns has been dysfunctional.
 Lack of connectivity: Limited direct air connectivity and visa issues have hindered greater people-to-people
interactions.
Way Forward
 Tourism Diplomacy: India-Indonesia should establish ‘RICH’- Religious, Cultural & History, theme-based tourism plan
to strengthen the sector and people to people exchanges.
 Enhancing Trade: Need for greater economic cooperation, including accelarating of a Comprehensive Economic
Partnership Agreement (CEPA) to address trade and investment barriers.
 Enhance strategic Interfaces: Indonesia, as a neighbour, should consider joining International Solar Alliance, Coalition
for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure, and Global Biofuels Alliance.
 Substantive Cooperation through Engagement: Both countries shall utilize regional multilateral forums such as the
ASEAN Regional Forum, Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), and Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS).
16 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
2.4. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC)
Why in the news?
ICC prosecutor sought arrest warrants for Israel’s Prime Minister and Hamas leaders for committing crimes against
humanity and war crimes.
More about the news
 Earlier, in March 2023, ICC issued arrest warrant against Russian President in the context of situation in Ukraine.
 Consequences of the ICC issuing arrest warrants: The accused would be arrested and if not, would restrict their
freedom of movement, as member states are obliged to arrest the accused.
About International Criminal Court (ICC)
 It is the first
international
permanent court
to investigate
and prosecute
individuals
accused of
serious
international
crimes,
 ICC’s founding
treaty, called the
Rome Statute
(adopted in 1998
entered into
force in 2002),
grants the ICC
jurisdiction over
4 main crimes (see infographic).
 Membership: 124 countries are States Parties to Rome Statute of ICC.
o India, Israel, the US, Russia and China are not parties to the Rome Statute.
o Palestine became the 123rd member (2015) and Malaysia became 124th State party (2019).
 Assembly of States Parties, with 1 representative from each party, is the Court's management oversight and
legislative.
 Official languages: English, French, Arabic, Chinese, Russian and Spanish.
 Enforcement: ICC’s decisions are binding.
o However, it does not have its own police force and relies on State cooperation, which is essential to the arrest
and surrender of suspects.
 Additional Components
o Trust Fund for Victims (2004): Provides assistance, support, and reparations to victims.
o Detention Centre: Holds detainees in safe, secure, and humane custody.
 Complementarity Principle: The ICC complements national criminal systems and prosecutes only when states are
unwilling or unable to do so genuinely.
Jurisdiction of ICC under the Rome Statute
 In case of Genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes (committed on or after 1 July 2002) which are-
o Committed by a State Party national, or in territory of a State Party, or in a State that has accepted the jurisdiction
of the Court.

17 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

 o Referred to the ICC Prosecutor by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) under chapter VII of the UN
Charter.
 In case of Crimes of aggression:
o Crimes referred to the ICC Prosecutor by the UN Security Council, irrespective of whether it involves States Parties
or non-States Parties.
o Prosecutor may also initiate an investigation on own initiative or upon request from a State Party.
 No jurisdiction with respect to any person under age of 18.
Limitations of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in Criminal Justice
 Lack of Enforcement Mechanism as it relies on cooperation with countries for arrests, transfers, asset freezes, and
sentence enforcement.
o Further, Non-States Parties (such as Israel) have no obligation to cooperate with the Court on its requests for
arrest and surrender.
o Some major countries are not parties to the ICC.
 Many State Parties are reluctant to cooperate with the Court’s requests for arrest and surrender.
o So far, the ICC has issued 46 arrest warrants, with only 21 of them having been detained with the help of its
member states.
 Insufficient Checks and Balances due to lack of effective oversight on the authority of the ICC prosecutor and judges.
 Lack of Retrospective Jurisdiction as ICC can only address crimes committed after 1st July 2002, when the Rome
Statute came into force.
 Scarcity of human resources and funds, impacting its efficacy.
 Allegations of Bias with ICC being criticized as a tool of Western imperialism and biased against weak states,
especially Africa.
Why did India not join the Rome Statute?
 Subordination of the ICC to the UN Security Council, may potentially lead to political interference.
o As per Article 16 of Rome statute, no investigation may be commenced after the Security Council has requested ICC to
that effect.
 UN Security Council's power to bind non-States Parties to the ICC, violates principles of sovereignty.
 Wide competence and powers of the ICC prosecutor on a proprio motu basis (without a referral from the Security Council or
a state party) could be misused for political purposes.
 Exclusion of nuclear weapons and terrorism from ICC jurisdiction whose use would constitute a war crime.
Conclusion
For effective
functioning of ICC all
States Parties should
put in place
effective national
frameworks to
cooperate fully with
the ICC. There
should be Concrete
arrest strategies
required to arrest
the suspects. Also,
ICC member states
should focus on
electing highly
qualified judges
with knowledge and experience in criminal law and procedure.

18 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

2.5. NEWS IN SHORTS
2.5.1. BIMSTEC ACQUIRES ‘LEGAL o BIMSTEC would provide an alternative platform
PERSONALITY’ AFTER CHARTER COMES especially after dysfunction of SAARC since 2016.
INTO FORCE Challenges:
 The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical  Slow Organizational progress: The charter enforced
and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) charter was after 27 years of formation.
signed and adopted during the 5th summit of the  Absence of a Free Trade Agreement among BIMSTEC
grouping in Sri Lanka, in 2022. members: Members involved in bilateral, multilateral
 With the endorsement of the charter by Nepal, all trade with non-members.
member states completed the ratification of the  Strained relations between members: Bangladesh-
foundational document and the charter came into Myanmar relations over the Rohingya refugee crisis,
force on May 20, 2024. the India-Nepal border issue, etc.
 About BIMSTEC Charter
o BIMSTEC Charter is a foundational document that
2.5.2. SECOND INDIA-US STRATEGIC
outlines the goals, principles, and structure of the DIALOGUE ON AFRICA HELD IN
BIMSTEC. WASHINGTON DC
o Charter confers legal personality on the grouping
 Dialogue aims to share ideas and explore ways to
and paves the way for external partnerships and develop institutional, technical and bilateral synergies
admission of observers and new members. to work together in Africa.
 This is the first such dialogue on Africa between India
and the US after the inclusion of the African Union as
a permanent member of the G20 during India’s
presidency of the G20.
 Significance of Africa for India
o Strategic: Africa is vital for India’s maritime
security, protect trade in the Indian Ocean Region
from piracy, etc.
o Economic: Africa's vast natural resources, including
oil, gas, minerals, etc., and growing market provide
both demand-side and supply-side opportunities
for the Indian businesses.
o Energy Security: Collaboration in the renewable
energy sector, such as under International Solar
Alliance, aligns with shared goals of sustainable
development.
o Multilateral: Cooperation with African countries in
multilateral forums like UN, Commonwealth, and
Non-Aligned Movement enhances India's global
influence and prospects of South-South
cooperation.
 Challenges in India-Africa Relations
o China factor: China's growing influence in Africa
through its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and
investments poses a challenge to India's interests.
o Security: Persistent conflicts and political
instability in parts of Africa pose risks to Indian
investments, expatriates, and development
 Significance for India
projects.
o Give boost to India’s Act East and Neighbourhood
o Racial tensions: African students complain of
First policy.
harassment and discrimination.
o It acts as a bridge between South Asia and
SouthEast Asia.
19 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
  Achievements of Telecom Diplomacy
o Indian companies have exported Rs 25200 crores
worth of telecom equipment and accessories
2023-24.
o Securing Indian Interests and leadership positions
in international forums
 India's active participation at the World Radio
Conference (WRC) resulted in safeguarding
spectrum for Indian operations in airspace and
sea and enabling future 5G deployments.
o The World Telecommunication Standardization
Assembly (WTSA) will be held for the first time in
India (October 2024, New Delhi) to decide the
future direction of standards for the next
generation of telecommunication systems.

2.5.4. ANIMAL DIPLOMACY

 Malaysia is aiming to improve its environmental image
by putting forward “orangutan diplomacy”, a type of
Animal diplomacy.
 About Animal Diplomacy
o Involves giving or lending animals as a sign of
friendship or goodwill between countries.
 These creatures possess cultural significance
or are indigenous to the country that gifts
them.
o Considered as an element of soft power.
o Key Examples: China’s panda diplomacy;
Australia’s koala diplomacy, etc.
o Ethical Concern: Animals are being used as a
2.5.3. INDIA’S TELECOM DIPLOMACY means (considering them as an object) to fulfil
interest of Nations.
 India celebrated its ‘Telecom Diplomacy’ on World
Telecommunication and Information Society Day. 2.5.5. SOUTH-CHINA SEA
 Telecom Diplomacy has helped attract new business  Philippines denied China’s claim on agreement over
ventures, forge partnerships, and demonstrate India's disputed South China Sea’s Second Thomas Shoal.
commitment to secure its leadership position in the  South China Sea is a part of western Pacific Ocean
global telecommunications landscape. stretching roughly from Singapore and the Strait of
 Steps taken for Telecom Diplomacy Malacca in the southwest, to the Strait of Taiwan in the
o Strategic Partnerships with partner countries and northeast.
Telecom chip companies: 'US-India OpenRadio  Key Disputes in the South-China Sea: Nine-dash line
Access (ORAN) Network Acceleration Roadmap’. (imaginary line) of China which covers most of the
o Exchange of Best Practices: India-USA South China Sea and overlaps with the exclusive
collaboration facilitated dialogue on international economzone claims of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia,
best practices in spectrum allocation, quality of the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. It includes
service assurance, etc. o Paracel Islands: Controlled by China but also
 The DoT explored potential collaborations to claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam.
elevate R&D, foster innovation, and fortify o Spratly Islands: Claimed by China, Taiwan,
the startup ecosystem in Quantum Vietnam, Philippines, and Malaysia.
Communications within India.  Second Thomas Shoal, a submerged reef is
o Transforming India Mobile Congress (IMC): located near this Island.
Significant efforts were undertaken to make IMC a o Scarborough Shoal: Claimed by China, Taiwan, and
global event like Mobile World Congress by 2025. Philippines.
20 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
To know more about the South China Sea Dispute, refer to  Significance: Strengthen multilateralism; represent the
Article 2.6 of October 2023 Monthly Current Affairs voice of the global south, etc.
Magazine.
2.5.7. GEOPOLITICAL RECESSION
2.5.6. MIDDLE-POWER
 Political scientist Ian Bremmer defines a geopolitical
 Middle powers, lacking a universally agreed-upon recession as a situation where established global
definition, typically rank below great powers but exert power frameworks are crumbling.
influence over global politics. o According to him, like economic recession,
o Great powers are countries with a permanent seat Geopolitics have boom and bust cycles, too.
on the United Nations Security Council.  During geopolitical recession, responding to a crisis
 Middle powers have extensive diplomatic, economic, becomes significantly more challenging due to the
multilateral, and military heft. decreased resilience of political institutions.
 They comprise:  Reasons for current geopolitical recession
o Global North countries like Australia, Canada and o Long-term rise of China and the Global South,
South Korea. combined with a decline of European and Japanese
o Global South nations like India, Argentina, Brazil economic power.
and Indonesia. o Tensions over trade between the US and China.

21 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

3. ECONOMY
3.1. INDIA AND GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS (GVCS)
Why in the News?
NITI Aayog CEO highlighted the need for India to get into global value chains (GVCs) to boost exports and secure supply
chains.
What are Global Value Chains (GVCs)?
 It refers to a production sequence for a final consumer
good, with each stage adding value (e.g., production,
processing, marketing, transportation, distribution) and
with at least two stages taking place in different
countries.
o For example, a smartphone assembled in China
might include graphic design elements from the
United States, computer code from France, and
silicone chips from Singapore.
 As per OECD, an estimated 70 % of trade occurs through
GVC.
 Countries can participate in GVCs by engaging in either
backward or forward linkages based on their economic
specialisation.
o Backward linkages: when one country uses inputs
from another country for domestic production.
 For example, India imports cotton fabric from Italy to make and export shirts.
o Forward linkages: when one country supplies inputs/intermediate goods that are used for production in another
country.
 For Example, India supplies auto components to a German automaker for use in car production.
Importance of Global Value Chains (GVCs)
 Increase in Productivity: By accessing a variety of cheaper or higher quality imported inputs, increased knowledge
sharing, leveraging economies of scale in firms and higher value added (most productive) tasks etc.
 Reduced Poverty: According to the World Bank, a 1% increase in GVC participation is estimated to boost per capita
income levels by more than 1% (about twice as much as conventional trade).
 Employment Creation: GVCs can lead to the creation of more jobs when they catalyze structural transformation or
generate new linkages in and around the chain.
o For example, In Bangladesh, the emergence of the GVC-oriented export apparel sector has significantly
contributed to employment.
 Labour intensive and female-driven: In sectors most intensively traded in GVCs (such as apparel, footwear, and
electronics) lower-skilled, young, female workers account for the largest share of employment.
 Greater scope for Specialisation: Due to the international fragmentation of production and unbundling of operations,
countries no longer need to create complete products or value chains.
o Instead, they can create targeted industries for a particular stage of production along the value chain that suits
their existing level of capability. E.g., Integration of Vietnam into global textile value chains.
India’s participation in GVC
 Low Participation: India’s GVC-related trade (as per cent of gross trade was at 40.3% in 2022) is significantly low, not
only when compared to large economies like the United States, China, and Japan but also, smaller countries like South
Korea and Malaysia.

22 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

 o Although, the post-COVID-19 redistribution of supply chains has given an opportunity to India to increase its
participation.
 Low export of Network products: such as electronics, computers, telecommunication equipment and vehicles for
which GVCs are the dominant mode of production, account for only 10% of India’s total merchandise exports.
 Key products driving India’s GVC participation: include coal and petroleum, business services, chemicals, transport
equipment etc.
 Predominance on forward linkages: India still depends heavily on exports of raw materials and intermediate products.
Reasons behind India’s weak GVC integration
 Poor trade infrastructure: GVCs often require tight production schedules. For example, smartphones and laptops
need rapid production to keep up with technology trends.
o The poor quality of road and rail infrastructure, subpotimal regional integration etc. adversely impact GVC
integration.
 Uncertainty in trade and tariff policy: Average tariffs in India have jumped to 18.1 % (2022) from 13% (2014), which
in turn has made India uncompetitive with respect to countries such as Vietnam, Thailand, Mexico etc.
 Suboptimal quality standards: For example, due to high export standards and strict delivery pressures, Indian garment
firms find it easier to supply to the domestic market.
 Biased towards capital-Incentive Sector: Despite having comparative advantages in unskilled labour-intensive
manufacturing activities, India’s commodity composition of exports is biased towards capital- and skill-intensive
products.
 Lack of information: Information regarding markets, partners, EXIM (Export-Import) rules, and even trade finance
plays an important role for companies in creating partnerships.
 Domestic policy challenges: Complex tax policies and procedures, complex labour laws, and uncertainty in trade policy
create obstacles in efforts to scale up production in India.
Measures Taken to Integrate India in GVC
 Foreign Trade Policy 2023: It aims at process re-engineering and automation to facilitate ease of doing business for exporters.
 Production linked incentive (PLI) scheme for large scale Electronics manufacturing: Launched in 2020, it has encouraged GVC
participation. E.g., 3 of Apple Inc’s contract manufacturers have set up manufacturing bases in India.
 One District One Product- Districts as Export Hubs (ODOP-DEH) initiative: To focus on districts of the country as unit for
converting into a manufacturing and export hub by identifying products with export potential in the district.
 Make-in-India Initiative: It was launched in 2014 for making India a hub for manufacturing, design and innovation
o In is one of the key reasons for FDI equity inflow in the manufacturing sector between 2014 and 2022 increasing by 57%.
Way forward
 Improving the Business Environment:
o Ensuring clarity on dispute settlement in the post-Bilateral Investment Treaty system.
o Promoting financial access by improving creditworthiness assessments (especially for SMEs).
o Ensuring early Implementation of New labour Codes.
 Facilitating Trade:
o Establishing stable tariff rules.
o Simplifying and streamlining border procedures.
 Establishing a National Trade Network (an online platform for all export-import compliance processes)
o Implementing the Indian National Strategy on Standardisation to increase firms’ capacity to meet international
standards.
 Stabilizing regulatory environment: Tax regulations and procedures must be uniformly implemented. Further, these
should align with trade policies to assist firms in scaling up production.
 Target High-Value GVC Segments: Focus on high-value segments of GVCs, such as product conceptualization, design,
prototype development, and after-sales services etc.
 Promote labour-intensive Sector: Domestic firms in the labour-intensive sector need to be incentivised to undertake
activities which enable participation in GVCs.

23 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

3.2. RBI SURPLUS TRANSFER
Why in the news?
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) approved highest-ever surplus transfer of Rs 2.11 lakh
crore to government for FY24 which is more than double the previous
year’s ₹86,416 crore.
More about the news
 The sharp jump in the surplus amount could be attributed to higher income
from the forex holding of the central bank, among other factors.
 The surplus transfer is for the fiscal year 2023-2024, but will reflect in the
government’s account in the fiscal year 2024 - 25.
About RBI Surplus
 Surplus implies excess of income over expenditure. RBI’s total expenditure is
only about 1/7th of its total net interest income, thereby generating surplus.

RBI’s Income RBI’s Expenditure

 Interest on holding of Rupee Securities (RS): Interest  The RBI incurs a major chunk of its expenditure in making Risk
earned on holding RS adjusted with Profit/Loss on sale Provisions. There are two risk provisions of the Reserve Bank,
and redemption, Depreciation and Amortization of RS. viz., Contingency Fund (CF) and Asset Development Fund
 Interest earned on LAF and MSF operations: Net (ADF).
interest earned on Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) o CF: kept for unforeseen contingencies like depreciation of
and Marginal Standing Facility (MSF). securities values, risks from monetary rate policy, etc.
 Interest earned on Loans & Advances: Interest income o ADF: It represents provisions made towards investments
on loans and advances extended to Central and State in subsidiaries and associated institutions and to meet
Governments, banks and financial institutions and internal capital expenditure.
employees.  Printing of notes
 Interest earned from Foreign Sources: Consists of  Agency charges which includes commission to banks, primary
Interest Income from Foreign Currency Assets (FCA). dealers etc.
 Employee cost
Provisions regarding RBI transfer surplus to the government
 RBI Act, 1934: Under section 48 of the RBI Act, 1934, the RBI is not liable to pay income tax or super tax on any of its
income, profits or gains. However, it transfers its surplus to Government after making provisions for contingency
funds and ADF.
o Section 47 of the RBI Act, 1934 mandates that any profits made by the RBI from its operations be sent to the
Centre.
 Committees’ recommendations: Earlier, RBI used to keep a major chunk of this surplus for its Contingency Fund (CF)
and Asset Development Fund (ADF). However, after the Malegam Committee (2013) recommendations its transfer
of surplus to government increased.
o Various committees i.e., V Subrahmanyam (1997), Usha Thorat (2004), Y H Malegam (2013) and Bimal Jalan (2018)
were formed to decide the ideal amount of surplus transfer.

24 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

 Economic Capital Framework (ECF): It provides a methodology for determining the appropriate level of risk
provisions and profit distribution to be made under Section 47 of the RBI Act, 1934.
o As per this Revised ECF recommended by Bimal Jalan Committee, the amount of surplus that the RBI must transfer
to the Centre is determined based on two factors -
 Realized equity (essentially existing amount in CF): The CF is maintained within a range of 6.5% to 5.5% of
the RBI’s balance sheet and the excess amount is to be transferred to the government.
 The RBI’s Central Board decided to maintain the realized equity level at 5.5%.
 Economic capital (essentially CGRA): It should be kept in the range of 20.8-25.4% of the balance sheet and
rest should be transferred to government.
 CGRA includes its capital, reserves, risk provisions and revaluation balances which are unrealized gains,
net losses resulting from movement of exchange rate, gold price or interest rate.
Benefits of Surplus Transfer for Government
 Reduce Fiscal Deficit: It will help the government to meet the 5.1 % fiscal deficit target it has set for the fiscal year
2024-25.
 Meeting Revenue Targets: It’s an important source of non-tax receipts for the government and helps the government
to spend more to ensure economic growth in the economy.
 Reduce Government Borrowing: It may help government to reduce its gross borrowing for the current financial year
(2024-25/FY25) by up to Rs 1 trillion or to step up capital expenditure.
o If the government borrows less, government security (G-Sec) yields could soften, thereby lowering its borrowing
cost.
 Keeping Interest Rates Low: A fall in government bond yields mainly due to surplus transfer lowers borrowing costs
across the economy as sovereign debt yields are the benchmarks for determining the price of corporate borrowing.
Conclusion

In the past, surplus transfers by RBI have been subject to debate on issues like Adequate Contingency Fund with the RBI
and the Autonomy and credibility of RBI. However, the current surplus transfer by the RBI constitutes an important
element which is considered by the Central Govt. in arriving at overall budget provisions for the fiscal year. These
additional funds can be utilized for public spending or specific projects, which could lead to a revival in demand in certain
sectors and boost economic activity.

3.3. LOGISTICS SECTOR OF INDIA

Why in the news? Logistic Performance Index Report
India’s logistics cost has been worked out to be in the range of 7.8-8.9 % of Gross (2023)
Domestic Product (GDP) in 2021-22 (in contrast to the widely circulated number of  Released by World Bank.
more than 10%).  India ranks 38 out of 139
countries (2023).
More on the news o It Improved by 6 places
 The cost has been computed by the National Council of Applied Economic from 44 in 2018.
Research (NCAER).
o The task was assigned to the think tank by the Department for Promotion
of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).
o The World Bank has reviewed the methodology and has acknowledged
that it has an appropriate baseline and framework to fine-tune it in
future.
 Earlier available estimates included: NCAER’s 8.9% of GDP for 2017-18; CII’s
10.9% of GDP in 2015; and Armstrong and Associates’ (A&A) 13.0% of GDP in
2016.
o The A&A estimate was the most widely circulated number and became
the basis of the National Logistics Policy’s agenda to reduce the logistics
cost to global benchmarks by 2030.
25 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
Logistics Landscape in India
 The major components of logistics are:
o Procurement of materials from outside suppliers, including
negotiation, order placement, inbound transportation etc.
o Material handling in such a way that the warehouse can process
orders efficiently.
o Warehousing, packaging and inventory control of finished goods
until they are sold.
o Transportation i.e., physical delivery of goods from the organisation
to the distributor or dealer and from the dealer to the end customer.
 Importance of efficient logistics infrastructure:
o Supply chain efficiency: vital for businesses to meet consumer demand promptly and optimise production
processes.
o Connectivity and accessibility: contributes to economic integration by enabling businesses to reach a wider
customer base.
o Cost reduction and competitiveness: due to reduction in transportation, storage and distribution costs.
o Job creation: in transportation, warehousing, distribution, and related services.
Steps Taken for Improvement of Logistic Sector in India
National Logistics Policy (NLP) 2022
 It addresses the soft infrastructure and logistics sector development aspect.
o It includes process reforms, improvement in logistics services, digitization, human resource development and
skilling.
 It was launched in 2022 to complement PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan (NMP).
o PM Gati Shakti NMP addresses integrated development of the fixed infrastructure and network planning.
 The targets of the NLP are to:
o Reduce cost of logistics in India - Comparable to global benchmarks of 8-9% of GDP.
o Improve the Logistics Performance Index ranking – endeavour is to be among top 25 countries by 2030.
o Create data-driven decision support mechanism for an efficient logistics ecosystem.
 Comprehensive Logistics Action Plan (CLAP) as part of the NLP was launched covering eight action areas including
Integrated Digital Logistics Systems, Services Improvement Framework etc.
Other Steps Taken
 Unified Logistics Interface Platform (ULIP)
o It is an indigenous data-based platform which integrates 34 logistics-related digital systems /portals across
Ministries / Departments.
o GST data is also being integrated with ULIP.
o By signing Non-Disclosure Agreements (NDAs) and after due diligence, data on ULIP can be accessed by private
players for use cases.
 EXIM (Export-Import) Logistics: To Address infrastructure and procedural gaps in India's EXIM connectivity and create
an efficient and reliable logistics network.
o Also, the Logistics Data Bank (LDB) provides visibility for 100% of India’s EXIM containers.
 Logistics given infrastructure status: It enabled the logistics sector to access infra-lending at easier terms.
 Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS): An indigenous logistics performance index on lines of the World Bank’s
LPI for logistics performance monitoring across states.
o The survey is conducted annually and States are ranked according to their performance.
 Multimodal Logistics Parks (MMLPs): They will act as freight aggregation and distribution hubs, and enable long-haul
freight movement to reduce transport costs.
o Government has planned 35 MMLPs with an investment outlay of $6.2 Billion.

26 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

 Bharatmala Pariyojana: About 65,000 km of National Highways are to be constructed in two phases under the
program.
 Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFC): To assist in achieving the target mandated under the National Rail Plan 2030 of
increasing the share of rail freight traffic from 27% (2019) to 45% (2030).
 Sagarmala and Inland waterways: It is a flagship programme of the government to promote port-led development in
the country through harnessing India’s 7,500 km long coastline and 14,500 km of potentially navigable waterways.

Challenges before the Indian logistics sector

 Fragmented supply chain: With numerous small players operating independently across supply chain segments. This
fragmentation results in suboptimal utilisation of resources, lack of standardisation, and difficulties in coordination
and collaboration among stakeholders.
 Regulatory complexity: It includes multiple layers of taxation, compliance requirements and bureaucratic
procedures, creating barriers to entry and hindering business operations.
 Last-mile connectivity: encounters challenges such as inadequate road infrastructure, traffic congestion and poor
address mapping.
 Skill shortage: Lack of qualified personnel proficient in supply chain management, transportation, and logistics
operations.
 Security concerns: It involves protecting goods, assets, and information from theft, fraud, cyberattacks, terrorism and
natural disasters.
Way forward
 International Collaboration: It enables shared infrastructure, data exchange and coordinated decision-making,
resulting in improved efficiency, flexibility, and resilience in logistics operations.

27 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

 o E.g., The India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEC) envisions a seamless linkage between India and Europe via
the Arabian Peninsula.
 Focusing on sustainable logistics: This includes complying with key regulations and initiatives such as the Energy
Efficiency Existing Ship Index, carbon intensity rating and emissions trading system.
 Technological Innovation:
o Artificial intelligence (AI)-powered Predictive analytics enables businesses to anticipate demand fluctuations,
optimise inventory levels and enhance supply chain resilience.
o Internet of Things (IoT) sensors and connectivity facilitate real-time tracking and remote monitoring.
o Automation technologies such as robotic process automation and autonomous vehicles, reshape warehouse
operations and last-mile delivery.
 Attract investment and investor interest: Adopting new policies to attract private and foreign investment as levers
to fast-track infrastructure development.
o E.g., Singapore continues to invest in transport infrastructure to maintain the country's position as a world-class
city in logistics.
 Increase the share of rail transport: The National Rail Plan envisages that the share of freight traffic by rail should go
up from the current share of 27% to 45% by 2030.
To know more about the PM GATI Shakti Initiative, refer to Article 3.5 of the November 2023 Monthly Current Affairs Magazine.

3.4. INDIA’S AGRICULTURE EXPORT POLICY

Why in the News?
Agricultural exports in India registered 8% decline this year (2023 – 24) and fell short of the ambitious target of $60 billion
by 2022 (set by India’s Agricultural Export Policy, 2018).
More on news
 Agricultural Exports touched $48.9 billion in 2023-24, registering a decline from $53.2 billion in 2022-23.
 India’s agricultural imports in Year 2023-24 also registered a notable decline of 8%, dropping from $35.7 billion in
2022-23 to $32.8 billion in 2023-24.
 As per available WTO’s Trade Statistical Review (2023), the share of India’s agricultural exports and imports in world
agriculture trade in 2022 were 2.4% and 1.9%, respectively.
o India was ranked 9th in ranking of the global Agri exporters.

28 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

Agriculture Export Policy (AEP) 2018
 About: It is framed with a focus on agriculture export oriented production, export promotion, better farmer
realization and synchronization within policies and programs of Government of India.
 Objective: To Increase Farmer income through value addition and minimize losses across value chain.
 Elements of Agriculture Export Policy Framework:
o Strategic Recommendations: Consist of Stable trade Policy Measures, Infrastructure and Logistics Support,
Holistic Approach to
boost exports &
Greater
involvement of
State Governments
in Agriculture
Exports.
o Operational
Recommendations:
It provides focus on
building Clusters,
Promoting Value
added exports,
Marketing and
promotion of
“Brand India”,
Attract private
investments into
production and
processing, Establishment of Strong Quality Regimen, & Increased Research & Development.
Need for New Export Policy
 Prevalence of Export Restrictions: E.g. Export prohibition, export duties, minimum export price etc.
o It can create uncertainty and unpredictability for India’s agricultural producers and exporters. Proliferated use
of trade policy instruments makes AEP dichotomous, ambiguous, and paradoxical.
29 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 o It may also lead to ambiguity on India emerging as a reliable supplier of agricultural products to world markets.
 Global Price Sensitivity: India’s export competitiveness is heavily influenced by dynamics between domestic and
global commodity price.
o When global prices are on upswing, India’s agri-exports also surge. But when global prices fall, our price-
competitiveness also gets blunted, and agri-exports suffer.
 WTO issue: Use of export restrictions on sensitive agriculture products has been a contentious issue in World
Trade Organization (WTO) as they are seen as a violation of WTO rules.
o As India announced its rice export restrictions, the international price of rice surged by approximately 25%.v
 Limited Basket of Export: Rice and sugar account for 37.4% of India’s exports. They face frequent export bans in India,
for example export of non-basmati rice is currently banned from India.
 Virtual water export: Producing rice uses a lot of water (3,000-5,000 liters per kg) and exporting 16.3 million tons of
rice equals exporting 32.6 billion cubic meters of water. Subsidies on power and fertilizers make rice artificially cheap,
hiding the real environmental cost.
Way-forward
 True export competitiveness: Focusing on improving domestic production through productivity growth, product
differentiation, value addition, market access, and branding to promote sustainable growth in agricultural exports.
 Bringing more technology: Promote advanced agricultural technologies, precision farming, and efficient irrigation,
while supporting agri-startups and innovative solutions to boost productivity and export efficiency.
o Netherlands has used advances in vertical farming, seed technology and robotics to become a global model.
Despite being a small country, it is second largest exporter of agriculture.
 Focus on Organic & Processed food products: There is also a need to ensure the development of organic or pesticide-
free clusters through farmer producer organizations to boost export of organic products to high-income countries.
o Centre’s policy should be in direction of nurturing food processing companies, ensuring low cost of production
and global food quality standards.
 Environmental sustainability: Emphasis on crops like pulses and oilseeds that require less water and fertilizers.
Farmers’ interests need to be balanced with environmental sustainability.
 Considering Climatic variations while determining Import Policies: To ensure food security and stabilize market
prices.
Steps taken for promoting Agricultural - export:
 Trade Infrastructure for Export Scheme (TIES): By Ministry of Commerce to assist Central and State Government agencies in
creating appropriate infrastructure for the growth of exports.
 Market Access Initiatives (MAI) Scheme: By Ministry of Commerce, it is an Export Promotion Scheme envisaged to act as a
catalyst to promote India's export on a sustained basis.
 Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA): It is a statutory organization under
administrative control of Department of Commerce, with mandate to promote export of agricultural products, including
millets, from India.
 State specific Action Plans: prepared by some states and State Level Monitoring Committees (SLMCs), Nodal Agencies for
agricultural exports and Cluster Level Committees have been formed in a number of States.
 Farmer Connect Portals by APEDA: It has been set up for providing a platform for farmers, Farmer-Producer Organizations
(FPOs) and cooperatives to interact with exporters.
 Transport and Marketing Assistance Scheme: A central sector scheme which aims to provide assistance for the international
component of freight and marketing of agricultural produce to mitigate disadvantage of higher cost of transportation.

3.5. LAND SQUEEZE

Why in the News?
A report, titled ‘Land Squeeze’ has been released by the International Panel of Experts on Sustainable Food Systems
(IPES-Food) showcases pressures on land leading to land inequality in India and across the globe.
More on the News
 IPES-Food is a global think-tank which provides expert guidance for sustainable food systems around the world.
30 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 The report highlights how land across the world is facing a series of unprecedented pressures leading to squeezing
of land and driving land inequality.
Key Highlights of the report
 Global:
o Land inequality: 1% of world’s largest farms now control
70% of world’s farmland.
o Price volatility: Between 2008 and 2022, land prices have
nearly doubled globally and tripled in Central-Eastern
Europe.
 India:
o Land inequality: Top 10% of landowners own 45% of farmland in India.
o Land degradation: >70% of India’s arable land is undergoing one or more forms of land degradation.
Drivers of Land Squeeze
 Land Grabbing: Appropriation of land through the privatization of common land with instruments such as lease,
concessions, quotas. This includes-
o Deregulation: Governments deregulating their land markets and adopt pro-investor policies. E.g., for creation of
‘special economic zones’ and ‘growth corridors’.
o Financialization: Land ownership transferred from farmers to financial actors
o ‘Water grabs’ and ‘resource grabs’: Land deals focused on rapid resource extraction (e.g. through water-intensive
cash cropping).
 Green Grab: Appropriation of land through top-down conservation schemes. E.g. for Carbon and biodiversity offset,
‘biodiversity net gain’ initiatives, biofuels and green energy production etc
o It accounts for ~20% of large-scale land deals.
 Expansion and Encroachment of farmlands: For mining, urbanization and development of mega-cities
o E.g., Mining projects accounted for 14% of recorded large-scale land deals over the past ten years.
 Food System Reconfiguration: Entails industrialization and consolidation of agri-food sector with concepts of
contract farming, value chain integration.
 Other reasons:
o Colonial Reasons: E.g. Extractive landlord-based revenue collections such as Zamindari System
o Social Inequalities and Discrimination: E.g. Historical practices such as caste system, untouchability, patriarchy
etc.
These drivers are exacerbated by other enabling factors like failure to build ‘just transition’ pathways, insecurity of
tenure, economic limitations, limited political representation of Small-scale farmers/ marginalized groups, development
strategies guided by Structural transformation, ongoing trade liberalization biases etc.
Impacts of Land Squeeze
 On Local and Farming Communities
o Land Loss, concentration and fragmentation due to increased input costs, land price volatility, and undermined
security of tenure., especially for smallholder agriculture
 As per the report, 34% of land grabbed since 2000 was from smallholder farmers.
o Exacerbation of persistent rural poverty and livelihood pressures on small-scale food producers.
o Wealth inequality as methods such as contract farming are reducing farmers’ autonomy and leading to fewer
potential users of credit or insurance products.
 Impact on Indigenous People: Land conversion and dispossession of land are leading to various forms of oppression
and discrimination, mass displacement, land conflicts, etc.
 On Environment
o Loss and damage to biodiversity
 As per the report, 87% of land grabs occur in regions of high biodiversity.

31 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

 o Land degradation due to promotion of techno-centric, capital-intensive, and chemical input-intensive modes of
agriculture.
o Water stress due to Land Diversion to water-intensive projects such as ‘green hydrogen’.
 More than half of land grabs are intended for water-intensive crop production
 On food security: Conversion of farmland to solar parks, land degradation, concentration, and fragmentation means
shrinking land available for (sustainable) food production.
Steps taken to address land inequality in India
 Post-Independence Era
o Abolition of the Zamindari system removed the layer of intermediaries who stood between the cultivators and the state.
o Tenancy abolition attempted either to outlaw tenancy altogether or regulated rents to give some security to the tenants
and was most successful in West Bengal and Kerala.
o Land Ceiling Acts imposed an upper limit on the amount of land that can be owned by a particular family.
o Bhoodan Movement initiated by Acharya Vinova Bhave aimed at provisioning of land by gift for the common benefit of
the landless.
 Post 2000
o Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition Of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (Forest Rights Act, 2006)
to ensure land tenure, livelihood and food security of the forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest
dweller.
o Ministry of Panchayati Raj’s Svamitva Scheme provides legal ownership cards to the property owners by mapping land
parcels using drone technology.
o Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (RFCTLARR) Act,
2013 to ensure a humane, participative, informed and transparent process for land acquisition for industrialisation
o Model Tenancy Act aims to balance the rights of all types of tenant and landlords and create an accountable and
transparent ecosystem for renting of premises in disciplined and efficient manner.
Way Forward: Recommendations of the report
 Strengthen self-determined land governance systems by democratic spatial planning processes, community led
mapping and digitization etc.
 Establish integrated land, environmental, and food systems governance to halt green grabs and ensure just and
human rights based transition.
o The right to land should be at the heart of climate governance as enshrined in the UN Declaration on Rights of
Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in
Rural Areas (UNDROP)
 Move from Commodity to community-led and decentralized conservation focussed on agro-ecology, land-sharing
and integrated agriculture energy projects.
o E.g. Joint Forest Management (JFM) program aims to transform previously state-managed forest land into
commons managed by communities
 Halt green grabs and remove speculative investment from land markets by capping of farmland investment, granting
pre-emptive rights to communities etc.
 Forge a new social contract, and a new generation of land and agrarian reforms by strengthening small-scale food
producer’s livelihoods through fair prices, financial support, pension and insurance systems etc.

3.6. NEWS IN SHORTS

3.6.1. COMMODITY DEPENDENCE concentrated on primary commodities (like
crude oil, coal, iron ore, etc.).
 The President of the United Nations General o The source of commodity dependence can be
Assembly recently highlighted the issue of linked to a country’s persistent or structural
commodity dependence. conditions, such as its resource endowment and
 About Commodity dependence factor composition, institutional framework,
o A country is dependent on the export of geographic situation, history among other
commodities (or “commodity-dependent”) when factors.
its merchandise exports are heavily
32 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 Issues with Commodity dependence or equal to 3% and 1%, respectively, over the
o Exposes countries to shocks: Dependence can last two FYs.
leave an economy highly exposed to shocks, such ○ Stock Listing: Shares must be listed on a
as the COVID-19 pandemic, and price swings in recognized stock exchange.
international markets. ○ Promoter Requirements: No addition of new
o Linked to lower human well-being: In 2021, 29 promoters or changes to existing promoters are
out of the 32 countries with low HDI scores were permitted during the transition.
commodity dependent.  No changes are allowed to the promoter
shareholding dilution plan previously
o More vulnerable to climate change: More than
approved by the RBI.
60% of the world’s small island developing states
○ Preference: SFBs with a diversified loan portfolio
– on the front lines of the climate crisis – are
will be preferred.
commodity-dependent.
o Profound social consequences: E.g., mining
industry-dependent countries engage in trade
but most of the benefits go to capital owners
rather than the workers.
 Way ahead: Developing a Diversification Strategy,
promoting education and Skill Development,
garnering support for commodity-dependent
countries and encouraging strong national political
will.

3.6.2. ELIGIBILITY FOR UNIVERSAL

BANKING BY SFBS
 RBI set eligibility criteria for Small Finance Banks (SFB)
to transit into universal banking under on-tap
licensing.
 ‘Universal banks (UBs) are banks that offer a wide
range of financial services, beyond commercial
banking and investment banking, such as insurance.
○ Until now, SFBs were allowed to primarily
undertake basic banking activities of acceptance
of deposits and lending to unserved and 3.6.3. ‘FIVE-YEAR REVIEW OF INDIA’S
underserved sections MERCHANDISE TRADE’ REPORT
 On-tap licensing: It was introduced in 2016 to allow
banks to apply for banking licenses with the RBI  Report, released by Global Trade Research Initiative
throughout the year. (GTRI), assesses impact of international disruptions and
o Prior to this, banking licenses were granted upon domestic hurdles and reviews market shifts in trade
invitation of applications by RBI to prospective performances.
players.  Report also highlights varied impact of Free Trade
 Eligibility for SFBs to transitioning into UBs Agreements (FTAs) on India’s global trade dynamics.
○ Net Worth: SFBs must have a minimum net worth  About FTAs
of Rs 1,000 crore. o FTAs are treaties between two or more countries
○ Status: SFBs must be scheduled banks with a to reduce or eliminate certain barriers to trade and
satisfactory track record of performance for a investment, and to facilitate stronger trade and
minimum of 5 years. commercial ties between participating countries.
○ Financial Health: o It can cover areas such as trade in goods, services,
 Profitability: Should have net profits in the intellectual property rights (IPRs), etc.
last two Financial Years.  Key findings of the report on India’s FTAs
 Asset Quality: Gross non-performing assets (G- o India's merchandise imports from FTA partners
NPA) and net NPA (N-NPA) must be less than grew by ~38% whereas exports grew by just
~14.5%.
33 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 o FTA with Asean (signed in 2010), saw growth in  About AEO program
imports at a faster pace than exports. ○ It is under the aegis of the World Customs
o Overall, India ranked 17th globally in merchandise Organization (WCO) SAFE Framework.
exports whereas it is ranked 8th in merchandise ○ Aims to enhance international supply chain
imports. security and facilitate movement of legitimate
 Issues with India’s FTAs goods.
o Lower FTA utilisation: India’s FTA utilization ○ It is in sync with the commitments made under the
remains low at around 25%, as against 70-80% for World Trade Organisation trade facilitation
developed countries. agreement.
o Higher compliance cost: Due to complex ○ It enables Indian Customs to enhance and
certification processes and rules of origin. streamline cargo security through close
o Non-tariff barriers (NTBs): Persistence of stringent cooperation with the principle stakeholders of the
standards, sanitary and phytosanitary measures international supply chain.
and technical barriers by partner countries like
Japan. 3.6.5. INDIA INTERNATIONAL BULLION
o Limited awareness: Inadequate promotion and EXCHANGE (IIBX)
outreach activities about of FTA benefits among
 State Bank of India has become the first trading-cum-
exporters.
clearing member at IIBX.
o Bullion refers to physical gold and silver of high
purity that is often kept in form of bars, ingots, or
coins.
 About IIBX
o Established at GIFT International Financial
Services Centre (IFSC), Gandhinagar, Gujarat in
2022.
o Regulated by IFSC Authority (IFSCA).
o Promoted by India’s leading market infrastructure
institutions like National Stock Exchange, Multi
Commodity Exchange of India etc.
o Benefits
 Gateway to import bullion into India.
 Provide world class bullion exchange
ecosystem to promote bullion trading,
investment in bullion financial products and
vaulting facilities in IFSCs.

3.6.6. INDIA VOLATILITY INDEX (VIX)

 Recently, India VIX surged above the critical threshold
of 21, indicating heightened volatility in India’s stock
market.
 About India VIX
o It is a measure of the amount by which an
underlying Index is expected to fluctuate, in the
near term (30 calendar days).
 Higher the India VIX values, higher the
expected volatility and vice-versa.
o It is based on index option prices of NIFTY.
o Uses computation methodology of Chicago Board
3.6.4. AUTHORISED ECONOMIC of Options Exchange (CBOE).
OPERATOR (AEO) STATUS  CBOE was first to introduce a volatility index
for US markets in 1993.
 The Centre has extended AEO status to the gem and
jewellery sector.
34 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
3.6.7. COST INFLATION INDEX (CII)  Challenges/Issues related to Critical Energy Transition
Minerals
 CBDT Notifies CII For Financial Year 2024- 25 for o Geographical concentration: Few countries have
calculating long-term capital gains (LTCG). major reserves; it may exacerbate geopolitical
o LTCG is the profit arising from the sale of a capital tensions and supply chain disruption.
asset (i.e., Stocks, Bonds, jewellery, buildings,  E.g. Lithium triangle- consists of Argentina,
etc.) held for a duration of 12 to 36 months (based Chile and Bolivia
on the asset type) o Unsustainable Mining and processing: It can lead
 About CII to water pollution, destruction of ecosystems, etc.,
o CII is notified under the Income-tax Act (1961) and human rights issues (such as child labour).
every year. o Growing Demand: Mismatch in demand and
o It is used by taxpayers to compute gains arising out supply.
of sale of capital assets after adjusting for  According to the International Energy Agency,
inflation. demand of critical mineral is set to grow by
three and a half times by 2030.
3.6.8. PARADOX OF THRIFT (POT)
THEORY
 This Economic theory was popularised by British
economist John Maynard Keynes.
 About PoT
○ A rise in individuals’ savings, by reducing the
amount of money spent on goods and services, can
cause a fall in overall savings and investments.
○ It believes that higher savings is bad for the wider
economy and an economy can grow only by
boosting consumer spending.
 Criticisms of PoT
○ It ignores the potential for saved income to be lent
out by banks.
○ It also ignores the potential of inflation and
deflation in an economy.

3.6.9. UN PANEL FOR CRITICAL ENERGY

TRANSITION MINERALS
 The United Nations (UN) appointed panel on Critical
Energy Transition Minerals.
 The Panel aims to bring all stakeholders across the
entire critical energy transition minerals value chain to
develop a set of global common and voluntary
principles for energy transition.
o It will address issues relating to equity,
transparency, investment, sustainability and
human rights.
 The panel comprises Government and
intergovernmental actors including the European
Union, African Union, Australia, Indonesia, Colombia, 3.6.10. DRIP PRICING
India, etc.  The Department of Consumer Affairs has issued a
 Critical Energy Transition Minerals are essential warning against drip pricing.
components in many of today’s rapidly growing clean  About Drip Pricing
energy technologies, from wind turbines and solar o It is a pricing technique in which firms advertise
panels to electric vehicles. only part of a product’s price and reveal other
o E.g. copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt etc. charges later as the customer goes through the
buying process.
35 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 o It is used as a tactic to attract customers into o TTCI is flagship index of WEF that has been in
initiating the purchasing process production since 2007.
o It has been identified as a dark pattern under  India's rank improved to 39 in 2024 from 54 in 2021.
Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark
Patterns, 2023. 3.7.12. ISHAN INITIATIVE
 A Dark pattern refers to practices adopted by  The Airports Authority of India (AAI) has started work
online platforms that mislead people into on ISHAN (Indian Single Sky Harmonized Air Traffic
paying for items or services they did not intend Management) Initiative.
to do originally.  About ISHAN
3.6.11. TRAVEL & TOURISM o It involves Combining India's four Flight
Information Regions (FIRs) into a single system
DEVELOPMENT INDEX, 2024
overseen from Nagpur.
Travel & Tourism Development Index (TTDI), 2024 was  Currently, Indian airspace is divided into 4 FIRs
released by the World Economic Forum (WEF). i.e. Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, and a
sub-FIR in Guwahati, each managed
About TTDI, 2024
separately.
 TTDI measures the set of factors and policies that o Unifying these FIRs under a single authority in
enable the sustainable and resilient development of Nagpur is projected to improve efficiency, safety,
Travel and Tourism. and seamlessness in air traffic operations.
 It is the second edition of an index that evolved from
the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI)
series.

36 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

4. SECURITY
4.1. POKHRAN-I
Why in the News?
India is celebrating 50 years landmark of its first nuclear tests in Pokhran, Rajasthan, as part of the ‘Smiling Buddha’
operation conducted on 18th May 1974.
More about the news
 Operation Smiling Buddha (Pokhran I), was India’s first nuclear explosion which was described as a peaceful nuclear
explosion (PNE). PNEs are nuclear explosions for non-military purposes.
 India became the first nation apart from the P5 countries (five permanent United Nations Security Council (UNSC)
members) – China, Russian Federation, France, the United Kingdom and the United States – to conduct the test.
About Operation Smiling Buddha or Pokhran I
 Location: Secret army test range located in the desert of Pokhran, Rajasthan
 Technique: A fission device using Plutonium as fuel.
 Importance
o Raised India’s credible deterrence and national security.
 India had already fought three wars (1962 China war and 1965 & 1971 wars against Pakistan). Also, China had
conducted its nuclear tests during 1964.
o It highlighted India's technological prowess in nuclear research.
Impact of the test
 Technological Apartheid with
India: In 1978, the US came out with
the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act
and stopped any nuclear
assistance to India.
o India’s nuclear policies was put
under the technology
restrictions by various western
countries.
o India’s strategic sector suffered
because of no international
technology collaboration. This
period is famously known as the
period of Technological
Apartheid.
 Example: India’s space
program suffered in 1991, as USA had forced Russia to not transfer the cryogenic engine technology to ISRO.
 India as responsible nuclear power: India affirmed its status as a nuclear-capable state, laying the groundwork for
future endeavours such as Pokhran-II in 1998.
o This nuclear explosion also laid the foundation for India’s nuclear doctrine wherein India aimed to be recognized
as a responsible nuclear power.
 After Pokhran II India also declared to follow the doctrine of ‘No First Use policy’.
 Also, post Pokhran- II, India and USA signed the 123 Nuclear Agreement for peaceful uses of Nuclear Energy.
Conclusion
The Pokhran-I nuclear test in 1974 was a turning point in Indian history. India has still not joined the NPT, but its intent is
now clear, and the status of India as a responsible nuclear power has been largely accepted by the world. Nations like the
37 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
USA have signed the Indo-US Nuclear Agreement of 2005-2008, and other Western countries are also cooperating with
DRDO and ISRO.
To know more about India’s Nuclear Test and India’s Nuclear Doctrine, refer to Article 2.1, “25 Years To Pokhran Nuclear
Tests” in May 2023 Current Affairs Magazine

4.2. TECHNOLOGY ABSORPTION IN DEFENCE

Why in the news?
The Indian Army is observing the year 2024 as the year of Technology Absorption.
What is meant by technology absorption?
 It means acquisition, adaptation and integration of technologies into existing structures (also known as legacy
systems).
 In present times, technology adoption is synonymous with integration of disruptive technologies such as artificial
intelligence, hypersonic weapons, biotechnology, quantum technology etc.

38 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

Need of Technology
Absorption in Defence for
India
 Emergence of hybrid
warfare: It is leading to
the emergence of new
threats such as:- (see
infographics)
 Maintenance of military
superiority and strategic
competition: The world
powers
(e.g USA and China) are
increasingly integrating
disruptive technologies in
their military.
 Maintenance of Regional
Security: Strong
technological capability is
essential to maintaining
and asserting India’s
status as a ‘Net Security
Provider’ and securing its
legitimate security
interests in the region.
 Enhance operational
efficiency of defence forces: Various technologies can also help free up human soldiers for more strategic tasks.
 Achieve targets of Defence production and export: Indigenous innovation and technologies are key to enhancing
defence exports.
o The government of India expects to generate annual defence production worth Rs 3 lakh crore and exports worth
Rs 50,000 crore by 2028-29.
 Emergence of new digital technologies: New applications like micro-electronics, precision attack systems, Loiter
Munitions etc. are challenging traditional ecosystems.
Challenges related to technology adoption in defence
 Low expenditure on defence R&D budget: According to the Parliamentary standing committee on defence report
(2023-24) actual expenditure on defence R&D in 2021-22 amounted to ₹ 18,669.66 crore against Budget Estimate
allocation of ₹ 20,757.44 crore.
o Moreover, Committee also highlighted that the private Defence industry is also in a nascent stage and lacks the
capability of spending pend huge sum on R&D.
 Strain on defence budgets: Due to High Initial Cost in procurement and development of cutting edge technology.
 Import dependency: India has been largely dependent on foreign technology for advanced weapons.
 Complexities involved in integration of new technologies: New defense equipment are difficult to integrate in
existing defense strategies due to issues like their obsolescence and long service lives of equipment, and compatibility
issues.
 Administrative issues: Such as need of organisational restructuring, human resources management, civil-military
fusion etc.
 Cyber Security vulnerability: Inadequate domestic manufacturing capabilities for cyber and communication
equipment resulting in over-reliance on import of communication equipment.
o This can result in security threats due to concerns like 'backdoor setup' in operating systems, communication
hardwares, etc.
39 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 Measures taken by India for tech-Absorption
 Acing Development of Innovative Technologies with iDEX (ADITI) scheme: Launched in 2024 to promote innovations in critical
and strategic defence technologies.
 2022 Amendment to Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020: Mandates all modernisation requirements of the Defence
Services and Indian Coast Guard are to be indigenously sourced irrespective of the nature of procurement.
 Technology focused Organisational framework: Achieved by synchronising the efforts of Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO), Indian Space Research Organisation(ISRO) and other institutions such as Army Design Bureau (ADB)
and the Naval Indigenisation and Innovation Organisation (NIIO).
 Signals Technology Evaluation and Adaptation Group (STEAG): Established as an elite unit by Indian Army for researching
futuristic technologies like 6G, artificial intelligence (AI), quantum computing etc.
 Mission Shakti [Anti-Satellite Missile Test (A-SAT)]: Developed by DRDO has demonstrated India’s capability to defend its
assets in outer space in a ‘Hit to Kill’ mode.
 Indian Naval Indigenisation Plan (2015-2030): Identifies domains and technologies to accomplish self-reliance in cutting-edge
defence technologies.
o It signs agreements under ‘SPRINT initiative to boost usage of indigenous technology
 BOLD-QIT (Border Electronically Dominated QRT Interception Technique) under CIBMS (Comprehensive Integrated Border
Management system): It includes technologies such as cameras, sensors for day-and-night surveillance and intrusion
detection
 Project Akashteer: It is an automated air defence control and reporting system inducted by the Indian Army.
o It has been developed by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) as part of the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' initiative.
Way Forward
 Implementation of Recommendations of Prof K Vijay Raghavan Committee:
o Creation of "Department of Defence Science, Technology, and Innovation" headed by a technocrat, to promote
defence research and development in the academic and start-up ecosystem.
o Establishment of "Defence Technology Council" chaired by Prime Minister along with Defence Minister and
National Security Advisor as its vice-presidents to determine the country’s defence technology roadmap
o Setting up national-level laboratory facilities instead of DRDO labs.
 Streamlining Regulatory and Procurement Processes by simplifying documentation requirements and reducing
processing times.
 Prioritizing technology over cost to encourage the selection of advanced and niche technologies.
 Promoting private sector participation in manufacturing of defence equipment by simplifying the licensing and
regulatory procedures, creating a level playing field, and providing access to technology
 Creation of specialist officers and specialised cadres such as cyber experts by providing specific training and education
through civil-military infusion.
Conclusion
As nations undergo military modernisation, driven by larger geopolitical shifts, advanced technologies are becoming
pivotal in warfare. The future battlespace will be shaped by technology, and technological superiority is expected to
determine the outcome of future battles to a large extent. Thus, it becomes essential to focus on technological self-
reliance.
To know more about the Weaponization of Space, refer to Article 4.3 of the April 2024 Monthly Current Affairs Magazine.

4.3. SUBMARINES AND ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE

Why in the news?
Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) conducted a successful flight-test of Supersonic Missile-Assisted
Release of Torpedo (SMART) system.
SMART System
 SMART is a next-generation missile-based light-weight torpedo delivery system to enhance the Anti-Submarine
Warfare (ASW) capability of the Indian Navy.
 It has been designed and developed by DRDO.
40 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 Components: This canister-based missile system consists of several advanced sub-systems, namely two-stage solid
propulsion system, electromechanical actuator system, precision inertial navigation system etc.
o The system carries advanced light-weight torpedo as payload along
with parachute-based release system.
 Significance: SMART system comprises a mechanism by which the
torpedo is launched from a supersonic missile system taking it to a far
longer range than its own.
o Torpedoes are self-propelled weapons that travel underwater to hit
the target.
Submarines
 A submarine is a vessel, or ship, that can go underwater. Militaries and
scientists use submarines to travel deep under the ocean.
o Unlike a ship, a submarine can control its buoyancy, thus allowing it to sink and surface at will.
o A submarine has huge tanks, called ballast tanks, that allow it to dive and to surface.
 To submerge, the submarine fills ballast tanks with water, increasing weight. To surface, water is released,
and tanks fill with air, making the submarine buoyant enough to float.
o For power, submarines use engines, batteries, nuclear power sources, or a combination of these. Propellers push
submarines through the water.
 Significance of Submarines
o National defence: Capable of operating for months from the deep, these are quieter and harder to detect, thus
enabling critical defence and attack capabilities.
o Lethal capabilities: They can deploy a variety of lethal weapons such as mine laying on ports, shipping channels,
targeting surface ships with torpedoes, usually without warning.
o Strategical advantage: It can also conduct reconnaissance, act as a barrier and provide advance warning of enemy
movements.
o Nuclear Deterrence: In a conflict where adversaries launch a nuclear first strike on land and air-based assets,
submarines guarantee a second-strike capability.
India’s submarine force
Diesel-Electric  Kalvari Class: These are six scorpene class submarines built under Project 75 by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders
Submarines Limited (MDL) under a technology transfer from French defence firm, Naval Group.
o Six submarines are Kalvari, Khanderi, Karanj, Vela, Vagir and Vagsheer (currently undergoing sea
trials).
 Sindhughosh Class: These are the Kilo class diesel-electric submarines commissioned between 1986 and
2000 and built under contract between Russian firm Rosvooruzhenie and Ministry of Defence.
o Seven Sindhughosh class submarines – Sindhughosh, Sindhuraj, Sindhuratna, Sindhukesari,
Sindhukirti, Sindhuvijay and Sindhushashtra.
 Shishumar Class: These have been developed by German yard Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft (HDW) and
commissioned between 1986 and 1994.
o Four Shishumar Class Submarines – Shishumar, Shankush, Shalki and Shankul.
Air  These are diesel electric submarines but have a secondary powerplant that can operate while submerged
Independent by using onboard consumables/fuel. AIP systems can allow submarines to operate underwater for longer
Propulsion periods of time.
(AIP)  INS Kalvari in the process of getting Fuel Cell-based AIP system of DRDO’s Naval Materials Research
Submarines Laboratory (NMRL).
Nuclear  Arihant class: These are being developed and built indigenously under the Advanced Technology Vessel
Powered (ATV) Project
Submarines o Presently only one – INS Arihant is operational.
o Second – INS Arighat – in advanced sea trials.
o Akula Class: India signed an agreement with Russia to get an Akula Class nuclear powered attack
submarine, christened as Chakra-3, on lease.
 It is currently being refitted in Russian shipyard as per Indian specifications.

41 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

India’s ASW capabilities
 ASW Shallow Watercrafts (SWCs): Cochin Shipyard Limited is building eight ASW SWCs for Indian Navy, three of which
have been launched namely, Mahe, Malvan, and Mangrol.
o Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata is building another eight ASW SWCs, six of which have
been launched namely, Arnala, Androth, Anjadip, Amini, Agray and Akshay.
 Kamorta Class Ships: They are designed as the super-sophisticated frontline warships with Stealth features, having
ASW capability with low signature of radiated underwater noise.
o India has four Kamorta-class corvettes (Project 28) namely, INS Kamorta, INS Kadmatt, INS Kiltan and INS
Kavaratti.
 Integrated ASW Defence Suites (IADS): Ministry of Defence (MoD) has concluded a contract with Mahindra Defence
Systems Limited for procurement of 14 IADS.
o IADS comes with an integrated capability for detecting enemy submarines and torpedoes at extended ranges as
well as diverting incoming torpedoes fired by enemy submarines.
 Maritime patrol and reconnaissance aircraft: India operates 12 Boeing P-8I (Poseidon), which it bought from US to
sharpen ASW capabilities.
 ASW helicopters: Indian Navy commissioned first squadron of newly inducted MH-60R Seahawk multi-role
helicopters.
Challenges to India’s submarine capabilities
 China challenge: China is increasing its naval presence in the Indian Ocean and has a large fleet of 78 submarines to
support its expansion.
o China is also helping Pakistan acquire diesel-electric submarines.
 Resource constraints: Presently, India has only 16 submarines and resource allocation and prioritization of
requirement remains the limiting factor.
 Age-old systems: Various submarines, airborne assets and corvettes need critical upgrade.
o There is emergence of new-age technologies for ASW such as Non-Acoustic ASW (detection of submarines via
satellites).
 Non-acoustic submarine detection technologies are those that do not rely on the collection of soundwaves
emitted or reflected by a submerged vehicle for location
Way Forward
 New investments: Indian Navy should continue to invest in niche underwater warfare domains like imaging, sensing
& navigation, AIP system, deep sea autonomous vessels etc.
 Indigenous development: DRDO and other defence research organizations should continue developing indigenous
weapon systems and naval assets in collaboration with Indian defence industry.
 Collaborations: Indian Navy needs to continue its collaboration with other Indian Ocean littoral countries to augment
its ASW capabilities and strengthen its presence.

4.4. THREAT OF ONLINE RADICALISATION

Why in the News?
At the 19th Interpol Conference of Heads of National Central Bureau (NCB), India highlighted the threat of the online
radicalisation.
More about the News
 Along with online radicalisation, India also highlighted issue of organized crime, terrorism, drug trafficking, money
laundering, and cyber enabled financial crimes.
 Also, India condemned all forms of terrorism and conveyed that there can be no distinction between "good terrorism,
bad terrorism".

42 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

About Online Radicalisation
 Definition of Radicalisation: It can be seen as a phenomenon of people embracing views which could lead to
development of extremist ideas.
o However, there is no universal definition of radicalisation.
o These views can be social, political or religious.
 Online penetration of radicalisation: In the recent years, the trend of online radicalisation has increased due to rising
internet penetration.
o Encrypted messaging apps such as whatsApp provide safe environment for communication.
o Gamification techniques are also being used. In this, gaming elements are used to transmit extremist ideology to
children.
 Radicalisation often encourages a threat of lone wolf operations.
o Lone-wolf operation is the term used to describe someone who acts alone in a terrorist attack without the help
or encouragement of a government or a terrorist organization.
Factors Responsible for Online Radicalisation
Push Factor Pull Factor
 Economic Factor: for e.g. lack of employment  Propaganda: Religious philosophies are distorted by the
opportunities for youth violent extremist group. Social Media has emerged as key
 Socio-religious Factor: Lack of access to education sphere for it.
(however, educated are also becoming its prey), ethnic  Capitalising crisis: Crisis events create an environment of fear,
or religious marginalization, Ideological belief anger, and insecurity, driving individuals towards extremist
(considering one’s religion or faith superior than other) ideologies. E.g. Recent Israel-Gaza conflict is used to radicalise
etc. youth worldwide.
 Political Factor: Loss of trust in institutions such as  Economic Factor: Economic incentive provided by the group
judiciary  Other: Ideals of alternative outlet for political engagement,
 Psychological Factors: Lack of personal identity, feelings Sense of adventure etc.
of alienation, etc.
Major Challenges in Curbing Online Radicalisation
 Regulation and International cooperation: Radicalisation and related terms such as terrorism, violent extremism, and
de-radicalisation are still loosely defined; there is no universal consensus on their definition.
o Many Countries primarily view such activities from their national interest rather than from the perspective of
humanity. E.g., Houthis (a rebellion group in Yemen) is supported by Iran.
 Technological Advancement: Dark Web and Virtual Private Network (VPN) are being used for radicalisation.
o Additionally, online radicalisation activities are generally carried out from foreign territories making it difficult to
trace them.
 Foreign Funding: Radicalisation is fueled by the cross-border foreign funding which gets further reinforced due to
nexus between State and Non-state actors .
 Political Narrative: Hate speech and communal tension which are often used in public speeches and elections are
uploaded on online platform and widely circulated to create environment of hatred.
Key Initiatives to curb Online Radicalisation
Global
 United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy: It enhances capacity of the nations to tackle online radicalisation.
 European Union’s Digital Services Act (DSA): Its main goal is to prevent illegal and harmful activities online and the
spread of disinformation.
 Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT): An NGO, founded by Meta, Microsoft, YouTube and X, in 2017,
the Forum was established to foster technical collaboration among member companies, advance relevant research,
and share knowledge.
 Tech Against Terrorism: A partnership between technology companies, governments, and United Nations Counter-
Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED).
 Christchurch Call: A community of over 130 governments, online service providers, and civil society organisations
acting together to eliminate terrorist and violent extremist content online.
43 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
India
 Legal: Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) 1967 has been enacted. Organisation like ‘Students Islamic
Movement of India (SIMI)’ has been declared as an 'Unlawful Association' under it.
o In 2020, Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has, for the first time, approved a research study on status of
radicalisation in India. The study would attempt to legally define “radicalisation” and suggest amendments to the
UAPA.
 Administrative/Institutional: Counter-Terrorism and Counter-Radicalisation Division (CT-CR) has been established
under the MHA to help state governments, security agencies and communities in preventing the youth from
embracing extremism.
 Cyber-related: Enaction of the Information Technology Act of 2000, Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C),
established by MHA etc.
 State-led Initiative:
o Maharashtra Police’s de-radicalisation programme (Maharashtra Model of de-radicalisation): Under it no
criminal case be registered against a “candidate” selected for the programme and complete confidentiality is
maintained.
o Operation Pigeon (Kerala): Under it, counselling sessions for the youth were organized.
 Initiatives by Indian Army:
o Sahi Raasta programme to bring back the radicalised or vulnerable youth of Jammu & Kashmir into the
mainstream.
o Operation SADBHAVANA’ for welfare activities such as running of Army Goodwill Schools, Infrastructure
Development Projects etc. for the children living in remote areas of UT of Ladakh.
Conclusion
Technology companies are key stakeholder in it. They should ensure content moderation with the help of Artificial
Intelligence, removing content on reporting, blocking accounts which spread prohibited content etc. India must develop
a comprehensive policy that focuses both on de-radicalisation and counter-radicalisation and works in tandem with the
peculiarities of each state.
Related News:
India contributes to UN Counter Terrorism Trust Fund
 India contributes half a million dollars to U.N. Counter-Terrorism Trust Fund
 It was announced by Minister of External Affairs during UN Security Council’s Counter
Terrorism Committee meeting, held in 2022 under India’s presidency.
 India’s contribution would support UNOCT’s global programmes mainly Countering
Financing of Terrorism (CFT) and Countering Terrorist Travel Programme (CTTP).
o CFT aims at strengthening capacity of member-states to understand risks of
terrorism.
o CTTP assists beneficiary Member States in building capabilities to detect and
counter-terrorists.

To know more about India’s Anti-Terrorism Approach, refer to Article 4.2 of the October 2023 Monthly Current Affairs Magazine.
44 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
4.5. CYBER THREATS AND FINANCIAL SECTORS
Why in the news?
Global Financial Stability Report 2024 released by International Monetary
Fund (IMF) warns cyber risks as a growing threat to macro financial stability.
Key Findings of the report
 Nearly one-fifth of all cyber risks affect financial firms.
 Number of cyber-attacks has doubled since COVID-19 pandemic.
 Only 47% of the surveyed countries had formulated a national and
financial sector-focused cyber-security strategy.
Reasons Behind rise in cyber attacks
 Rapid Digital Transformation and Technological Innovations:
o Covid-19 Pandemic has led to surge in remote work, delivery
applications, and contactless payments.
o Evolution of fin-tech companies exposes financial systems to cyber
threats due to digitalized operations and interconnectedness leading
to platform frauds.
 Heightened global geopolitical tensions: E.g. surge in cyber-attacks after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine
 Lack of strong internal controls: As per PwC’s Global Economic Crime and Fraud Survey 2022 four out of every ten
platform frauds in India were conducted by internal perpetrators.
 Lack of Swift Action and Detection discourages individuals to report these crimes.
Impact of Cyber risks on
Financial Systems
 Impact on macro-
financial stability:
o Loss of confidence in
the viability of the
targeted institution
may lead to
instances of Cyber
run and result in
liquidity problems.
 Cyber run is deposit withdrawals (outflows ) from banks in large amount leading to liquidity crisis and default
risk
o Lack of substitutes for a key institution or financial market infrastructure would lead to disruption in the financial
system.
 E.g. A ransomware attack on payment systems, hacking of a central bank or electronic trading systems could
lead to halts in trading, asset price volatility,
o Potential of systemic shock due to the interconnected nature of institutions through
 technological linkages (such as multiple firms using the same software) or
 financial linkages (e.g., interbank market and settlement systems)
 Affects government functioning as it disrupts the management of government debt and may give rise to sovereign
risks etc.
 Credit and market losses due to loss of businesses, remittances, reputational damage, and increased investments in
cyber security.
o Economic losses to the tune of 1 to 10% of the global GDP is caused by these frauds (IMF).
 Issues related to data integrity due to loss or compromise of data and its systems raising the problem of data
confidentiality.
45 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
Challenges in dealing with Cyber Threats to Financial Systems
 Lack of regulatory and supervisory frameworks and cyber-security
workforce: This leads to-
o Lack of effective oversight of third-party service providers.
o Gaps in national and financial sector cyber-security strategies and
coordination among stakeholders.
 Technological innovations: Artificial Intelligence, quantum computing
could further amplify cyber risks.
 Complex regulatory environment caused due to lack of seamless cooperation between regulators such as Reserve
Bank India (RBI), Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) etc.
 Challenges related to legal framework: For instance, India lacks a dedicated legal framework or a dedicated court to
deal with online financial frauds.
 Nature of Crime hindering investigation: Cybercrimes are conducted remotely and are Multi-state and Trans-border
in nature, making police investigations costly.
o Also, the use of a mule account makes traceability harder.
 Other challenges: Procedural Hurdles and delays in cyber crime reporting; Lack of awareness to individuals;
Resources constraint, etc.
Initiatives taken to curb Cyber Threats to Financial Systems
 Citizen Financial Cyber Frauds Reporting and Management System: Developed as a part of “National Cybercrime Reporting
Portal.
 Financial Intelligence Unit-India (FIU-IND): It is responsible for receiving, processing, analyzing, and disseminating
information related to suspicious financial transactions.
 Computer Emergency Response Team - India (CERT-In): Collects analyse and disseminates information on cyber incidents,
and also issues alerts
 Chakshu: An initiative to empower citizens to proactively report suspected fraud communication
Way Forward
 Cyber legislation at the national level and better cyber-related governance arrangements at firms.
o This should also have central bank business continuity contingency plans covering cyber risk and provision of
liquidity in case of crisis.
 Insurance by firms to protect against financial losses of cyber incidents
 Periodical assessment of the cyber-security landscape and identification of potential systemic risks from
interconnectedness and concentrations, including from third-party service providers.
 Encouraging cyber “maturity” among financial sector firms, including board-level access to cyber-security expertise
leading to better cyber-related governance may reduce cyber risk.
 Improving cyber hygiene of firm by enhancing online security and overall system health (such as antimalware and
multifactor authentication.
 Capable cybersecurity workforce, and domestic and international information-sharing arrangements
 Prioritization of data reporting and collection of cyber incidents, and sharing information among financial sector
participants to enhance collective preparedness.
Conclusion
Cyber incidents pose a global financial stability threat due to digitalization, technologies, and geopolitical tensions.
Financial sector must develop capacity to deliver critical services during times of disruption and develop response and
recovery mechanisms for crisis management.

4.6. NEWS IN SHORTS

4.6.1. ARREST UNDER UAPA ACT  Supreme Court Judgement
o Court's order in the Pankaj Bansal vs Union of
 In Prabir Purkayastha vs. State (NCT of Delhi) case, the India & Ors case mandated that arrested persons
Supreme Court ruled that investigative agencies should under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act
provide written reasons for arrests in cases related to (PMLA), 2002 must be provided with written
the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act. grounds of arrest.
46 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
  Court extended this order for Unlawful o It is also known as Drishti-10 drone,
Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) also.  About Hermes-900
o Obligation to provide written grounds for arrest or o It is a next generation multi-role, Medium Altitude
preventive detention, as mandated by Articles Long Endurance (MALE) unmanned aerial system.
22(1) of the Indian Constitution, is inviolable and o Features over-the-horizon, persistent multi-
cannot be disregarded under any circumstances. mission, multi-payload capabilities with class
 Article 22(1): Provided that no person who is leading payload carrying capacity of 350 kgs.
arrested shall be detained in custody without o Capable of performing missions for area
being informed, as soon as may be, of the dominance, persistent Intelligence, Surveillance,
grounds for such arrest. Target acquisition, and Reconnaissance (ISTAR).
o Informing an arrested person about the grounds of o Can also perform ground support and maritime
arrest is crucial, as it's the only effective way for patrol missions, and offers the capability for
 The arrested person to consult his Advocate; integrated multi-platform, multi-sensor operation.
 Oppose the police custody remand
 To seek bail. 4.6.3. EXERCISES IN NEWS
 UAPA Act (1967) aimed at enabling more effective  Tarkash: The seventh edition of the Indo-U.S. joint
prevention of certain unlawful activities carried out by counter-terrorism exercise ‘Tarkash’ was recently held
individuals and associations, [as well as addressing in Kolkata.
terrorist activities,] and dealing with matters related to o It was held between the India’s National Security
such activities. Guard (NSG) and U.S. Special Operations Forces
4.6.2. HERMES-900 (SOF).
 Shakti: 7th edition of Exercise 'Shakti', a joint military
 Indian Army and Navy will receive Hermes-900 from exercise between India and France, started in
Israel to boost their surveillance capabilities. Meghalaya.

47 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

5. ENVIRONMENT
5.1. TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN INDIA
Why in the news?
Recently, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) adopted the
Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated
Traditional Knowledge.
Note: The Treaty is discussed in detail in the subsequent article.
What are Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge?
 Genetic Resources (GRs): Resources that are contained in medicinal
plants, agricultural crops, and animal breeds.
o While GRs themselves cannot be directly protected as intellectual
property, inventions developed using them can be protected through
a patent.
 Traditional knowledge (TK): Knowledge system held by indigenous
communities, often relating to their natural environment like Agriculture, scientific, ecological and medicinal
knowledge.
o Significance:
 Helps in biodiversity Conservation.
 80% of the world´s population depends on traditional medicine for its primary health care (WHO).
Challenges associated with India's TK and GRs
 Biopiracy: Exploitation, patenting, and commercialization of TK and GRs by foreign entities without benefit-sharing
or recognition of indigenous communities.
 Impact on Farmers: Farmers who developed staple food crops through generations have no effective rights over
patented varieties by multinational companies.
 Lack of Documentation: This enhances risk of loss or erosion in transmission of traditional knowledge to younger
generations in the face of modernization and cultural change.
 Inadequate Global Legal Framework: To prevent misappropriation, ensure benefit-sharing, and recognize indigenous
community rights.
 Insufficient Conservation of biodiversity: Increasing environmental degradation and climate change threaten
habitats and ecosystems that harbour genetic resources.
Measures by Government to Protect India’s TK and GRs
 Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL): Digital repository to prevent bio-piracy and wrongful patents.
 India's Patent Act, 1970: Adopted the PDR mechanism for the disclosure of involved GRs and TK in the claimed patent.
 The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmer's Rights Act, 2001: Protects farmers' and breeders' rights to plant varieties,
acknowledging their roles in conservation and improvement.
 Biological Diversity Act, 2002 (in line with Convention of Biodiversity): Fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out
of the use of biological resources and knowledge
 Forest Rights Act 2006: Provides for Community rights over forest resources and traditional practices.
 Geographical Indications Act 1999: Guarantees Collective rights over traditional knowledge linked to a region.
 Ministry of AYUSH: Dedicated ministry for traditional medicine.
 UNESCO recognition: Yoga, etc. recognized as Intangible Cultural Heritage.
Way Forward
 Establishing agricultural research programmes and centres for ex situ and in situ conservation of plant varieties and
plant genetic resources, and transferring good practices and varieties throughout the country.
 Setting up or promoting herbal gardens of traditional medicinal plants.
 Ensuring adequate income to the community experts on traditional knowledge.
48 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 Incorporating TK as part of the curriculum for schools, universities and research centres.
 Enhancing traditional medicine and healing arts in state-run hospitals.
 Recognizing leaders, experts and innovations in TK in various fields by providing incentives.
To know more about India’s Traditional Knowledge and Climate Change, refer to Article 5.2 of the December 2023 Monthly Current
Affairs Magazine.

5.1.1. TREATY ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, GENETIC RESOURCES AND ASSOCIATED

TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
About the treaty
 The treaty was adopted by consensus among more than 150 countries (including India).
 Negotiations for the Treaty began at WIPO in 2001, initiated in 1999 with a proposal by Colombia.
 This is the first WIPO Treaty to-
o Address the interface between intellectual property (IP), genetic resources (GRs) and traditional knowledge
(TK).
o Include provisions specifically for Indigenous Peoples as well as local communities.
 Members: Any member states of WIPO may become party to this treaty
 It will come into force 3 months after ratified by 15 parties.
 With regard to Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge, the treaty aims to-
o Enhance the efficacy, transparency and quality of the patent system.
o Prevent patents from being granted erroneously for inventions that are not novel.
 Treaty acknowledged the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) and its
commitments.
About UNDRIP
 Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 2007, addressing the human rights of indigenous peoples such as right
to maintain, control, protect and develop their TK.
 It is legally non-binding resolution.
 India supported the resolution.
Key provisions of the Treaty
 Mandatory Patent Disclosure Requirements (PDRs)
o Patent applicants must disclose the country of origin or source of genetic resources when the claimed invention
is based on these resources.
o Applicants must also disclose the Indigenous Peoples or local community who provided the traditional
knowledge if the patent is based on such knowledge.
 Mandatory legal, administrative, and/or policy Framework at national level: To remedy failure to provide PDRs.
 Establishment of information systems: Such as databases of GRs and associated TK, in consultation with Indigenous
Peoples and local communities, and other stakeholders.
 Assembly: Made up of one delegate for representation of each Contracting Party.
 Other provisions:
o Financial assistance for facilitating participation of developing countries or countries in transition to a market
economy.
o Not applicable on patents filed prior to entry into force of this treaty.
o Administrative tasks to be performed by International Bureau of WIPO.
Significance of the Treaty
 Increase transparency in the patent system: The current Intellectual Property (IPR) regimes such as the TRIPS
Agreement do not adequately protect TK in the public domain.
 Recognition and Inclusion: Formal recognition of the connection between local communities and their GRs and TK
within the global IP system, will make IP framework more inclusive.
 Prevention of Misappropriation: Mandatory disclosure obligations offer added protection to GRs and associated TK
in countries without existing disclosure laws.
49 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 o At present, only 35 countries have some form of disclosure obligations, most of which are not mandatory and
do not have any sanctions in place for effective implementation.
 Curbing Biopiracy: Prevents companies exploiting the biodiverse South by patenting their TK.
o For Instance, the US patent on turmeric for wound healing and Neem oil to prevent fungus were revoked after
India proved its long-standing traditional use.
 Encourage ethical innovation: By promoting engagement with source communities of GRs and TK, fostering
collaboration, and enhancing international cooperation.
To know more about Patents and WIPO, kindly refer to Article 3.13 PATENTS in April 2024 edition of VisionIAS Current
Affairs Magazine.

5.2. CLEAN ENERGY TRANSITION

Why in the news?
World Economic Forum released “Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2024” report.
More about the news
 Report is based on the Energy Transition Index (ETI) that evaluates 120 countries on their energy system performance and
readiness for secure, sustainable, and inclusive energy systems.
 ETI 2024 framework offers a comprehensive assessment of countries’ energy systems with a consistent methodology, allowing
decisionmakers to compare and track progress.
Key Findings
 India’s rank: 63rd (up from 67 in 2023)
 Clean energy infrastructure investments: Reached $1.8 trillion in 2023, with nearly 90% of the growth since 2021 occurring in
advanced economies and China.
 Top 5 performers: Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Switzerland and France.
o Six G20 countries are among the top 20 performers: France, Germany, Brazil, China, the UK, and the USA.
 8 countries reached net-zero emissions in 2022: Bhutan, Comoros, Gabon, Guyana, Madagascar, Niue, Panama, and Suriname
 Generative AI can enable energy companies to save over $500 billion annually.
However, the report highlights that growing uncertainties like economic volatility, heightened geopolitical tensions, and technological
shifts are impeding energy transition momentum.
About Energy Transition
 Energy transition means shifting energy production away from sources that release a lot
of greenhouse gases, such as fossil fuels, to those that release little to no greenhouse
gases.
 The energy transition requires long-term strategies from the global energy sector to
create cleaner, sustainable options via an energy mix that will reduce carbon emissions
as well as strategies for decarbonization.
 Significance of Energy Transition for India: Energy security; Job Creation; Achieve climate
target like to reach net zero emissions by 2070; etc.
India’s Status of Clean Energy Transition
 India stands 4th globally in Renewable Energy Installed Capacity, 4th in Wind Power
capacity and 5th in Solar Power capacity
 Installed RE Capacity: Increased from 76.37 GW in 2014 to 193.58 GW (including hydro)
in May 2024.
 RE targets in India
o India aims reaching a non-fossil fuel energy capacity of 500 GW by 2030 and
o Fulfilling at least half of its energy requirements via RE by 2030.

Challenges in Energy Transition

 Technological Barriers: Clean energy technologies, such as advanced batteries for energy storage or next-generation nuclear
reactors, are still in the development or early deployment stages.
 Investment Disparities: Investments in developing nations remain insufficient, and challenges persist within and across countries,
especially in energy affordability and access.
50 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 o Clean energy infrastructure investments reached $1.8 trillion in 2023, but almost 90% of the growth since 2021 has been in
advanced economies and China, highlighting wide gaps in transition momentum.
 Uncertainties in Subsidies and Supply Chains: This was coupled with high interest rates and significant cost increases which
reduced returns for developers, deterring much-needed investments in projects.
 Geopolitical Tensions and Trade Protectionism: Growing trade protectionism and geopolitical tensions create headwinds for the
energy transition, especially for developing nations.
 Energy Storage limitations: Effective and affordable energy storage solutions are crucial for managing the intermittency of
renewable energy sources and ensuring a consistent energy supply.
 Financial and economic barriers: Clean energy projects can be capital-intensive, and their upfront costs are often higher than
traditional fossil fuel-based projects.
Way Forward
 Bridge the investment gap: There is need for financial support from advanced nations to facilitate an equitable energy transition
in emerging and developing nations while also unlocking more domestic capital in emerging and developing nations.
 Implement regulations to advance decarbonization: Strong political commitment is needed to ensure progress and continuity in
decarbonization policies.
 Deliver energy equity for vulnerable households: Such as social safety nets and compensatory measures, including cash transfers
and temporary basic income initiatives to alleviate energy-related costs.
 Drive R&D and adoption of new technologies: Including new battery technologies, offshore wind, and green ammonia-based
hydrogen for shipping and steel production.
 Make renewable energy technology a global public good: Remove roadblocks to knowledge sharing and technological transfer, including
intellectual property rights barriers to make renewable energy technology accessible to all.
 Level the Playing Field for RE Technologies: While global cooperation and coordination is critical, domestic policy frameworks must urgently
be reformed to streamline and fast-track renewable energy projects and catalyze private sector investments.
Initiatives to Facilitate Energy Transition
Global India
 International Solar Alliance (2015): It is collaborative  National Solar Mission (2010): Aimed to establish India as
platform for increased deployment of solar energy a global leader in solar energy by creating policies and
technologies as a means for bringing energy access. initiatives to promote the adoption of solar technology.
 Clean Energy Transitions Programme: The International  National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (2013): Aims to
Energy Agency’s flagship programme for taking action to promote the manufacturing and adoption of electric and
achieve a clean energy transformation worldwide. hybrid vehicles in India.
 Panel on Critical Energy Transition Minerals: It brings  Green Energy Corridor Project: Supported by the World
together a diverse group of governments, organisations and Bank, project aims to establish a nationwide interconnected
UN bodies to develop a set of common and voluntary transmission network to facilitate the integration of
principles for energy transition. India is its member. renewable energy sources
 Just Energy Transition Partnerships: Launched by the  National Biofuel Policy (2018): Aims to promote the use of
International Energy Agency & WEF in 2022 to support biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, as a substitute for
developing countries in their transition towards clean fossil fuels in the transportation sector etc.
energy.  Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO): Mandate that a
 Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM): It was certain percentage of electricity purchased by distribution
launched by the EU in 2023. companies must come from renewable sources, driving the
 Global Renewables and Energy Efficiency Pledge: Signed demand for clean energy.
by 133 countries at COP 28 (UAE), calls for tripling the rate  National Green Hydrogen Mission (2023): To make India a
of renewables capacity by 2030. global hub for production, usage and export of Green
Hydrogen and its derivatives.

51 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

5.3. MANGROVES CONSERVATION
Why in the news?
Recently, the IUCN Red List of Mangroves Ecosystems has indicated that
about 50% of the ecosystems examined were classified as vulnerable,
endangered, or critically endangered.
More on the news
 IUCN Red List of Mangroves Ecosystems assessed 36 regions across 44
countries with experts from organizations like the Global Mangrove
Alliance.
o It is one of the headline indicators for the Kunming-Montreal Global
Biodiversity Framework under the Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD).
 The mangrove ecosystems of south India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives and
Northwest Atlantic were identified as critically endangered.
 It showed that nearly 20% of the assessed mangroves are at high risk and
have been marked as endangered or critically endangered, indicating a
severe risk of collapse.
 Nearly 33 per cent of the mangrove systems on the planet are threatened
by the impacts of climate change.
About Mangroves and Ecosystem services provided by them
Mangrove ecosystems cover an area of 150,000 sq km, primarily on tropical,
subtropical, and warm temperate coasts around the world, covering approximately 15 per cent of the world’s coastlines.
 Carbon sequestration: Mangrove ecosystems sequester approximately 11 billion tonnes of carbon, which is almost
three times the amount stored by tropical forests of the same size.
 Protection from coastal calamities: Healthy mangroves can combat sea level rise while also providing inland
protection from extreme weather events.
 Biodiversity conservation: Mangroves support a huge variety of plants and animals.
o Of the over 1,500 species of fauna that depend on mangroves for their survival, 15% are threatened with
extinction.
Threats to the mangrove ecosystem:
 Climate change: Increased frequency of severe storms and sea-level rise places mangroves at risk of extinction.
 Development-related activities: Deforestation for developmental activities like dam construction and urban
development alters freshwater and sediment fluxes and damage the mangrove ecosystems.
 Pollution: Contaminants from sewage, runoff, industrial effluent, intertidal zone fishing, marine and coastal tourism,
urban runoff, and marine industries impact mangrove ecosystems.
o Endocrine disruption of fauna, reduced reproduction rates, feminization of male fish, and toxic effects on human
populations consuming marine produce are some of the impacts of pollution on the mangrove ecosystems.
 Unsustainable fishing: Lack of sustainable methods of fishing especially, shrimp farming impacts the resilience of the
mangroves.
Initiatives for Mangrove Conservation:
 India State of Forest Report (ISFR)2023 by the Forest Survey of India (FSI): Mangrove cover in India has increased by
17 sq km (0.34%) as compared to the previous assessment.
 MISHTI (Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes): It is a government-led initiative under the
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MOEF & CC) aimed at increasing the mangrove cover along the
coastline and on saltpan lands.
o It provides financial assistance to local communities to undertake mangrove plantations.
52 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 o Conducting awareness campaigns to educate people about the importance of mangroves and their role in
protecting the environment.
 Sustainable Aquaculture In Mangrove Ecosystem (SAIME) initiative: Building aquaculture farms that use sustainable
IMA (integrated mangrove aquaculture) systems.
 Magical Mangroves campaign: WWF India has enjoined citizens in nine coastal states on mangrove conservation.
 National Coastal Mission Programme on ‘Conservation and Management of Mangroves and Coral Reefs’:
Preparation of an annual Management Action Plan (MAP) for Mangroves conservation & management.
Multilateral Cooperation: Mangrove Breakthrough
 Launched at UNFCCC COP27 in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, by the United Nations High Level Climate Champions and the Global
Mangrove Alliance.
 It provides a framework for all stakeholders to work together towards a target of securing the future of over 15 million
hectares of mangroves globally by 2030, underpinned by $4bn of sustainable finance.
 Collective action will focus on:
o Halting mangrove loss.
o Restoring half of recent losses.
o Doubling the protection of mangroves globally.
o Ensuring sustainable long-term finance for all existing mangroves.

Way Forward
 Legal and policy measures: Strengthening of existing laws like the Indian Forest Act,1927, Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA),1986 and Forest Conservation Act,1980.
 Ecological conservation:
o Mangrove restoration by identifying regions suitable for restoration for planting mangroves.
o Establishment of green belts and buffer zones in and around the fringes of mangrove forests to maintain the
ecological integrity of the core area.
o Regulation of wetland soil elevation by construction of barriers on rivers carrying sediments to conserve the
mangrove habitat.
o Connecting the mangrove forest with the terrestrial forest to improve conservation efforts. E.g., Sundarban
mangroves connected to the Sundarban National Park.
 Research and development: Core research and data collection about the variety of mangroves at national, sub-
national or other lower scales for localized custom solutions.
o Important mangrove patches can be declared as ‘Mangrove Germplasm Preservation Centres’ for their better
management and conservation.
 International cooperation: In line with the UN Decade for Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030, a global political will,
scientific approach, and financial resources need to be streamlined
towards marine ecosystems with mangrove ecosystems in focus.

5.4. CORAL BLEACHING

Why in the news?
Recently, widespread coral bleaching has been seen along the Indian
coast largely affecting Lakshadweep, Gulf of Munnar, Palk Bay and
Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
More about the instances of bleaching
 Lakshadweep Islands: The Islands are made up of coral atolls, which
are at significant risk due to coral bleaching.
o Bleaching is seen across almost all species like Acropora
muricata and Porites cylindrica in the Kavaratti Islands.
o Species that are often more stress-tolerant, such as Porites lutea
and Pavona varians have also begun to bleach in Lakshadweep.

53 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

 Gulf of Mannar: The coral reefs in the Gulf of Mannar have deteriorated owing to a combination of climatic and
anthropogenic factors.
o The live coral cover in the Gulf of Mannar decreased from 37% to 27.3% between 2005 and 2021.
 Palk Bay: The average coral cover in Palk Bay was at 30.8% in 2007, but it dropped to 18.7% by 2019.
 Goa: Coral bleaching has started but is limited to one species, Goniopora.

What is coral bleaching?

 Sustained increase in Sea Surface Temperature (SST) causes the
zooxanthellae, which provide pigmentation and 90 per cent of
the corals’ nutritional needs, to leave their hosts, resulting in the
whitening of corals, known as ‘coral bleaching’.
 Global mass coral bleaching events have been reported in 1998,
2010, 2014-2017, according to the United States National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
o Presently, 2023-2024 is being named as the fourth global
mass coral bleaching event.
Primary reasons for coral bleaching
 Increasing Sea Surface Temperatures: Rising greenhouse gases
trap the radiated heat in the atmosphere, excess of which is
absorbed by the oceans, leading to increased SST.
o In tropical regions, mean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have risen by
almost 1°C over the past 100 years and are currently increasing at a rate
of 1-2°C per century.
 Marine heatwaves: They lead to exponential rise in SST which leads to
expulsion of zooxanthellae, leading to coral bleaching.
o An underwater survey showed that 85% of the corals in the Gulf of
Mannar near the Tamil Nadu coast got bleached after the marine heatwave in 2020.
 El Nino: Heating of certain areas above the maximum mean temperature due to El Nino causes stress on the corals
and leads to bleaching.
 Shifting ocean currents: The changes in heating patterns of the land and sea, salinity of ocean water and wind patterns
result in shifting ocean currents. This adds to the changes in SST which impacts the survival of corals.
o Ocean acidification also leads to the expulsion of the zooxanthellae, causing coral bleaching.
 Sedimentation: Bottom trawling and dumping of waste along the coasts lead to sedimentation which hinders the
photosynthesis of the zooxanthellae, thus causing coral bleaching.
54 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 Other reasons
 Biological invasion: Invasive species like seaweeds occupy the bleached corals before their recovery from the bleaching event.
o Outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish are responsible for extensive loss of reef-building corals on the Great Barrier Reef.
o The invasive exotic alga, Kappaphycus alvarezii, has been a threat in the Gulf of Mannar region.
 Xenobiotics: Zooxanthellae loss occurs during exposure of coral to elevated concentrations of various chemical contaminants,
such as Copper, herbicides and oil.
 Epizootics: Pathogen-induced bleaching is different from other sorts of bleaching. Most coral diseases cause patchy or whole
colony death and sloughing of soft tissues, resulting in a white skeleton.
Initiatives taken for coral conservation in India
Acts like the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification of 1991 issued under the broad Environment Protection Act,
1986 ensure the overall protection of coral reefs in India.
 Eco-development activities by the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust: These initiatives have empowered the
local fishing communities, providing them with additional or alternative sources of income.
o Such efforts have helped to reduce the pressure on marine resources, particularly on the coral reefs, contributing
significantly to their conservation and sustainability.
 Coral Reef Recovery Project-Mithapur (Gulf of Kachchh and Gujarat’s Marine National Park): Launched in 2008 by
Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) and Gujarat Forest Department, it envisions the creation of a model public-private-
managed coral ecosystem of international standards.
o It aims to use global benchmarks to restore degraded reefs through activities including coral transplantation and
natural recruitment.
 Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) with the Gujarat Forest Department successfully restored coral reefs in the Gulf of
Kachchh.
o Restoration of a branching coral species (staghorn corals) that had gone extinct about 10,000 years ago to the
Gulf of Kachchh was successful.
Way forward: Countering coral bleaching
 Multilateral cooperation in policymaking
o International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI): It is a global informal partnership between Nations and organizations
which strives to preserve coral reefs and related ecosystems around the world.
 Founded in 1994 at the First Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
 India is a member of the ICRI.
o World Coral Conservatory project: It creates a bank of corals in aquariums across Europe that could be used to
repopulate wild coral reefs if they succumb to the stress of climate change or pollution.
 Use of biotechnology:
o Biorock technology: It is an innovative mineral accretion technology used to produce natural building materials
in the sea which aids in coral restoration. E.g., Used in the Gulf of Kachchh Coral restoration.
o Super corals: Ex-situ breeding of high temperature-resistant corals with the help of the process known as 'human-
assisted evolution'.
 Long-term structural efforts:
o Incorporating sustainability by reducing carbon footprint and marine pollution with more effective waste
management.
o Building resilient coastal communities through awareness and training. Thus, enabling them to undertake
sustainable fishing and other conservation activities.

5.5. INTERNATIONAL ARRANGEMENT ON FORESTS (IAF)

Why in the news?
Recently, the 19 th Session of the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) under the International Arrangement
on Forests (IAF) concluded with the adoption of a declaration on forest protection with a focus on People, Science,
Technology and Finance.

55 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

Key takeaways of the UNFF19 meeting:
 Despite significant progress, the world is off track to achieve the Global
Forest Goals by 2030.
 Members reaffirmed the UN Strategic Plan for Forests 2017-2030
(UNSPF) as a global framework for action at all levels to protect and
sustainably manage all types of forests and trees outside forests.
 Need to focus on forest-based solutions to tackle the ‘triple planetary
crises’ (Climate Change, Biodiversity and Pollution).
o Some entities have shown the way with promising initiatives like
the Forest Environment Tax by Japan, the Model Forest Act
Initiative (MoFAI) by UNEP and ADB and the Congo Basin Forest
Partnership among others.
 India tabled its significant increase in forest cover in the past 10 years
through a scientific approach to Sustainable Forest Management
(SFM).
o Total forest and tree cover has increased by 2261 sq km., taking the total to 24.62% of the total geographic area.
(ISFR 2019-2021 assessment)
o 17 states have more than 33% of their area under forest cover.
UN Strategic Plan for Forests under UNFF (2017-2030)
The agreement on the first-ever UN Strategic Plan for Forests was forged at a special session of the UN Forum on Forests held in
2017 and provides an ambitious vision for global forests in 2030.
 It features a set of six Global Forest Goals and 26 associated targets to be reached by 2030, which are voluntary and universal.
 It includes a target to increase forest area by 3% worldwide by 2030, signifying an increase of 120 million hectares, an area
over twice the size of France.
 It builds on the vision of the 2030 Agenda and recognizes that real change requires decisive, collective action, within and
beyond the UN System.
International Arrangement on Forests (IAF)
The IAF was established in 2000 as a successor to the Intergovernmental Panel
on Forests (1995-97) and the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (1997-2000).
Objectives of IAF
 Promote the management, conservation and sustainable development of all
types of forests and to strengthen long-term political commitment to this
end.
 Promoting implementation of sustainable forest management (SFM), in
particular the implementation of the UN Forest Instrument.
 Enhancing the contribution of forests to the post-2015 development agenda.
 Fostering international cooperation, public-private partnerships and cross-sectoral cooperation.
 Strengthening forest governance frameworks and means of implementation.
5 components of the IAF
 United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF): Established in 2000 as a functional commission of the UN Economic and
Social Council (ECOSOC), it aims to promote the management, conservation, and sustainable development of all types
of forests. Its functions include-
o Facilitating Sustainable Forest Management (SFM).
o Continued policy development and dialogue among governments, and international organizations.
o Strengthen political commitment to the management, conservation, and sustainable development of all types of
forests.
 Collaborative Partnership on Forests (CPF): It is an innovative voluntary interagency partnership on forests,
established in 2001 to help enhance the contribution of all types of forests and trees outside forests to the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development and other internationally agreed development goals.
56 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 o It comprises of 16 international organizations like the IUCN, CITES, FAO etc.
 The Global Forest Financing Facilitation Network (GFFFN): It is the forest financing system for the UNFF.
 UN Trust Fund: It is a fund that supports the activities of the UNFF and other components of the International
Arrangement on Forests (IAF). The contributions are voluntary in nature.
 UNFF Secretariat: It is responsible for logistic preparations for UNFF-related meetings, timely preparation and
dissemination of documents, as well as servicing meetings of the UNFF and its Bureau.
o The Secretariat also serves as the Secretariat for the CPF and facilitates UNFF inter-sessional activities, such as
expert group meetings and country-led initiatives.

5.6. HEATWAVE
Why in the News?
Recently, over 37 cities in the northern and central regions experienced
temperatures exceeding 45°C, posing severe risks to millions of vulnerable people.
About Heatwaves
 Heatwaves are a period of unusually high temperatures as compared to what
is normally expected over a region.
 Therefore, the temperatures at which Heatwaves are declared differ from
place to place based on the temperature, and climatology of that region.
 Factors contributing to Heatwave: Meteorological and climatic factors as well
as Anthropogenic factors such as Rapid Urbanization and Human-induced Global Warming.

57 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

 Other declarations by IMD:
 Marine Heatwaves (MHW): It is defined
when seawater temperatures exceed a
seasonally-varying threshold (usually
the 90th percentile) for at least 5
consecutive days.
o MHWs have increased by up to
four-fold in the tropical Indian
Ocean, aided by rapid warming in
the Indian Ocean and strong El
Niños.
 A warm night: It’s declared only
when the maximum temperature
remains 40°C or more. It is defined
based on departures of actual
minimum temperatures as follows:
o Warm night: minimum
temperature departure is 4.5°C to
6.4°C
o Very warm night: minimum
temperature departure is >6.4°C.
 Hot and Humid Weather: When observed maximum temperatures over any station remains 3°C above normal along with the
above normal relative humidity, it is termed as Hot & Humid Weather over that station.

Effects of Heat waves

 On Human Health
o Heat Cramps: Ederna (swelling) and Syncope (Fainting) generally accompanied by fever below 102oF.
o Heat Exhaustion and Heat Stoke: Body temperatures of 104oF or more along with delirium, seizures or coma.
 According to the IMD, between 2000 and 2020, over 10 thousand people lost their lives to heat waves.
 On Environment
o Increases the energy demand due to the usage of cooling appliances.
o Wildfires and Droughts: Heat waves trigger and exacerbate droughts and wildfires.
o Worsens air quality and pollution: Heat waves, compounded by wildfires and desert dust, can lead to measurable
worsening air quality in a region
o Soil Moisture Depletion: High temperatures cause the soil moisture to evaporate rapidly which also impacts plant
growth and overall soil health.
 On Economy and Society
o Loss in productivity: As per the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
(UNESCAP) study, India is expected to lose around 5.8% of daily working hours due to rising temperatures by
2030.
o Induces migration: As the effects of heat waves directly affect the vulnerable sections of the society they are
forced to migrate from one region to the other.
o Affects crop productivity and livestock: The temperature rise directly affects the yield of the plants and life stocks
adding distress to overall food security.
Initiatives taken to mitigate heat waves
 National Guidelines on Heat Wave Management: Developed by NDMA to guide states and other stake holders on heat wave
management.
 Action taken by IMD-
o Early Warning System and inter agency co-ordination: IMD Communicate Heatwave alerts/warnings promptly.

58 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

  Heat Action Plans: Started by IMD in collaboration with NDMA and local health departments in around 23 states that are
prone to heat waves.
 Rescheduling Working hours: Centre has issued advisory to states to reschedule the working hours for workers and labourers
across sectors to save them from health hazards.
Way forward: Mitigation measures that can be taken
 Providing cool shelters: Similar to cyclone and disaster relief centres, public cooling centres can be built where people
can go to cool off during extreme heat.
o The concept has been explored in Barcelona, Paris and Rotterdam among others.
 Improving the built environment: By making them more heat-resilient through the incorporation of better insulation
and ventilation systems in buildings, planting more trees etc.
 Utilising indigenous knowledge: Usage of indigenous protective methods against heat waves and strokes must be
tapped, documented, and researched.
 Inclusion of regulative provisions: For example, making it mandatory for components like passive ventilation and cool
roof technologies in the Building bylaws to increase thermal comfort.
 Capacity building for health care professionals: at the local level to recognize and respond to heat-related illnesses.

5.7. FIRE SAFETY REGULATIONS IN INDIA

Why in the news?
Recent fire accidents in a gaming zone in Rajkot (Gujarat), a firecracker factory in Harda (Madhya Pradesh) and a private
hospital in Delhi have raised concerns over fire safety in India.
More on news
 As per National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report 2022, 7,435 people were killed in over 7,500 fire accidents in
India in 2022.
o ~800 factory fires were recorded in the last two years in Delhi alone.
 Key reasons for such fires include violation of fire-safety norms, human negligence, electrical malfunctions,
Industrial Accidents, etc.
Existing Fire Safety Standards and regulations in India
 Constitutional provisions: Fire service is a State subject and included in the 12th Schedule of the Constitution of India
which specifies the powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities.
o State governments are responsible for fire prevention and for implementing safety measures through the State
Fire Services Act or building bylaws.
59 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 National Building Code (NBC): Published by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) in 1970 and updated in 2016, it acts as
the central standard for fire safety in India and provides guidelines regarding the general construction requirements,
maintenance, exit routes and fire safety of buildings.
o It is a mandatory requirement for State governments to incorporate the NBC recommendations on minimum
fire safety and rescue measures into their local bylaws.
 Model Building Bye Laws 2016: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs issued it as a guide to the States and UTs to
frame their respective building bylaws.
 Model Bill to Provide for the Maintenance of Fire and Emergency Service for the State, 2019: It provides a model
framework for states for maintenance of fire and emergency service.
 Fire and Life Safety guidelines: Circulated by the Ministry of Health in 2020, stipulating third party accreditation for
fire safety, creation of Fire Response Plan (FRP), etc.
 Scheme for Expansion and Modernization of Fire Services in the States: Launched by Centre in 2023 for
strengthening fire services in the States for the period upto 2025-26.
Challenges in maintaining Fire Safety Standards
 Absence of uniform safety legislation across states:
o Some major states like Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand are yet to enact any legislation on fire safety.
o Majority of states have not updated or amended their existing laws in line with the Model Fire Act, 2019.
o NBC provisions, including ‘Fire and Life Safety’ audits, are recommendatory in nature and are not being
implemented uniformly across India.
 Suboptimal government oversight: Fire safety guidelines are not enforced properly due to failure of local bodies to
conduct regular checks, poor quality of inspections, rare follow up actions, corruption etc.
 Shortage of staff and proper firefighting equipment: Resource constraints among local bodies affect the performance
of the state fire safety department.
o In 2019, there was a shortage of 5,191 fire stations and 5,03,365 personnel than required.
 Other Shortcomings: Lenient punishments and penalties for violation of fire safety standards; Lack of proper
organisational structure of fire safety Departments; Inadequate training and career progression of personnel; Lack of
Infrastructural facilities etc.
 Challenges related to Urbanisation:
o High population density: It increases the risk of casualties and complicates evacuation during fire incidents. E.g.,
the 1997 Uphaar Cinema fire in Delhi, where overcrowding led to a deadly stampede.
o Poor Urban Planning: Congested urban layout with narrow lanes delay arrival of fire engines, affect rescue
operations. E.g., Kamala mills fire in Mumbai 2017.
 Non-compliance: Several major fire incidents resulted from violations of fire safety standards by builders, private
entities, etc.

60 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

Way forward
 Mandatory Fire Safety Audits to be conducted annually by third-party nationwide for buildings with large footfalls.
 Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment (HIRA) with focus on identifying potential hazards to address and mitigate
inherent fire hazards.
 Implement 13th Finance Commission Recommendations:
o Municipal Corporations with populations over one million must develop fire hazard response and mitigation plans
and revamp fire services and support State Fire Services Departments.
 Greater awareness through regular Fire Safety Drills in residential colonies, schools, and other institutions.
 Stricter enforcement of fire safety standards and severe punishment for violations.
 Strengthening capacity of local bodies by enhancing allocation of funds for fire departments, adequate training for
fire personnels etc.
 Implementing National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) Guidelines on Scaling, Type of Equipment and
Training of Fire Services
NDMA Guidelines
 Enactment of a Fire Act at state level with legal regime for mandatory clearance from the fire department for certain buildings
and premises.
 Preparation of a comprehensive plan for revamping of Fire Service in the state.
 Creating basic infrastructure, fire stations, water reserves, training centers etc.
 Improve the outreach of the Fire Services: Fire stations should be established up to the sub-divisional level in the beginning
and ultimately to the block and the Gram Panchayat level.
 Ensure community preparedness and awareness.
 Professional Head of fire services at the state level and district level (chief fire officer) for effective superintendence and
control of the fire services
 Research & Development of indigenous, less water-consuming fire extinguishing technologies.
 Setting up of a modern training center at state level with adequate infrastructure, faculty and facilities with modern training
aids like simulators,

5.8. NOR ’WESTERS

Why in the news?
India is working to develop its first research testbed to study Nor ‘westers.
More about the testbed
 Aim: To study thunderstorms from the formation stage, growth, and propagation over eastern parts of the country
covering a large area adjoining West Bengal, Odisha, and Jharkhand.
 Control centre: It will be at Chandbali in Odisha's Bhadrak district (near Bhubaneshwar).
 Agencies involved: India Meteorological Department (IMD), Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune,
and the National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), Delhi, will jointly develop and use this
facility.
 Features:
o Use of drones, mobile vans and high-end meteorological instruments to systematically track nor ’westers.
o It includes the tallest (100-metre) meteorological flux tower. It measures the exchange of carbon dioxide, water
vapour, and energy between the biosphere and atmosphere.
 Significance:
o Prediction: Data generated will aid in timely thunderstorm predictions, and issue nowcast warnings (an event in
less than three hours).
o Disaster preparedness: It will aid the administration and give the locals additional time to prepare and equip
themselves better.
What are Nor ’westers?
 They are local winds that affect the east and northeast regions of India every summer. They cause thunderstorms in
the region.
61 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 In Bengal, it is locally known as “Kalbaishaki” meaning, calamity in the month of Baisakh (the first month in the Bengal
calendar). Whereas, in Assam, they are known as “Bardoli Chheerha”.
 Influence of Nor ‘westers on the region:
o Negative influence: They are notorious in nature and lead to destructive tornadoes, causing uprooting of trees
and loss of property.
o Positive influence: However, they are extremely helpful for pre-kharif crops like jute, paddy, and a large number
of vegetables and fruits. Also, a sudden drop in temperature gives relief after unbearable mid-day heat.
Other Local winds and their socio-economic influence
Name Description Influence
Loo They are hot, dry winds blowing  Negative influence: These winds cause loss of life due to
throughout the daytime in north and dehydration.
western India during the month of May  Positive influence: It facilitates the process of separating the
and June. They are developed due to chaff from the grain. There is also decline in number of insect-
formation of the Monsoon Low Pressure borne disease like malaria due to decrease in mosquito
Trough in northern India. population.
Aandhi Also known as ‘Kali Aandhi’, they are They can cause destruction of life and property as well as add to the
strong dust storms observed over north- pollution of cities like Delhi.
western and Central India before
monsoon.
Mango They are pre-monsoon local rain-carrying They aid in early ripening of Mangoes, thus locally called Mango
showers winds which cause early showers along showers.
coastal Karnataka and Kerala.
Blossom They are pre-monsoon showers in late- They aid in blossoming of coffee flowers, having high commercial
showers summer in Kerala and adjacent areas. importance for the state.
Elephanta They are strong southerly and south They mark the end of southwest monsoon.
westerly winds blowing along the Malabar
coast of India post-monsoon in the
months of September and October.

5.9. NEWS IN SHORTS

5.9.1. VENEZUELA MAY BE THE FIRST  It will increase coastal erosion and elevate
storm surge.
NATION TO LOSE ALL ITS GLACIERS
○ Biodiversity Loss: Walrus are losing their home
 According to the International Cryosphere Climate and polar bears are spending more time on land,
Initiative (ICCI), the Humboldt (or La Corona) - causing higher rates of conflict between people
Venezuela’s last standing glacier in the Andes, has and bears.
shrunk to a size that no longer qualifies it as a glacier. ○ Disasters: Frequency of Glacial lake outbursts
○ ICCI is a network of experts and researchers (GLOFs) in regions like Himalayas will increase.
collaborating with governments and organizations ○ Other: Reduction in water availability in rivers like
to preserve the Earth’s cryosphere. Ganges, economic activities like fishing and
○ Cryosphere includes snow and ice on land, ice navigation will be impacted etc.
caps, glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
 A glacier is an accumulation of ice and snow that slowly
flows over land.
○ Glaciers are melting at a fast rate mainly due to
global warming, warming of ocean water etc.
○ Both Alpine (e.g. Hindu Kush Himalaya) and Ice
sheets (e.g. Antarctica) have been impacted.
 Impacts of Glacier Melting
○ Sea Level Rise: As per NASA, if all glaciers and ice
sheets melted, global sea level would rise by more
than 60 meters.

62 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

  It is one element which helps to define the
monetary policy stance (accommodative,
neutral or restrictive).
○ Impact the financial health of banks and other
financial institutions, the value of assets, and the
economic expectations of individuals and
businesses.
 Way forward
○ Adopting green taxonomy, which is a framework
to assess the sustainability credentials and possible
ranking of economic activity.
○ Need to incorporate climate risk into their
modeling frameworks used for monetary
framework.

5.9.2. CLIMATE CHANGE CAN WEAKEN

MONETARY POLICY TRANSMISSION: RBI
 Monetary policy is an adjustment of the supply of
money in the economy by the Reserve Bank of
India(RBI) to achieve a combination of inflation and
output stabilization.
 Climate change effects on monetary policy
○ Directly impacts inflation through adverse
weather events affecting agricultural production
and global supply chains.
○ Impact the Natural Rate of Interest (NRI) due to
increasing temperatures and occurrence of
Extreme weather events undermining productivity 5.9.3. NEW COLLECTIVE QUANTIFIED
and lowering potential output. GOAL ON CLIMATE FINANCE (NCQG)
 NRI is a real short-term interest rate
 Parties to the UNFCCC have made new submissions for
consistent with output at its potential and a
the NCQG under Paris Agreement.
stable rate of inflation.
63 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 New Collective Quantified Goal on Climate Finance  About Carbon Farming:
(NCQG) was proposed in COP21 for setting post-2025 o It uses regenerative practices to improve
climate finance goal (new goal). agriculture, restore ecosystems, and combat
○ In 2009 parties to UNFCCC had decided to mobilise climate change by storing carbon and reducing
$100 billion annually by 2020 which was emissions.
subsequently extended to 2025. o Common Methods: Agroforestry, conservation
○ However, this target is yet to be achieved farming (minimising soil disturbance), integrated
reflecting significant shortfalls in it. nutrient management, Renewable Energy
 NCQG is proposed to raise the floor on climate finance Production Grasslands Conservation, etc.
above the current $100 billion annual target while also  Potential Benefits:
addressing key shortcomings in the current climate o Carbon Sequestration: Studies have shown
financing mechanism by: agricultural soils can absorb 3-8 billion tonnes of
○ setting both qualified and quantified targets in CO2-equivalent every year.
line with needs;  This capacity can bridge the gap between
○ agreeing suitable modalities for financing feasible emissions reductions and the
mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage; and indispensable stabilisation of the climate.
○ building deeper levels of accountability and o Promoting Farmers Income: Carbon credit systems
transparency into the goal. can incentivise farmers by providing additional
 Issues associated with the target of mobilising $100 income through environmental services.
billion annually  Challenges: Inadequate policy support, lack of
○ Distributional imbalance: Between 2011 and resources to invest in sustainable land management
2020, 80% of global climate finance was focused in practices by small land holding farmers etc.
OECD countries and the East Asia Pacific region,
revealing a significant geographical concentration
of funds.
○ Overemphasis on financing of mitigation:
Adaptation made up only about 8% of the total
climate financing in 2019-2020)
○ Nature of Climate Finance: Nearly 94% of existing
climate investment is either through either debt or
equity (return seeking).
Paris Agreement (2015) on Climate Financing
 Article 9 of the Paris Agreement stipulates that developed
country Parties shall provide financial resources to assist
developing country Parties with respect to both mitigation
and adaptation in continuation of their existing obligations
under the Convention.

5.9.4. CARBON REMOVALS AND CARBON

FARMING (CRCF) REGULATION IN
EUROPEAN UNION (EU)
 European Parliament and the European Council
recently reached a provisional agreement on a
regulation to establish the first EU-level Carbon
Removal Certification Framework.
o This certification framework will boost innovative
carbon removal technologies and carbon farming.
o It establishes quality criteria standards and
outlines monitoring and reporting processes to
prevent greenwashing.
 Greenwashing is a term used where a
company makes false or misleading
statements that their products/services are
more sustainable than they are in reality.
64 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
5.9.5. DIRECT AIR CAPTURE AND 5.9.6. KEELING CURVE
STORAGE (DAC+S) PLANT
 Global average concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2)
 World’s largest DAC+S plant, Mammoth, started was 4.7 parts per million (ppm) in March 2024 (higher
operation in Iceland. than March 2023), signifying large spike in Keeling
 It is second commercial DAC+S facility of Swiss Curve.
Company Climeworks and is much larger than its o It is the largest ever recorded leap in CO2
predecessor Orca. concentration at 425.22 ppm.
 DAC+S Technology:  About Keeling Curve
o A Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) technology o It is the record of atmospheric CO2 from Mauna
which capture CO2 directly from atmosphere at Loa Observatory (MLO), since 1958.
any location.  MLO is a station that measures the elements
 It is distinct from carbon capture which is in atmosphere that contribute to climate
generally carried out at point of emissions. change.
o CO2 can be permanently stored in deep geological  It is located in Hawaii on the side of Mauna
formations (DAC+S) or used for various Loa, the world’s largest active volcano.
applications. o It is named after Dr. Charles David Keeling.

5.9.7. BIOCOVER
 A recent study has proposed a sustainable approach of
microbial methane oxidation system (called as
biocover) to control fugitive methane emissions from
old dumpsites.
 About Biocover
o Biocovers are porous material layer laid directly
on top of a landfill which is then covered by an
oxidizing layer of mature compost.
o It provides optimal conditions for methanotrophic
(methane utilizing) bacteria to thrive and act as
 About CDR: biofilters, hence control methane emissions by
o CDR refers to anthropogenic activities that converting methane to CO2.
remove CO2 from atmosphere and store it o Potential applications: Road construction, land
durably in geological, terrestrial, or ocean reclamation, etc.
reservoirs.  Concerns: As they are found in old and deep dumpsites,
o According to IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, CDR is they may be contaminated with heavy metals and
necessary element to achieve net-zero CO2 and microplastics.
GHG emissions.
 Other CDR technologies: 5.9.8. WORLD BANK RELEASED REPORT
o Afforestation/Reforestation and Soil Carbon TITLED ‘WATER FOR SHARED
Sequestration: Fixing atmospheric carbon in PROSPERITY’
biomass and soils.
o Enhanced Weathering: Mining of rocks containing  Report was released at 10th World Water Forum in
minerals that naturally absorb CO2. Bali, Indonesia.
o Ocean-based CDR: Ocean fertilisation (adding  World Bank defines Shared prosperity as boosting
nutrients to upper layers), ocean alkalinity prosperity, particularly for poorest, to achieve more
enhancement (transformation of CO2 as equitable societies.
biocarbonate/carbonate), coastal blue carbon  Key findings
management etc. o Defines Four interconnected building blocks of
o Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage prosperity: Health and Education (human capital),
(BECCS): Using biomass as energy for CDR and Jobs and Income, Peace and Social cohesion (social
storing biogenic carbon geologically. capital), and Environment (natural capital).
 Challenges in CDR: Higher energy needs and costs, Air o Population growth, urbanization, and climate
Pollution (through Mining), Significant land and water change are causing disparity in global water
demand, ocean acidification etc. access.
65 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 o In 2022, 197 million people lacked safe drinking ○ India’s electricity generation is more carbon-
water, and 211 million lacked basic sanitation. intensive than the global average.
o Globally, about 450 million people live in high- ○ India also saw the second-highest increase in coal
poverty and low-water-access hotspots. generation globally, behind China.
o In low-income countries, access to water services ○ Despite progress, wind, solar and other low-carbon
is available in less than half of schools. sources are not yet growing fast enough to meet
o Inadequate and unsafe water affects early India’s rapidly growing electricity demand.
childhood development.
o Climate change leads to extreme weather events
like floods, droughts, further disrupting children’s
learning leading to school dropouts, damaging
crops, increasing conflicts etc.
 Recommendations for inclusive water security
o Improve resilience to extreme hydro-climatic risks
by setting up early warning systems.
o Improve water resources development and
allocation by integrating nature-based solutions
and adopt water accounting method.
o Safely managed water supply and sanitation by
reforming water information systems to target
pro-poor.
World Water Forum
 It is held every three years, and Co-hosted by World
Water Council and a host country.
 Objectives: Raise importance of water on political agenda;
Support discussions towards resolution of international
water issues; etc.

5.9.9. INDIA BECAME THIRD LARGEST

SOLAR POWER GENERATOR
 This is highlighted as per Global Electricity Review
(GER) 2024 report, released by global energy think tank 5.9.10. SPAIN BECOMES 99TH MEMBER
Ember. OF INTERNATIONAL SOLAR ALLIANCE
○ Key finding of the report (ISA)
○ Renewables provided 30% of global electricity for
the first time.  About ISA
○ Solar was the main supplier of electricity growth o Objective: A treaty-based intergovernmental
in 2023. organization that is an action-oriented, member-
○ India saw the world's fourth-largest surge in solar driven, collaborative platform for increased
generation in 2023 behind China, the US and Brazil. deployment of solar energy technologies.
○ India overtook Japan to become the third-largest o Genesis: Jointly launched by India and France in
solar power generator in 2023, providing 5.9% of 2015 on the sidelines of COP-21 of the United
global growth in solar. Nations Framework Convention on Climate
○ India produced the second highest amount of Change (UNFCCC) in Paris.
electricity from coal.  It was officially established in 2017, with the
 India’s per capita emissions from the power entry into force of the ISA Framework
sector are the fourth lowest in the G20, Agreement.
despite high coal reliance.  With the amendment of the Framework
○ India’s per capita emissions from the power Agreement in 2020, all member states of the
sector are just over half the global average and United Nations are eligible to join the ISA.
even further below the average in Asia. o Key Strategy: Guided by the ‘Towards 1000’
 Challenges in power sector: strategy. Under it, ISA aims to
○ Drought conditions globally resulted in a record fall  Mobilise USD 1,000 billion of investments in
in hydropower generation. solar energy solutions by 2030
66 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
  Delivering energy access to 1,000 million o Rangelands are natural or semi-natural
people ecosystems grazed by livestock and/or wild
 Installation of 1,000 GW of solar energy animals.
capacity. o They often comprise a mosaic of ecosystems such
o Observer Status of UN: In 2021, the UN General as grasslands, savannahs, shrublands, drylands,
Assembly conferred Observer Status to the ISA. deserts, steppes, mountains, open forests, and
o HQ: Gurugram, India agroforestry systems.
 Significance of ISA  Key highlights of report
o Ensuring Just energy transition through solar by o Rangelands cover over 54% of terrestrial surface,
facilitating technology transfer, mobilising with around 78% occurring in drylands.
finance, etc. o Up to 50% rangelands are estimated to be
o ISA along with initiatives like Global Biofuels degraded showing signs of diminished soil fertility
Alliance and Coalition for Disaster Resilient and nutrients, erosion, salinization, alkalinization,
Infrastructure are mechanisms for India to assert and soil compaction inhibiting plant growth.
its soft power. o Drivers of degradation include land use changes
due to population growth and urban expansion,
rapidly rising food, fibre and fuel demands,
excessive grazing, abandonment, and policies that
incentivise overexploitation.
 Rangeland status in India:
o Indian rangelands occupy about 121 million
hectares, and around 100 million hectares is
considered underutilized.
o Pastoralists have been widely marginalized in
Indian public policies, resulting in insecure tenure
rights and access to their pool of common
resources.
 In many states, pastoralists have been banned
from forests and protected areas.
 Mining and energy projects also prevent their
access to critical rangeland resources.

5.9.11. GLOBAL LAND OUTLOOK REPORT

ON RANGELANDS AND PASTORALISTS
 Global Land Outlook Thematic Report on Rangelands
and Pastoralists released
 This report by UN Convention to Combat
Desertification (UNCCD) focuses on relationship
between rangelands and their human communities,
especially pastoralists, to identify approaches for
rangeland protection.
67 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
Key Recommendations o Governance Harms: Undermining the role of
governments; Loss of government revenues;
 Integrated climate change mitigation and adaptation
Enforcement costs etc.
strategies boosting resilience of pastoralist
communities.
 Reduce rangeland conversion and other land use
changes that diminish the diversity and
multifunctionality of rangelands
 Adopt and support pastoralism-based strategies and
practices that help mitigate harms to rangeland health.

5.9.12. WORLD WILDLIFE CRIME REPORT

2024
 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
released World Wildlife Crime Report 2024
 Key findings
o During 2015-2021, rhinoceroses and cedars were
most impacted animal and plant species
respectively.
o Largest numbers of seizures reported during 2015-
2021 involved corals, followed by crocodilians and
elephants.
o For seizures of animal species, there is gradual
increase from 2015–2019 and then decline in 2020
and 2021.
o For seizures of plant species, there is sharp
increase in 2020 and 2021.
 Wildlife crime
o It can be defined as taking, possession, trade or
movement, consumption of wild animals and
plants or their derivatives in contravention of any
international, regional, or national legislation(s).
 Factors driving wildlife crime
o Demand for medicine, pets, bushmeat,
ornamental plants etc.
o Huge profits earned by illegal traders by selling
exotic animals, plants, and their parts. Eg.
Rhinoceros horn, etc.
o Corruption undermines government restrictions
on wildlife harvest, trade and use, thus enabling
wildlife crime.
 Impact of Wildlife Crime
o Environmental: Overexploitation and reduced 5.9.13. SEA ANEMONE
populations of wildlife species; Increasing invasive
alien species etc.  Scientists have found mass sea anemone bleaching off
 Out of all seized fauna, 40% were either Agatti island, Lakshadweep.
threatened or near-threatened on red list.  About Sea anemone:
o Economical: Money-laundering and illegal cross- o They are ocean-dwelling members of the phylum
border financial flows. Cnidaria.
o Social: Risks of disease transmission to people  Sea anemones are predatory animals and
from live animals, plants, wildlife meat; most species are found in coastal tropical
Degradation of services like food, medicines, waters.
energy, etc. o Like corals, sea anemones establish symbiotic
relationships with green algae.
68 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 o Sea surface temperature rise disrupts this o Other Prominent Blue Holes: Dragon Hole in the
relationship, resulting in bleaching. South China Sea, Great Blue Hole near Belize and
o They also have a symbiotic relation with the Dahab Blue Hole (Egypt).
clownfish.
 Clownfish are protected by the stinging
tentacles of anemone and anemone gets food
from Clownfish’s meals.
o They play key biogeochemical roles in benthic
ecosystems.

5.9.16. CATATUMBO LIGHTNING

 Catatumbo lightning is a natural phenomenon that
occurs at the mouth of the Catatumbo River, where it
meets Lake Maracaibo.
o The lightning strikes almost continuously up to 300
days a year.
o The area is called the lightning capital of the
world.
5.9.14. BASEFLOW  Factor responsible for high frequency of lightning:
 A recent study highlighted that Baseflows have a o The convergence of cool air from the Andes and
stronger triggering effect on river floods in Peninsular moist air from the Caribbean generates a constant
India as compared to rainfall and soil moisture. cycle of convection.
o Six rivers studied include Narmada, Tapi, o As the warm air rises, it cools and condenses,
Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery. leading to the formation of Cumulonimbus clouds
 Baseflow: which in turn, create an environment for electrical
o Baseflows are streamflows which results from activity.
precipitation that infiltrates into the soil and  Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela is the largest lake in Latin
eventually moves through soil to the stream America.
channel.
o This is often called groundwater flow or dry- 5.9.17. BATAGAY CRATER
weather flow.  Newly captured aerial footage of Batagay Crater has
revealed that it is growing every year as the frozen
5.9.15. BLUE HOLE ground melts.
 Researchers found evidence that Taam Ja' Blue Hole is  About Batagay (also spelled Batagaika) crater
the deepest in the world. o It is also known as “Gateway to Underworld” or
o It is located in Mexico's Chetumal Bay, on the “Doorway to Hell” and is the world's biggest
eastern side of the Yucatán Peninsula. permafrost crater.
 About Blue hole o Located in Siberia, Russia, it is a massive,
o These are water-filled caverns that form below the expanding depression in Earth's surface, formed
seafloor. These are often found in coastal areas due to permafrost thaw.
where the bedrock is prone to erosion. o Since 1960s, its growth accelerated due to
o They develop as ocean water seeps through cracks, deforestation and climate change.
dissolving minerals as they go, leading to o From 1991 to 2018, the crater area increased by
sinkholes. Over time, they can grow quite large. almost three times.

69 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

5.9.18. ERRATA was incorrectly mentioned that 4,100 billion kg e-
waste was generated in India.
 In April 2024 Monthly Current Affairs Magazine, o The correct information is that 4,100 million kg e-
Article 5.4. E-waste, due to a typographical error, it waste was generated in India.

70 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

6. SOCIAL ISSUES
6.1. WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN INDIA
Why in the News?
Recently Reserve Bank of India’s Innovation Hub (RBIH) released a white
paper titled ‘At the Helm: Women Entrepreneurs Transforming Middle
India.’
More about News
 This study is aimed at understanding complex socioeconomic
dynamics affecting women’s entrepreneurship in Middle India.
 In Middle India (i.e. Tier II and Tier III cities), women entrepreneurs
are poised to play a transformative role.
 Despite notable progress in education and legislative measures
improving workplace conditions, women’s participation in
entrepreneurship remains limited, particularly in Tier II and Tier III
cities.
 This underrepresentation is a gap that demands immediate attention
and dedicated action.
Significance of Women Entrepreneurs in Middle India
 Economic Significance:
o Sustainable economic development & Employment Generation: By accelerating women's entrepreneurship,
India could create more than 30 million women-owned enterprises, potentially creating 150 to 170 million jobs
(NITI Aayog).
o Poverty Alleviation: India could increase GDP growth by 1.5 percentage points by including 50% of women in the
workforce (World Bank). This also leads to sustainably augmenting family income.
 Social Significance:
o Gender equality: Women entrepreneurs help in bridging the gender gap in the business world, promoting gender
equality.
 Only 19.2% of Indian women participate in the workforce, in stark contrast to 70.1% of men, highlighting a
significant employability gap of 50.9% (ILO).
o Fuller Utilization of human capital: Female labor force participation rate is merely 41% compared to 60% LFPR of
men according to PLFS for the calendar year 2023.
 Developing local markets: Women entrepreneurs also tap into the global market using digital and social platforms.
o Example: The Splendor of Kashmir: Started by Varuna Anand from Jammu to promote Kashmiri shawl artistry
through online sales and exhibitions across India. Her online sales venture helped her connect to a wider
audience.
 Role Models and Agents of Social Change: Women entrepreneurs inspire other women to embark on their
entrepreneurial journeys.
o Example: Maa Bimaleshwari Janhit Karya Samiti: A Self Help Group started by Phool Basan Yadav, empowering
200,000 poor women.
 Women Empowerment: By providing women with financial independence and decision-making authority.
o Example: Usha Jha: Affectionately known as ‘Usha auntie’ in Patna, supported women with entrepreneurial
aspirations.
Challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in Middle India
 Capital Gap: Merely 3% of the women surveyed had accessed external funding, such as bank loans or equity
investments, to start or expand their businesses.

71 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

 Data Gap: Lack of gender disaggregated data hampers the ability to present compelling business cases to investors
or lenders.
 Visibility Gap: Women entrepreneurs frequently confront societal undervaluation of their work, often stereotyped
by their roles within the family or judged by their age or level of ambition.
 Safety Gap: Cities deemed safer for women usually have more entrepreneurs. Enhancing women’s safety can directly
contribute to fostering a more vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystem.
 Network Gap: Women face challenge of rebuilding their social networks after migration due to marriage. This
disruption often leads to slower career progression, as rebuilding networks takes time and effort.
o Marriage is primary factor behind women’s migration with 87% women’s migration being due to marriage.
 Care Gap: Women entrepreneurs are more likely to experience pauses in their careers due to caregiving
responsibilities, including maternity leave and other family care needs.
Way forward and policy recommended by white paper
 Gender-disaggregated data: It is needed at a granular level to counter stereotypes, create interest in this segment
and make effective policy interventions based on data.
 Use of Local role models who have crossed these milestones play an important role in developing an enabling
environment. New urban infrastructure in tier 2 India, such as airports or convention centers can be used to showcase
success stories of local entrepreneurs.
 Access to capital: Provide grants to women entrepreneurs and female focused Venture Capital funds to break the
vicious cycle of women owned businesses not scaling because of lack of funding.
 Fiscal incentives to female owned businesses for childcare leave and expenses are a potential solution.
 Providing co-working and co-building space: Many women are not able to expand their enterprises because they
operate from home and often limit their operations for as long as possible.
 More responsive financial system: Going beyond PSL targets and setting KPIs for more inclusive investing and credit
can be an effective policy approach.
Initiatives Taken:
 Mudra Yojana for Women/ Mahila Udhyami Yojana: By Ministry of Finance, Loans up to Rs 10 lakh are provided to women
entrepreneurs, without any collateral, and with low interest with flexible repayment tenure.
 Pradhan Mantri Virasat Ka Samvardhan (PM Vikas) Scheme: By Ministry of Minority Affairs, focuses on to improve livelihoods
of the minorities with a focus on women, youth and disabled.
 Mahila Samriddhi Yojana: By Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, It is a Micro Finance scheme for women with a
rebate in interest. Financial Assistance up to the cost of Rs. 1,40,000/- is provided.
 Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP): By Niti Aayog, As an aggregator platform,WEP hosts information and services
relevant to women entrepreneurs. It enables key partnerships to bring crucial content, workshops, campaigns, and other
avenues of learning and growth to its users from trailblazers in the industry.
 Trade Related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development (TREAD): Lending institutions/ banks would finance loan
assistance for women through NGO for undertaking non-farm activities.
 Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP): By Ministry of Women and Child Development, scheme
aims to provide competencies and skills that enable women to become self-employed/entrepreneurs.
 Stand-Up India: For financing SC/ST and/or Women Entrepreneurs.

6.2. LOCALIZING THE SDGS: WOMEN IN LOCAL GOVERNANCE IN INDIA

Why in the News?
Recently, Elected Women Representatives (EWR) of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI) participated in an Event: “Localizing
the SDGs: Women in Local Governance in India Lead the Way” In United Nations Headquarters.
About Localization of SDGs in India
 Localizing SDGs means enabling local governments and communities to be the catalysts of change to support the
achievement of the global goals.
 Elected Women Representatives (EWRs) have been instrumental in driving positive change, emphasizing their
significant contributions in achieving sustainable development at the grassroots level.
72 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 Women leaders are a critical link between local governance, sustainable development, and gender equality.
o The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act provides for reservation of 1/3 seats in the local bodies and has
elevated women’s participation in rural governance.
Status of EWRs
 According to Global Gender Gap report (2023), which added the inclusion of women in local governance as a new
indicator:
o Globally, only 18 of the 146 countries surveyed have achieved representation of women of over 40 percent in
local governance.
o India is among the countries with the highest participation of EWR in local governance (above 44%).
Impact created by EWRs in Localisation of SDGs in India
 Enhanced policy outcomes: For instance, EWR’s from Rajasthan, with their initiatives have been promoting
environmental sustainability, including the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and efforts to curb plastic usage building a cleaner
and greener future.
 Inclusive decision making: For instance, EWRs in Tripura constructed separate restrooms in government offices and
assisted in growth of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) from 600 to almost 6,000.
 Address Gender Based Violence: For instance, A 2021 survey in Bihar found that EWRs play a key role in providing
redressal support on issues of domestic violence and child marriage;
o 61 % of EWRs reported that they intervened to stop abuse reported by women in their constituencies, and
o 46% had intervened to stop child marriage.
 Challenging regressive norms: For instance, In Haryana, which is known for its low sex ratio, EWRs have made
attempts to reduce the prevalence of the purdah system, encourage school education for girls, reduce open
defecation.
Challenges faced by EWRs
 Balancing responsibilities: Prevailing gender norms make it difficult for EWRs to manage public duties and household
responsibilities, which include a disproportionate share of domestic and care work.
 Lack of experience: Many EWRs, particularly those new to public life, face initial challenges such as lack of experience,
leadership skills and confidence create hinderance in the decision making and governance.
 Gender based perception: Most women representatives report facing gender-based discrimination and feeling
ignored in the panchayat owing to their gender as roles, like that of panchayat secretary and other posts, are
dominated by men.
 Digital divide: The gender-related digital divide among EWRs hampers their capacity to fulfil their roles effectively in
an era of increasing digitisation in governance and public service delivery
 Proxy Participation: A critical challenge to women’s representation is the placement of ‘rubber stamp candidates’
in reserved seats, i.e female representatives reported proxy participation by their husbands (Panchayat Pati).
 Financial Constraints: Women representatives typically belong to lower economic groups compared to men, the
financial constraints both as contestants and as representatives results in loss of autonomy and independence.
Way Forward
 Promoting awareness: Targeted training and public campaigns aimed at promoting positive masculinity can help
create an environment that tackles gender biases within governance and households.
 Capacity building: Quality capacity-building programmes can substantially boost their skills and confidence, enabling
them to function independently as leaders. To introduce leadership development programmes at district and
panchayat levels.
 Institutional Reforms: Panchayats have a vital role in combating challenges posed by patriarchal society by promoting
women's access to education, skilling, and safe work opportunities.
 State funding: Provisions for state funding or support from political parties will allow more women to contest
panchayat elections. Greater financial remuneration for EWRs could also incentivise them to participate despite
multiple societal hindrances.
 Other steps: Tailored solutions, such as customised digital literacy, inclusive design and accessibility and a safe
digital environment, should be prioritised and strengthened.
73 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
74 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
6.3. SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Why in the News?
Recently, the Ministry of Labour and Employment has joined the PM Gati Shakti portal to identify and bridge gaps in
social security coverage which is in line with PM Gati Shakti’s plan to cover social infrastructure.
More on News
 The data available at the portal will be leveraged to cover workers engaged in industrial clusters and special
economic zones (SEZs) so as to improve the social infrastructure in India.
What is meant by Social Infrastructure?
 Social infrastructure includes assets which
provides for social services such as education,
health, washing and sanitation facilities, housing,
etc.
 It is different from economic Infrastructure which
helps in improving the productive capacity of the
nation. E.g. energy, transportation and
communication etc.
Significance of Social Infrastructure in India
 Promotes inclusive growth by reducing incidents
of poverty and cases of inequality.
 Enhances human resource productivity by
improving education and skill levels, thereby
maximizing the chances of utilizing India’s demographic dividend.
o Social security and labour welfare improves mobility, productivity and efficiency of labour.
 Encourages upward social mobility and enhances social well-being.
o Social mobility refers to change in a person's socio-economic situation, either in relation to their parents (inter-
generational mobility) or throughout their lifetime (intra-generational mobility). (OECD)
 Improves quality of life of individuals by increasing their incomes and employment opportunities.
o Access to clean water and sanitation has direct benefits in reducing mortality and morbidity that increases the
productive capacity of the poor.
 Helps in achievement of Sustainable Development Goals by adoption of eco-friendly practices such as reducing
carbon footprints, promoting resilience to climate change.
 Reduces sense of alienation among citizens by creation of liveable and inclusive settlements where social and
economic benefits also accrue to the marginalised groups such as poor, women, children, persons with disability etc.
Constitutional Provisions for Social Infrastructure in India
 Under Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), the Constitution of India makes it the duty of the state to work for citizen’s
welfare-
o Article 42: Provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief.
o Article 47: Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health.
o Article 42: Provision for free and compulsory education for children.
o Article 39(b): Encourages distribution of material resources to subserve the common good.
o Article 39(c): Emphasises that economic system should not result in the concentration of wealth.
 Under Seventh schedule, Public health and sanitation is placed in State List whereas education, welfare of labour including
conditions of work are in Concurrent List.

75 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

Challenges related to developing Social Infrastructure in India
 Inadequate public funding on key social sectors such as education and health leading to low learning outcomes.
o Low private sector participation due to low return on investments further complicates the problem.
 Lack of Human Resources: Such as absence of trained teachers, lack of high skilled health professionals, planning etc.
 Inequality in access: Due to affordability issues in marginalized communities, especially in lower-income groups.
 Low awareness among citizens about the importance of social infrastructure: E.g., the perception of the high costs
of having a household toilet and the perceived convenience of open defecation keep the sanitation status low.
 Uneven distribution and regional disparities: E.g., the rural-urban disparity in the distribution of higher educational
institutions and hospitals.
Way Forward
 Supplement public resources with Public-private partnerships (PPPs) to address financial gaps in social infrastructure
by leveraging private sector technical expertise, experience and efficiency.
 Use of innovative initiatives such as Development Impact Bonds to finance development programs by attracting
private investors.
 Securing the unsecured by ensuring universal coverage of life, accident, and pension insurance, will help in increased
social security coverage.
 Increase public expenditure on healthcare and education to 2.5% and 6% of GDP in line with National Health Policy
2017 and National Education Policy 2020 respectively.
 Direct Benefit Transfer can be used as a tool to achieve desired outcomes related to the standard of living.

6.4. NEWS IN SHORTS

6.4.1. SUPREME COURT JUDGEMENT ON  CCL means child below 18 years of age who is
JUVENILE JUSTICE ACT alleged/found to have committed an offense.
o Board: It mandates setting up Juvenile Justice
 Supreme Court passed judgement to strengthen Boards (JJBs) in every district to deal with cases of
Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 CCL.
 Supreme Court’s judgement in “Child in Conflict with o Preliminary Assessment: In case of heinous
Law (CCL) through his mother v. State of Karnataka” offences alleged to have been committed by a
case dealt with act’s provision for preliminary child above 16 years of age, JJB shall conduct a
assessment of CCL in heinous offences. preliminary assessment to assess capacity of the
 About Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of child.
Children) Act (JJ Act) 2015  After preliminary assessment, the Children’s
o Scope: It consolidates and amend the law relating Court may decide that whether the child can
to CCL and Child in need of Care and Protection be tried as adult.
(CCP).

76 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

 Key Highlights of Judgement
o An appeal against the preliminary assessment
order of the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) would be
filed before the Children’s Court (not Sessions
Court) wherever available.
 Also, court has prescribed 30 days’ time limit
for preferring such appeals.
o The time period of 3 months prescribed for
completion of preliminary assessment is not
mandatory but merely directory in nature.

6.4.2. SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN SCREEN

TIME AMONG CHILDREN
 In several studies, it has been found that screen time
among children is more than 2 hours a day.
 Reasons for Rise in Screen time among children:
o Role Modelling: Children usually imitate their
parents/other family members and peer group.
o Educational or recreational purposes: With the
advent of COVID-19 pandemic, use of Mobile
has witnessed rapid and widespread
acceptance.
o Working parents: They usually provide mobile
phones to children’s for different purposes such
as safety.
o Increased Accessibility: Proliferation of
smartphones, tablets, computers, and other
digital devices in recent times.
 Concerns:
o Mental and Physical Health Issues: High
exposure may lead to anxiety, depression, and
sleep disturbances. 6.4.3. WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024
 Sedentary lifestyle may lead to physical
 International Organization for Migration (IOM)
health issues like obesity.
released World Migration Report 2024.
o Cognitive ability and social skills: High screen
 Key Findings at Global level
time can hinder the development of important o Factors driving global displacement: Conflict and
Cognitive, social and emotional skills, such as climate change remain the most significant.
empathy. o Total international migrants: about 281 million
o Cyber Bullying and Child Abuse: Incidents of worldwide, of which 117 million are displaced,
bullying and abuses are rising. Young girls are marking the highest level recorded.
more prone to them.  India related findings
 Way Ahead: Emphasis on physical activities, limiting o In India, strong influence of climate impacts on
screen time by creating awareness etc. internal migration from Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh
and Madhya Pradesh.

77 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

 o India hosts the world's largest number of
international migrants (18 million), residing
notably in UAE, USA, and Saudi Arabia.
o In 2022, India remains the top remittance
recipient country, receiving more than USD 111
bn, the first country to reach and even surpass the
USD 100 bn mark.
 Issues faced by Migrants
o Reduced migration pathways for individuals from
less developed countries is driving more people to
resort to irregular migration pathways.
o Migrants are subjected to racism, xenophobia,
criminalization, gender based violence and other
human rights violations.

78 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

7. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
7.1. SPACE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
Why in the news?
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) released the Indian Space Situational Assessment Report (ISSAR) for 2023
compiled by ISRO System for Safe and Sustainable Space Operations Management (IS4OM).
About Space Situational Awareness (SSA)
 Definition: Space situational awareness (SSA) is the knowledge,
characterization, and practice of tracking space objects and their
operational environment (mainly orbits).
o Space assets operating in outer space are vulnerable to various
environmental hazards- natural objects like asteroids, comets, and
meteoroids, energy and particle flux, and artificial space objects.
o In order to enable Collision Avoidance Maneuvers (CAM), space operators can use SSA data to forecast object
conjunctions and warn them against any potentially hazardous near approaches.
Key Highlights of Indian Space Situational Assessment Report (ISSAR) 2023
 Satellites: Since beginning of Indian space era, 127 Indian satellites, including those from private operators/academic
institutions, have been launched till December 2023.
o Number of operational satellites owned by Government of India is 22 in LEO (Low Earth Orbit) and 29 in GEO
(Geo-synchronous Earth Orbit).
 Space Debris: There were five major on-orbit break-up events in 2023, resulting in a net addition of 69 fragmented
objects to space debris population by the end of 2023.
 Space Object Proximity Analysis (SOPA): ISRO regularly carries out analyses through IS4OM/ ISTRAC (ISRO Telemetry
Tracking and Command Network) to predict close approaches by other space objects to Indian space assets and to
undertake Collision Avoidance Manoeuvres (CAMs).
o An increasing trend in CAMs per year is observed, which can be correlated with the growing congestion in outer
space.
About Space Debris
 Definition: Space debris is defined as all non-functional, artificial objects, including fragments and elements thereof,
in Earth orbit or re-entering into Earth’s atmosphere.
 Debris concentration: Maximum debris concentrations can be noted at altitudes of 800-1000 km, and near 1400 km
(mainly in Lower Earth Orbits (LEO).
 Origins: Majority of debris objects originate from on-orbit break-ups as well as on-orbit collisions.
o Space debris also originates from defunct satellites, missing equipments, spent rocket stages, and use of space-
based weapons.
 Kessler syndrome: It is a phenomenon in which the density of objects in the Low Earth Orbit grows leads to collision,
triggering a chain reaction that generates more space debris and further collisions.
Concerns/Risks associated with Space Debris
 Operational risks: Space debris objects can cause harm to operational spacecrafts and satellites.
o Impacts by debris larger than 10 cm are assumed to cause catastrophic break-ups, which completely destroy the
spacecraft, thus ending its operation, and generating thousands of debris fragments.
o India had to carry out 23 CAMs to protect Indian space assets.
 Threat to astronauts’ lives: Due to rate of speed and volume of debris in Low Earth Orbit, current and future space-
based explorations and operations pose a safety risk to astronauts.
 Risk to ground population: Large space debris objects that reenter the atmosphere in an uncontrolled way can survive
reentry to reach Earth’s surface, creating risk to the population on ground.
79 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 Limited natural resource: Orbits are a limited natural resource and space debris threatens the economically vital
orbits, potentially making them unusable in future.
Initiatives for mitigating Space Debris
 Global initiatives and international partnerships
o Inter-Agency Debris Coordination Committee (IADC): Established in 1993, it is an international governmental
forum for the worldwide coordination of activities related to man-made and natural debris in space.
o UN Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines: Prepared by UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UN-
COPUOS) and endorsed by UN General Assembly in 2007.
o Zero Debris Charter: Signed by 12 countries - Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Germany, Lithuania, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Sweden and United Kingdom.
 It contains high-level guiding principles and ambitious, jointly defined targets to become debris neutral by
2030.
 Indian initiatives
o Debris Free Space Missions (DFSM) 2030: This initiative aims to achieve debris-free space missions by all Indian
space actors, governmental and non-governmental by 2030.
o ISRO System for Safe and Sustainable Operations Management (IS4OM): Operational since 2022 to safeguard
ISRO’s space assets and to improve compliance with internationally recognized guidelines on the Long-Term
Sustainability (LTS) of outer space activities.
o Space Situational Awareness Control Centre (SSACC): Established in Bengaluru, it assimilates the tracking data
of inactive satellites, generates useful information and enable research activities pertaining to active debris
removal, space debris modelling and mitigation.
o Project Network for Space Object Tracking and Analysis (NETRA): Under it, ISRO has taken up the establishment
of Space Surveillance and Tracking network with radars and optical telescopes.
Way Forward
 Minimize generation: Avoid debris generation during operational life of satellites and launch vehicles through
regulatory action or international agreements.
 Guarantee successful disposal: Ensure the safe disposal of space objects through atmospheric reentry or re-orbiting
to a safe altitude.
 Avoid internal break-ups: Satellite health monitoring must be improved, and robust passivation techniques
implemented to prevent satellites breaking up from within.
 Active Debris Removal (ADR): Harpoons, magnets, lasers, and slingshots are being explored as possible ways to
capture space junk and bring it down to LEO.
Related News
Norms, Guidelines and Procedures (NGP) for Implementation of Indian Space Policy-2023 in respect of Authorization of Space
Activities
 Formulated by Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe), NGP includes the list of space activities
which need authorization from IN-SPACe, criteria for granting authorization and necessary conditions to be adhered to.
o IN-SPACe is an autonomous single window nodal agency within Department of Space with a mandate to authorize all
space activities undertaken by Government and Non-Government Entities in the country.
 Key highlights:
o Any entity carrying out space activities to or from Indian territory or within the jurisdiction of India including the area to
the limit of its exclusive economic zone needs authorization from IN-SPACe.
o Any space activity including launch, operation, guidance and re-entry of any space object need authorization from IN-
SPACe.
o Only an Indian Entity can apply to IN-SPACe seeking Authorization.
o Non-Indian Entities desiring to conduct Space Activity in India can apply to IN-SPACe for Authorization through an Indian
Entity which could be its Indian subsidiary, joint venture or any other collaboration arrangement recognised by the
Government of India.

80 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

7.2. SOLAR STORM (GEOMAGNETIC STORM)
Why in the news?
Recently, Earth witnessed G5 level of solar storm, the strongest in two
decades and possibly one of the strongest displays of auroras in past 500
years.
What are Solar Storms?
 Solar storms are like massive bursts of energy from the Sun.
o They happen when a large eruption on the Sun's surface, often accompanied by solar flares and coronal mass
ejections (CMEs), accelerates charged particles to incredibly high speeds.
o Depending on the intensity, they are classified from G1 (Minor) to G5 (extreme).
o High speed solar winds bring geomagnetic storms.
o These are a result of Sun entering a period of peak activity called Solar Maximum.
 Solar Flare is an intense burst of radiation, while CMEs are huge cloud of plasma (hot, ionized gas) and magnetic fields
ejected from the Sun near Sunspots.
o These ejected particles can travel over a million miles per hour, and when they reach Earth, they interact with our
planet's magnetic field, causing disturbances.
The Sun's Activity Cycle
 The Sun goes through cycles of activity,
with periods of high and low activity.
 These cycles last about 11 years, and
during the peak of the cycle, called the
solar maximum, there are frequent
solar storms and increased instances of
sunspots (cooler regions on the Sun's
surface)
o This is because the Sun's magnetic
fields are more complex and
twisted during this phase, leading
to more eruptions and ejections of
charged particles.
Implications of solar storms
 Damage to space infrastructure:
Highly energetic particles can
penetrate the materials of spacecraft
and potentially damage them.
 Damage to ground assets: such as
power grids and can also interfere in
radio communications.
 Dangers to satellites: Intense space
weather causes changes in Earth’s
atmosphere and making it difficult for satellite to stay on track.
 Affects ionosphere: by disrupting the use of high frequency radios used for search and rescue, the Global Positioning
System (GPS), and even ground/air communications within the aviation industry.
 Negative impact on Astronauts: it is caused due to Increased radiation affecting astronauts on International Space
Station having harmful effects on health.
 Auroras: An aurora (northern or southern light) is caused when charged particles from the Sun, mainly electrons and
protons, interact with the upper atmosphere.
81 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
Missions to study solar activity
 Aditya L-1 (India): Launched in 2023, this is India's first space mission dedicated to observing the Sun.
 Parker Solar Probe (NASA): Launched in 2021, this spacecraft became the first to fly through the Sun's outer
atmosphere, the corona.
 Solar Orbiter (NASA/ESA): Launched in 2020, this mission aims to take the closest-ever images of the Sun and study
the solar wind.
 Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (NASA): This mission aims to understand how the Sun's atmosphere is
energized, leading to solar eruptions.
 Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (NASA/ESA/JAXA): Launched in 1995, this observatory monitors the effects of
space weather on Earth.

7.3. 3D PRINTING
Why in the News?
IIT Madras-incubated space startup Agnikul Cosmos has successfully launched world’s first single-piece 3D printed rocket
engine of Rocket Agnibaan SOrTeD.
More about the News
 Also, recently, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully conducted hot testing of liquid rocket engine
which is manufactured through Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D Printing Technology.
o The engine used is the PS4 (fourth stage) engine of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV).
o It is developed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), ISRO.
o Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) technique has been employed in t.
About Agnibaan SOrTeD
 Rocket Agnibaan SOrTeD (SubOrbital Technological Demonstrator)
is India’s first semi-cryogenic engine-powered rocket launch flight.
o A suborbital flight is a flight up to a very high altitude which does
not involve sending the vehicle into orbit.
o Its engine has been developed with the help of AM or 3D Printing
technology.
 Launched from: India’s first privately developed launchpad called
‘Dhanush’ established by Agnikul at Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh.
o Launch was supported by the ISRO and the Indian National
Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe).
 Stages and Carrying Capacity: Two-stage rocket with a capacity to
carry payloads upto 100 kg to a height of 700 km (in a Low Earth Orbit
(LEO). Also, there is optional 3rd stage of Agnibaan which is known as baby stage.
o It can access both low- and high-inclination orbits.
 It takes about 75 hours to build one rocket engine, which is much faster than the standard 10 to 12 weeks required
to build a similar-sized rocket engine using conventional processes.

About Semi-Cryogenic Engine (SCE)

 Agnilet (engine of Agnibaan rocket) utilizes a propellant combination of Liquid Oxygen (LOX) and Kerosene.
 SCE uses a fuel that is storable at higher temperatures compared to cryogenic engines, which makes handling and storage
simpler while offering high performance.
o Cryogenic engines use liquid hydrogen as fuel and liquid oxygen as oxidizer at extremely low temperatures.
 ISRO is developing semi-cryogenic propulsion systems for enhancing payload capability of Launch Vehicle Mark-3 and for future
launch vehicles.

82 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

About AM / 3D Printing
 It is the technology that constructs a three-dimensional object from a digital 3D model by adding material layer by
layer.
 It is the opposite of subtractive (traditional) manufacturing, in which an object is created by cutting away at a solid
block of material.
 AM materials include thermoplastics, metal and metal alloys, ceramics and biomaterials such as bioinks.
Process involved in AM / 3D Printing
 Additive Manufacturing technologies are essentially classified into virtual and physical models.
 The virtual model represents computational models and applications for simulation and optimization.
o 3D model is prepared of the required object on computer-aid design (CAD) software.
 The physical model represents three-dimensional virtual design models that are then speedily fabricated into a
physical object. This process is known as rapid prototyping.
o Then, 3D printers are used for the creation of structure.
 3D printers are physical machines that translate digital design files into actual objects or parts.
 It involved different methods such as- Material Jetting, Directed Energy Deposition, Sheet Lamination etc.

Key Applications
Aerospace & Defence: Landing gears, Thrust reverser Automotive: Engine components, gear boxes, air inlet, etc.
doors, Small surveillance drones, high-value components etc.
Electronics: Wearable devices, soft robots, Data processing Healthcare: Surgical Models (Organs), Surgical Instruments
technologies, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) devices, (medical) etc.
etc.
Consumer Goods: Jewellery, shoes, clothing, cosmetics products, toys, figurines, furniture, office accessories, musical instruments,
bicycles, and food products (E.g. confectionery items).
83 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
Advantages of 3D Printing
 Rapid Prototyping: 3D Printing has considerably expedited prototyping, serving as a catalyst in the product
development cycle. It will facilitate swift transition of ideas from concept to tangible form.
 Design Flexibility: Intricate designs, which would have been nearly impossible or prohibitively expensive with
conventional manufacturing methods, are now feasible.
o For instance, aerospace and automotive industries can create components with complex structure without
compromising strength.
 Sustainability: It significantly reduces material waste by only consuming what’s necessary for the print and the
support structures.
o Also it uses sustainable materials. E.g. Polylactic Acid (PLA) is a popular 3D printing material derived from
renewable resources like corn starch or sugarcane.
 On-demand Production: Companies can move from mass production to mass customization, allowing for the swift
manufacturing of parts based on specific demand.
 Quality Assurance: With digital design validation, potential errors in the design process are identified and corrected
even before the printing begins.
o The layer-by-layer technique of 3D printers ensures consistency across the board.
 Supply Chain Enhancement: Eliminates the dependence on large warehouses to store bulk items and components.

Key Initiatives Taken to Promote 3D Printing

 Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) released “National Strategy for Additive Manufacturing” in
2022.
o The Strategy aspires to achieve 5% of Global AM market share and thereto add nearly US$ 1Bn to the GDP by 2025.
 National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology, Aurangabad, has established a 3D printing lab.
 In 2023, National Centre for Additive Manufacturing was set up by MeitY in collaboration with the Government of Telangana.
Recent Developments in India
 India’s first 3D-printed post office was created in Bengaluru.
 Telangana unveiled world’s first 3D-printed temple at Burugupally, Siddipet district.

84 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

Conclusion
3D Printing has revolutionised the manufacturing process. In India, it is in a nascent stage. Implementation of National
Strategy for Additive Manufacturing in letter and spirit will decide its future. Private sector needs to shift towards it as it
has multiple benefits over traditional methods.
To know more about Space Tech Start-Ups in India, refer Article 7.1 of the December Monthly Current Affairs 2023.

7.4. AGRITECH
Why in the News?
World Economic Forum (WEF) in partnership
with PwC India released a report titled
“Agritech: Shaping Agriculture in Emerging
Economies, Today and Tomorrow”
What is Agri-Tech?
 Agritech or agriculture technology is the
term referring to the use of technological
innovations in agriculture to increase its
yield, efficiency, and profitability.
 It employs advanced technologies, such as
artificial intelligence (AI), IoT (Internet of
Things), biotechnology etc.
Role of Agri-Tech in Agriculture Ecosystem
 Intelligent crop planning: It involves the
use of emerging technologies such as Gene
Editing, AI-based soil-testing solutions advice etc. to create a detailed, market-oriented and sustainable crop plan.
 Smart farming: Also known as precision farming, it is the use of technologies to improve efficiency in farm operations.
E.g., AI and Augmented Reality (AR) for crop planning, hyperlocal weather predictions etc.
 Farmgate-to-fork: To address underlying issues such as a lack of quality standards, crop loss between farm and
market, access to storage facilities etc. E.g., Traceability using blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT) enabled
warehousing, smart logistics and more.
 Data governance: Ease of access to high-quality, usable data can generate social-economic value for both farmers
and industry alike.
o For instance, Digital public infrastructure (DPI) in agriculture is a critical enabler of agritech services in emerging
economies.
Potential impact of AgriTech impact on Environment
Positive Negative
 Precision farming which optimises crop production using sensors  Genetically modified crops can pose risks like
and data analytics, is enabling increased yields, lowered waste, reduced genetic diversity and adverse impact on
and lowered greenhouse gas emissions. health of humans and pollinators.
 Precision feeding, genetic selection, and manure management  Agri-tech systems often enable intensive
can reduce emissions due to livestock farming. monoculture practices which lead to reduced
 Biotechnology can be used to develop crop varieties that are diversity, overuse of water resources etc.
more resistant to pests and diseases.
85 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
Initiatives taken by India in AgriTech
 Promotion of Agri-Startups: They provide innovative solutions like farm management software, online marketplaces
for agricultural produce, and farm advisory services etc.
o Around 2800 AgriTech startups (like BigHaat, Fasal, MeraKisan etc.) are recognised by Startup India.
o Innovation and Agri-Entrepreneurship Development programme: under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)
from 2018-19 to provide financial and technical support for nurturing the startup ecosystem.
 5 Knowledge Partners (KPs) and 24 RKVY Agribusiness Incubators (R-ABIs) have been appointed for training
& incubation of agri-startups and implementation of this programme.
o Agriculture Accelerator Fund: Govt. has approved a fund of Rs. 500 crore for five years commencing from 2023-
24 to encourage young entrepreneurs to set up agri-startups in rural areas.
 Agri Stack: Designed to facilitate the delivery of agritech and other digital services to farmers by the government,
agritech start-ups, the private sector or other institutions.
 Agricultural Data Exchange (ADeX): It is an open-source, open-standard and inter-operable public good that allows
data sharing between data providers and data consumers, mainly the private sector, including start-ups, to build
customized services for farmers.
 Digital Agriculture Mission (DAM): This initiative was launched in 2021 to help agri-tech start-ups by leveraging
advances in cloud computing, earth observation, remote sensing, data, and AI/ML models.
 Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA) Scheme: It supports the State Government’s efforts to make
available the latest agricultural technologies through different extension activities like Farmer’s Training,
Demonstrations, Kisan Mela etc.
Challenges in Agritech adoption
 Limited Digital Literacy: India's farmers lack the technical expertise and hands-on experience required to effectively
operate machinery and software, hindering their ability to utilize advanced agricultural technology.
 Infrastructural Barriers: Rural areas often face inadequate network coverage and slow internet speeds, hindering the
adoption and effectiveness of agri-tech solutions.
 Resource Constraints: A substantial number of farmers in rural India operate on small landholdings and have limited
financial resources. Adopting agritech solutions can be expensive, especially when it comes to buying software and
equipment.
 Resistance to Change: Traditional farming methods have been ingrained in rural Indian communities for generations.
Convincing farmers to embrace technological interventions can be challenging.
 Job loss: With farming being a major source of employment across the country, automation in the agriculture sector
could have a significant impact on the local economy leading to large-scale job loss.
Way forward
 Linking digital and physical channels: for instance, using an existing channel of farmer collectives, cooperatives or
organized channels, such as e-governance agents – will be crucial in driving the adoption and active use of agritech
services.
 Diversification of Income Streams: Adoption of agritech makes it possible to diversify revenue sources outside of
traditional farming. Agritech solutions can be developed and marketed by rural entrepreneurs, boosting local
economies and generating job possibilities.
 Building awareness among farmers: The government and civil society must work together to educate Indian farmers
in the use of cutting-edge digital and digital technology.
 Creating the digital infrastructure for rural information: Data related to geo-referenced land/soil details, crop
production, market transaction information, etc., should be kept in the public domain.
o So that startups need not spend time and resources on collecting already available information.
 Harness the power of public-private collaboration: Incentives (financial and non-financial) that will encourage the
private sector to invest in scaling agritech in value chains or geographical regions.

86 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

7.4.1. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE
Why in the news?
Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited (IFFCO) got the Fertiliser (Control) Order, 1985 (FCO) approval for Nano Zinc
and Nano Copper liquids.
More about the news
 These Nanofertilisers would help to address effectively the deficiency of micronutrients zinc and copper in agriculture.
o Nano fertilisers are nutrients that are encapsulated within a nanomaterial in order to enable controlled release,
and its subsequent slow diffusion into the soil.
 Significance of Zinc and copper micronutrients in agriculture:
o Zinc: Enzyme functioning in plants, plant growth and development etc.
o Copper: Enzymatic activities in plants and chlorophyll and seed production
 Earlier, IFFCO’s nano-liquid urea and nano-liquid Di-Ammonia Phosphate (DAP) were also approved under FCO.
o FCO is administered by Dept. of Agriculture Cooperation under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955.
o It lays down as to what substances qualify for use as fertilizers in the soil, procedure for obtaining license, etc.
 The approval of these nano fertilizers highlights the increasing use of nanotechnology in agriculture.
About Nanotechnology
 Nanotechnology involves working with materials and devices at the nanoscale, typically ranging from 1 to 100 nm in
size.
 Need of Nanotechnology in Indian Agriculture
o Indian agriculture fatigued after the Green Revolution: Nutrient use efficiency has declined, and crops are not
responding to added nutrients such as fertilisers.
o Environmental Damage: The unbalanced and non-judicious application of fertilizers has caused damage to
croplands and natural water bodies.
 E.g., excessive use of subsidized urea disrupts groundwater, causes eutrophication, and deteriorates soil
health.
o Food and Nutritional Security Challenges: Achieving food security amidst climate change is challenging, with
multi-nutrient deficiencies in Indian soils, requiring an efficient input delivery and management system.
o Overcoming other issues in Indian agriculture: Such as pests and diseases causing substantial crop losses,
shortage of water and post-harvest due to spoilage.
Applications of Nanotechnology in Agriculture
 Nanofertilizers: They can enhance nutrient uptake by plants with 90-100% utilization efficiency, improving crop
yields.
 Nanopesticides: They can deliver active ingredients to pests in a targeted manner, reducing the amount of chemicals
needed and minimizing collateral damage to non-target organisms.
o E.g., Nano Silver is known to have strong bactericidal and broad spectrum antimicrobial activities.
 Nanobiosensors: They can monitor soil conditions, crop health, and environmental factors with high precision and
provide real-time data to farmers for informed decision making with respect to a irrigation, nutrient application, and
pest control.
 Nanomaterials for Soil Improvement:
o Nanoparticles of clay: To improve soil structure, water retention, and nutrient-holding capacity.
o Nanomagnets: For removal of soil contaminants.
o Remediation: Nanoparticles can help in pollution sensing and remediation of contaminated agricultural lands.
 E.g., Photocatalysis uses UV-activated nanoparticles to degrade pollutants efficiently.
 Crop Protection: Applying silica nanoparticles to leaves shield plants from high temperatures and intense UV
radiation.
 Nanotechnology in Crop Breeding: It can aid in the development of genetically modified crops by enabling precise
manipulation of plant genes at the nanoscale.
87 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 o Nano-fibre arrays: Can deliver genetic material to cells quickly and efficiently.
o Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs): Can serve as effective nanotransporters to deliver DNA and small dye
molecules into plant cells, thus can be used as small treatment delivery systems in plants.
 Nanotechnology in Food Processing:
o Food Packaging and Preservation: Nanomaterials such as nanocomposites can be used to create antimicrobial
and oxygen-barrier coatings to reduce spoilage and food waste.
o Food safety: Scientists have successfully used single bacterial cells to make tiny bio-electronic circuits, which
could in the future be used to detect bacteria, toxins and proteins.

Conclusion
Nanotechnology offers promising applications in agriculture, potentially revolutionizing crop production and
management. However, challenges remain, including potential environmental and health risks associated with
nanoparticles. Thus, we need to develop regulatory frameworks to ensure the safe and responsible development and use
of nanomaterials in agriculture. Proper Risk Assessment can be conducted as suggested in the guidelines by the
Department of Biotechnology (DBT), and FCO order 2021.
Government Initiatives on Nanotechnology in Agriculture
 Mission on Nano Science and Technology (Nano Mission): Launched in 2007, under the Department of Science & Technology
(DST), with funding spanned multiple areas like basic research in nanotechnology including Agriculture.
 Guidelines for evaluating nano-agri inputs and products: Developed by the Department of Biotechnology to ensure the safe
and effective use of nanomaterials in agriculture and address the regulatory framework for commercialization.
88 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
  National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP): Several projects have been initiated to explore the applications of
nanotechnology in agriculture.
 Skill development training programme on nanotechnology: By Indian Council for Agriculture Research (ICAR), in line with the
Government of India’s Skill Development Initiative, to impart hands-on training on the synthesis & characterization of
nanomaterials
 Nano Fertilizer Plant (NFP): Established by IFFCO at Phulpur, Prayagraj.

7.5. NEWS IN SHORTS

7.5.1. AMPLIFYING THE GLOBAL VALUE
OF EARTH OBSERVATION REPORT
 The report released by the World Economic Forum
delves into the economic potential of Earth
Observation (EO) technologies across various sectors.
 EO refers to collecting information about activities and
characteristics on Earth, both natural and artificial,
including physical, chemical, biological and human
systems. EO includes:
○ Remotely-sensed data which is collected from
satellites, piloted aircraft, etc.
○ In-situ data is gathered from GPS-enabled devices,
Internet-of- things sensors, etc.
 Economic opportunities of EO: It would contribute
$3.8 trillion to global gross domestic product between
2023-2030. Industries that would gain most from EO–
○ Agriculture: facilitates practice of precision
agriculture.
○ Electricity and utilities: to forecast the energy
potential and operations management for new 7.5.2. ULTRA-PROCESSED FOOD (UPF)
solar, wind and hydropower sites.  A 30-year-long U.S. study found that consuming Ultra-
○ Mining: to search for rare Earth minerals in old processed food (UPF) is associated with a higher risk of
mines and enhance lithium exploration. early death.
 Climate opportunities of EO: EO applications have the  The risk was especially associated with products like
potential to reduce over 2 billion tonnes of CO2 ready-to-eat meats, sugary drinks, dairy desserts, and
annually by 2030. Some applications: processed breakfast foods.
○ Early warning: better characterize wildfire risk and  However, researchers also clarified that not all UPF
to spot wildfires faster. should be universally restricted, but findings support
○ Environmental impact monitoring: Satellites and limiting certain types for long-term health.
aircraft-borne EO sensors can monitor Greenhouse  Researchers used the Alternative Healthy Eating
gases. Index-2010 (AHEI) score to assess overall dietary
 Challenges: limited awareness of EO applications, quality.
shortage of specialized talent, fragmented standards o AHEI, developed by Harvard School of Public
and difficulty navigating the complex EO marketplace, Health, assigns ratings to foods and nutrients
etc. predictive of chronic disease.
 About UPF
o UPFs are a category of food products that have
undergone extensive processing and contain
89 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 significant amounts of additives (like  It is the second dengue vaccine to receive WHO
preservatives, artificial flavours, emulsifiers). prequalification, following the CYD-TDV vaccine.
o They are often High in fat, Sugar and Salt (HFSS)  WHO recommends the use of TAK-003 in children aged
and low in Vitamins, protein, and fibre. For 6–16 years in settings with high dengue burden and
example, snacks, sodas, etc. transmission intensity.
o Their increased consumptions may lead to various  About WHO Vaccine prequalification
health issues including hypertension, renal failure, o It was created in 1987 to assure the quality of
obesity, fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, vaccines distributed by UN purchasing agencies.
cardiovascular diseases, etc. o Vaccines showing positive outcomes after
o UPF food sector in India witnessed a compounded evaluation of relevant data, testing of samples
annual growth rate of 13.4% between 2011 and and WHO inspection of relevant manufacturing
2021 and is expected to grow further (WHO). sites are included in the list.
 Challenges in curbing UPF consumption in India o However, inclusion in the list does not imply
o Changing lifestyle and dietary pattern. approval of vaccines and manufacturing sites by
o Absence of a clear definition and coverage of HFSS the WHO.
food.  Such approval is a prerogative of the National
o Lack of comprehensive advertisement and Regulatory Authorities.
marketing regulations. o Yet, pre-qualification is an important step in the
expansion of global access to vaccines as it
enables procurement by UN agencies including
UNICEF and PAHO (Pan American Health
Organization).
o Other vector-borne disease for which vaccines are
included in this list include malaria, yellow fever,
Japanese encephalitis, Rabies, etc.

To know more about Ultra Processed Food, refer to Article 7.6

of the November 2023 Monthly Current Affairs Magazine.

7.5.3. WHO PREQUALIFIES NEW DENGUE

VACCINE TAK-003
 Developed by Japan’s pharma company Takeda, TAK-
003 is a live-attenuated vaccine containing weakened
versions of the four serotypes of the virus that cause
dengue.
90 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
7.5.4. WORLD ORGANISATION FOR 7.5.7. ETA AQUARID METEOR SHOWER
ANIMAL HEALTH (WOAH)
 Eta Aquarid meteor shower peaks during early May
 WOAH released Annual Report on Antimicrobial each year.
Agents Intended for Use in Animals. o Meteors are space rocks that enter Earth’s
 About WOAH atmosphere burning and causing steak of light.
o Genesis: founded in 1924 as the Office o Meteors come from leftover comet particles and
International des Epizooties and in 2003 adopted bits from broken asteroids.
the common name WOAH.  About Eta Aquarid meteor shower
o About: An intergovernmental organization o It occurs when the Earth passes through orbital
focused on transparently disseminating plane of Halley’s Comet, which takes about 76
information on animal diseases and improving years to orbit the Sun.
animal health globally. o Eta Aquarid meteors are known for their speed.
o Members: It works with 183 Members (including o Southern Hemisphere is preferable for viewing Eta
India). Aquarids as its radiant – Aquarius Constellation –
o Headquarter: Paris is higher up in Sky in Southern Hemisphere.

7.5.5. THROMBOSIS WITH 7.5.8. LUNAR POLAR EXPLORATION

THROMBOCYTOPENIA SYNDROME (TTS) MISSION (LUPEX)
 AstraZeneca for the first time admitted that its COVID-  India-Japan joint moon mission Lunar Polar Exploration
19 vaccine (Covishield) had rare side effects including Mission (LUPEX) is likely to take flight in few years.
TTS.  About LUPEX
 About TTS o Aimed at exploring the Moon for water and other
○ Also referred to as Vaccine-induced Immune resources and gaining expertise in exploring the
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia (VITT). surface of the Moon.
○ It occurs when a person has blood clots o Japanese Space Agency (JAXA) will be responsible
(thrombosis) together with a low platelet count for the lunar rover and the Indian Space Research
(thrombocytopenia). Organisation (ISRO) will handle the lander.
○ It is a rare condition in which blood clots form in  Observation instruments from NASA and the
unusual places in the body. European Space Agency (ESA) will also be
○ It can affect a person's brain, abdomen, lungs, mounted on the rover.
arteries, etc.
7.5.9. HIGH ENERGY PHOTON SOURCE
○ Symptoms include difficulty in breathing, chest
pain, abdominal pain, swelling in leg, etc. (HEPS)

7.5.6. NAEGLERIA FOWLERI  China is planning to construct a High Energy Photon

Source (HEPS).
 A girl from Malappuram in Kerala has recently died of  This will put China among the few countries that have
infection from Naegleria Fowleri. fourth-generation synchrotron light sources.
 About Naegleria Fowleri  Currently around 70 synchrotrons are scattered across
o It is an amoeba (a type of unicellular organism) the world. But only a few countries have fourth-
that thrives in soil, warm freshwater lakes, rivers, generation synchrotrons such as Sweden, Brazil, France
and hot springs. etc.
o If amoeba reaches the nose and brain, it can result  About HEPS
in infection called Primary Amoebic o First Brightest Synchrotron X-Rays in Asia.
Meningoencephalitis (PAM).  Synchrotrons (a type of circular particle
o It is often called the "brain-eating amoeba" accelerator) use electricity to produce intense
because it can infect the brain and destroy brain beams of light more than a million times
tissue. brighter than the sun.
 Brain infections caused by Naegleria Fowleri o Benefits: Will help researchers' to understand
are rare but nearly always fatal. matter in the dimensions of space, time, and
energy, as well as at the level of molecules, atoms,
electrons, and spin.

91 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

 Indus-1 was India’s first synchrotron. 7.5.13. AI AGENTS
o India is also an associate member of the European
Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) based in  ‘AI agents’ like GPT-4o by OpenAI and Project Astra by
Grenoble, France. Google are believed to be far superior to conventional
voice assistants such as Alexa, Siri, and Google
7.5.10. BHISHM PORTABLE CUBES Assistant.
 AI agents
 Indian Air Force tested BHISHM portable cubes, a
state-of the-art indigenous mobile hospital, at Agra for o Unlike conventional language models, which solely
airdrops. work on text-based inputs and outputs, AI agents
 About BHISHM Portable Cubes can engage in real-time, multi-modal (text, image,
o These are a part of initiative named Project or voice) interactions with humans.
BHISHM (Bharat Health Initiative for Sahyog, Hita o They perceive their environment via sensors, then
and Maitri), designed to treat up to 200 casualties. process the information using algorithms or AI
o Consists of 72 small cubes equipped with advanced models, and subsequently, take actions.
medical equipment which are Radio Frequency o They can understand and learn from the context
Identification (RFID)-tagged. of interactions, allowing them to provide more
o Integrates Artificial Intelligence and data analytics relevant and personalised responses.
to facilitate effective coordination, real-time
monitoring of medical services in field. 7.5.14. ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY
o These cubes are robust, waterproof, and light,
designed for various configurations, making them  Recent research papers related to nitrogen fixation and
ideal for diverse emergency scenarios. nitroplast generated interest in the endosymbiotic
theory.
7.5.11. SOIL NAILING  About Endosymbiotic theory
 Tamil Nadu is using Soil Nailing to ensure the o It posits that some eukaryotic cell organelles, such
stabilization of slopes around the Nilgiris’ major roads as mitochondria and plastids, evolved from free-
 Soil Nailing living prokaryotes.
o It is a geotechnical engineering technique that  Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound
involves the insertion of reinforcing elements into nucleus which stores the genetic information.
the soil in a specified area to strengthen it.  In prokaryotes, DNA is bundled together in
o This is followed by ‘hydroseeding’ – a process of the nucleoid region, but it is not stored within
applying a mixture of seeds, fertilizer, organic a membrane-bound nucleus.
materials and water onto the soil. o Some of these organisms ingested prokaryotic
 It facilitates the growth of grass and plant life, cells that then survived within the organism and
that will help hold the topsoil together and developed a symbiotic relationship.
prevent erosion. 7.5.15. DOPPLER EFFECT
7.5.12. GOLDENE  The Consumer Affairs Ministry seeks public feedback
 Scientists have developed a sheet of Gold, called on draft regulations for Doppler radar equipment used
Goldene, which is just one-atom thick. for measuring vehicle speeds.
o Doppler radar uses the Doppler effect to gather
 About Goldene
velocity data.
o Created by sandwiching silicon between titanium
carbide layers, depositing gold, allowing gold  About Doppler effect
atoms to replace silicon, forming monolayer. o It refers to the change in wave frequency during
o They are roughly 100 nanometres thick, approx. the relative motion between a wave source and its
400 times thinner than the thinnest commercially observer.
available gold leaf. o First proposed by Johann Christian Doppler in
o Potential applications: Catalyst in the electronics 1842.
industry, carbon dioxide conversion, hydrogen o The phenomenon is observed in sound waves and
generation, water purification, etc. electromagnetic waves.
o Application: Astrophysics, by police to check
overspeeding of vehicles, etc.

92 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

7.5.16. GRAPHITE  Nephrotic syndrome is a group of symptoms that
indicate kidneys are not working properly. These
 India has initiated discussions with Sri Lanka to acquire symptoms include
graphite mines. o too much protein in urine, called proteinuria
 It is among 30 critical minerals declared by India. o low levels of a protein called albumin in blood,
 Graphite called hypoalbuminemia
o Also known as plumbago or black lead. o swelling in parts of body, called edema
o Stable form of naturally occurring Carbon. o high levels of cholesterol and other lipids (fats) in
o Properties: blood, called hyperlipidemia
 Grey to black metallic lustre.  Study found a link between the increasing use of
 Extremely soft and cleaves (splits into layers) fairness creams with high levels of mercury (beyond
with very light pressure. the safe limit of 1 ppm) and the development of
 Good conductor of heat and electricity. membranous nephropathy.
 Resistant to attack by ordinary chemical o Membranous nephropathy is an organ-specific
agents. autoimmune disease and a leading cause of
o Applications: EV battery-making components, nephrotic syndrome in adults.
lubricants, pencils, foundry facings, paints  Autoimmune disease is a condition in which
crucibles etc. the body's immune system mistakes its own
7.5.17. NEPHROTIC SYNDROME healthy tissues as foreign and attacks them.

 Recently, Kerala researchers reported multiple cases

linking regular fairness cream usage to Nephrotic
syndrome.

93 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

8. CULTURE
8.1. WEAVING IN INDIA
Why in the News?
Recently on National Textile Day, tribute was paid to Indian weavers.
Weaving in India
 The history of Indian textiles and weavers in India dates back to ancient times. The origins of textiles in India can be
traced back to 3000 BC, during the Indus Valley Civilization.
Ancient India Medieval India Modern India & European
Influence
 Indus Valley Civilization (3300 – 1300 BCE):  Mughal Empire (1526- 1857): Mughal  Emergence of Industrial
o Evidence of cotton cultivation and emperors as patron of arts help Revolution in England
textile production has been found in IVC. opened Karkhanas or workshops made it difficult for Indian
Also, terracotta figurines of IVC are where textile production was carried textiles to compete with
usually draped in woven garments. out. the machine made
o Excavations at site of Mohenjo-Daro o In that era developement of products.
(C.2500 to 1500 BCE) revealed presence luxurious textiles like brocades, o When English clothes
of dye with woven cotton fragments muslin, Malmal Khas (A muslin entered India,
wrapped round a silver pot. worn by Mughals) velvets condition of merchants
 Vedic Period: Rigveda (1500 – 500 BCE) also happened. of Indian textiles and
contains references to weaving having  In western India, silk was mostly weavers in India
religious and cultural significance. mixed with cotton. became worse because
o A weaver in the Rigveda is described as o One example of this was alacha British cloth were
vasovaya. fabric which was made in cheaper.
o The male weaver was called vaya Cambay, Gujarat.  India lost its rich textile
whereas a female weaver was called  Tarikh-i-Rashidi, a medieval text by market and became only a
vayitri. Mirza Dughlat Baig mentions practice supplier of raw cotton for
 Post Vedic period: Epics like Mahabharat and of sericulture in Kashmir. England. This period is
Ramayana mention silk fabric and woolen  Textile Industry grew substantially represented by drain of
clothing. during medieval period and became wealth from India to
o Buddhist literature refers to different largest industry under Mughals with a England.
types of textile fabrics like linen huge European market.
(Khoman), cotton (kappasikam), silk
(kosseyam), etc.
o Other related words found in the text are
weavers (tantuvaya), place of weaving
(tantavitatatthanam), weaving
appliances (tantabhanda) and loom
(tantaka).
o The Arthashastra refers to the
superintendent of yarns (sutradhyaksa)
responsible for regulating yarn spinning.
o In later periods, Achaemenid Empire in
north-western India introduced Persian
motifs and weaving techniques in India.

94 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

Steps taken to Improve Condition of Weavers/Handloom sector:
 National Handloom Development Programme (NHDP): This scheme by Ministry of Textile is being implemented from
financial year 2021-22 to 2025-26.
o It follows need-based approach for integrated and holistic development of handlooms and welfare of handloom
weavers.
o Main Components of scheme are as follows: Cluster Development Programme, Handloom Marketing Assistance,
Weavers’ Welfare and Mega Handloom Cluster.
 Comprehensive Handloom Cluster Development Scheme (CHCDS): For development of Mega Handloom Clusters in
clearly identifiable geographical locations covering atleast 15000 handlooms.
 Handloom Weavers’ Comprehensive Welfare Scheme (HWCWS): It is providing life, accidental and disability
insurance coverage under the components Pradhan Mantri Jivan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY), PradhanMantri Suraksha
Bima Yojana (PMSBY) and Converged Mahatma Gandhi Bunkar Bima Yojana (MGBBY).
 Raw Material Supply Scheme (RMSS): This scheme by Ministry of Textile is being implemented throughout country
to make available all types of yarn to Handloom weavers.
 The Handloom Mark Scheme: to provide assurance to the consumers about authenticity of handloom products.

95 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

8.2. APARTHEID SYSTEM
Why in the News?
South Africa recently celebrated 30 years of end of Apartheid, a system of racial
discrimination.
About Apartheid System
 About: It was a legal system of racial discrimination unique to South Africa which was imposed by White Europeans
on Non-whites (Black Africans, Coloured and Indians) by treating them as Inferior.
 Apartheid was institutionalized in 1948, but previous governments had passed many pass laws (precursors of
apartheid) during 19th and first half of 20th century.
o Pass laws restricted movements of blacks into areas occupied by whites and colored.
 Statutory Basis of Apartheid System:
o Population Registration Act of 1950 provided basic framework for apartheid by classifying all South Africans by
race, including Bantu (Black Africans), Colored (mixed race), white and Asian (meaning Indian and Pakistani).
o Through Group Areas Act of 1950, each race was allotted its own area, which was used in later years as a basis of
forced removal.
o Other apartheid laws include Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 1949, Bantu Education Act 1953 (segregation
of education) etc.
Indians in South Africa were divided into three groups:
 Indentured Indian labourers, from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and South India, who had migrated to South Africa after 1890 to work
on sugar plantations;
 Merchants—mostly Meman Muslims who had followed the labourers; and
 Ex-indentured labourers who had settled down with their children in South Africa after their contracts expired.
Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM)
 It was first successful transnational social movement in 20th century.
 Objectives of AAM included internal campaign to destabilize racist apartheid regime in South Africa, and external
campaign for political, economic, and cultural sanctions on Apartheid Regime.
 AAM consisted of three phases
o First Phase: It included use of nonviolent direct-action tactics under leadership of organizations such as African
National Congress (ANC), South African Communist Party (SACP) etc.
o Second Phase (After 1960s): It was characterized by the internationalization of struggle, with support from
African Union, United Nations and Including India.
 UN: Adopted International Convention on Suppression and Punishment of Crime of Apartheid.
o Third Phase: Massive resistance (After 1980s): Making country ungovernable through strikes, boycotts,
demonstrations, and acts of sabotage.
 Impact of Anti-Apartheid Movement: By 1990, government lifted ban on political parties and repealed 1913 and
1936 Land Acts, Population Registration Act, and Separate Amenities Act.
o Nelson Mandela was released in 1991, from prison. Four years later, on May 10, 1994, Mandela became President
of South Africa.
Contribution of India in South African Anti- Apartheid Struggle
 Mahatma Gandhi:
o Seeds of AAM in South Africa were sown by Mahatma Gandhi upon witnessing humiliation and contempt shown
to Asians by White Europeans.
o He established first anticolonial and anti-racial discrimination movement there and founded Natal Indian
Congress (1894) and newspaper Indian Opinion (1903).
o In 1906 thousands of Satyagrahis under Gandhi’s leadership boycotted 1906 legislation requiring Indians to carry
registration certificates with their fingerprints all times.
o When Gandhi left South Africa in 1915, he had left behind his legacy of Phoenix Settlement (Ashram-like
settlement established, near Durban).
96 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 Natal Indian Congress (NIC)
 It was dominant political organization among Indians in South Africa throughout 20th century.
 In 1894, NIC formed an alliance with African National Congress (ANC), breaking mould of racially exclusive mobilizations.
 In 1945, Dr G M Naicker was elected to organization's leadership and led NIC in 1946 Indian Passive Resistance Campaign in
Durban.
 Several NIC leaders were imprisoned by 1950s and 1960s due to militant approach.
 NIC in 1980s launched the most visible campaign i.e. anti-South African Indian Council campaign of 1981.

 Yusuf Mohamed Dadoo:

o He was prominent from Indian community in South African struggle.
o He was a founder and leader of Non-European United Front and of Communist Party when it was revived as a
secret organisation.
o And since going into exile in 1960, he played a key role in promoting underground and armed struggle in South
Africa and a world-wide anti-apartheid movement.
 Role of Indian Government:
o India was the first country to sever trade relations with apartheid Government (1946) and subsequently imposed
a complete embargo on South Africa.
o India was first country to bring issue of South African apartheid to United Nations in 1946 which helped
internationalize issue of racism.
o ANC maintained a representative office in New Delhi from 1960s onwards. India actively worked for AFRICA Fund
to sustain AAM.
Role of UN in South African Anti-Apartheid Struggle:
 Request to UN came after South Africa passed Asiatic Landownership Act in 1946, which restricted Indian land
ownership and segregated Indians.
 Some of the key actions taken by the UN include:
o Condemnation and sanctions: UN imposed diplomatic and economic sanctions on South Africa. In 1971
resolution apartheid was declared as a “crime against humanity”.
 In 1977, the UN Security Council made arms embargo mandatory, and in General Assembly also imposed a
voluntary oil embargo.
o Legitimizing resistance:
 UN established Special Committee against Apartheid in 1963 and Centre against Apartheid in 1976.
 In 1973, International Convention on Suppression and Punishment of Crime of Apartheid was approved by
UN General Assembly.
o Suspension from the UN: UN General Assembly suspended South Africa in 1974 and only readmitted it in 1994
after the democratic transition.
Nelson Mandela (1918 -2013)
 Early Life:
o Born in 1918 in Eastern Cape of South Africa.
o He was son of a Thembu Chief (traditional leader).
 Political Career & Struggle:
o Mandela was a symbol of AAM and South Africa’s first democratically elected President in 1994.
o He joined ANC in 1944 and helped form ANC Youth League. Mandela led ANC's nonviolent protest against the apartheid
legislation.
o He was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964 (Rivonia Trial) and was released in 1990 after 27 years.
 Philosophy of Mandela:
o Also known as 'Gandhi of South Africa', He was a strong follower of Gandhi's teachings. He believed in Peace, compassion and
Social Justice.
o Both Mandela and Gandhi are remembered for their strong belief in truth and fairness.
 Awards & Legacy:
o He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.
o In fact, after his release from prison, India conferred him with Bharat Ratna and subsequently with International Gandhi Peace
Price in 2001 for his peacemaking efforts.
o UN celebrates Nelson Mandela International Day on 18 July every year.

97 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

8.2.1. UNESCO'S MOW ASIA-PACIFIC 8.2.2. SAHITYA AKADEMI
REGIONAL REGISTER
 Ruskin Bond was awarded the Sahitya Akademi
 UNESCO's MOW Asia-Pacific Regional Register includes Fellowship.
Indian literary Works  Fellowship is the highest honour conferred by Akademi
 Manuscript of three Indian literary works namely on a writer.
Ramcharitmanas, Panchatantra and Sahṛdayāloka-  It is reserved for 'the immortals of literature'.
Locana have been included in Memory of the World  Major literary of Ruskin Bond: Vagrants in the Valley,
(MOW) Asia-Pacific Regional Register along with 17 Once Upon a Monsoon Time, Angry River, Strangers in
other works from region. the Night, All Roads Lead to Ganga, etc.
o The decision was taken at the 10th meeting of the
Memory of the World Committee for Asia and the
Pacific (MOWCAP), held at Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
 About Literary Works
o Ramcharitmanas
 Written in the 16th Century by Goswami
Tulsidas.
 An epic poem written in Awadhi language and
consists of Seven Kāndas.
 Poetic retelling of the events of Ramayana.
o Panchatantra
 Written by Pt. Vishnu Sharma in Sanskrit.
 One of the oldest collection of surviving
Indian Fables
 Consists of five parts and its most
distinguishing feature is the 'Story within
story' structure. 8.2.3. DEDA METHOD
o Sahṛdayāloka-Locana
 Muria tribes practice the deda, traditional method of
 Written by Acharya Anandvardhan in Sanskrit
preserving seeds.
and is a text of Indian Poetics.
 About Deda Method
 Philosopher Abinava Gupta has written a
o Seeds are wrapped in leaves, packed tightly to look
commentary on it.
like boulders, and woven with Siali leaves.
o Benefits: Protection of seed from pests and
worms, which can be stored and used upto 5 years.
 About Murias
o Sub-group of Gond tribe, belonging to
Chhattisgarh.
o Associated with Muria Rebellion of Bastar (1876)
against Gopinath Kapardas, diwan of Bastar.
o Customs: Dead pillars (Gudi), where dead are
buried with a stone placed 6 to 7 feet high and
Ghotul where young boys and girls chose their own
life partner.

8.2.4. LUSHAI TRIBE

 A rare hemi-parasitic terrestrial plant
(Phtheirospermum lushaiorum) has been found in
Phawngpui National Park of Mizoram.
 Lushaiorum is named after “Lushai” tribe of Mizoram.
 About Lushai tribe
o Tribe under Kuki-Chin group of tribes.
o Commonly known as Mizos and racially they are
known to be under Mongoloid origin.
98 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 o Main occupations are Jhum and orange ○ They followed strict patrilineal descent (father's
Cultivation. line)
o Lusai are known as Head Hunter community. ○ They were hired by the Byzantine Empire to
o Popular Dance is Bamboo Dance (Cheraw-dance). subdue other tribes
o Basic unit of Lushai (Mizo) society is a patrilocal ○ They avoided inbreeding and practised limited
joint family with patrilineal descent and intermarriage with non-Avar neighbours.
inheritance rules. ○ They are renowned among archaeologists for their
o Lushai (Mizo) society is patrilocal joint family with distinctive belt garnitures.
patrilineal descent and inheritance rules.
8.2.6. ERRATA
8.2.5. AVARS
 In In April 2024 Monthly Current Affairs Magazine, in
 DNA analysis of ancient graves has revealed insights on Article 8.5.1. “World Craft City (WCC)”, it was
the social life of Avars incorrectly mentioned that ‘World Crafts Council
 About Avars International (WCCI) is a Kuwait-Based Organisation.
○ They are nomadic people who survived in eastern o The correct information is ‘The current
central Asia between 6th-9th century. headquarters for the term (2021-2024) of WCCI is
○ Considered as successors of the Huns by their way located in Kuwait. However, the Headquarters of
of life and warfare. WCCI changes according to different terms.’

99 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

9. ETHICS
9.1. COMPASSIONATE CAPITALISM
Introduction
Recently, Narayana Murthy raised concerns about the large gap in income between top executives and lower-level
employees in Indian companies and called for practicing compassionate capitalism to solve this issues. A report by Wealth
inequality lab found that in India, the top 1% of income earners received 22.6% of the national income in 2022-23. There
was also a report that Amazon warehouse workers were denied bathroom breaks or water until they met certain quotas
for the day. These examples highlight the need to re-examine conventional capitalism.
About Compassionate Capitalism
 Capitalism is an economic system where private actors own
and control property in accordance with their interests,
and demand and supply freely determine the prices in
markets in a way that can serve the best interests of society.
o Adam Smith's "The Wealth of Nations" laid the
foundations of capitalist thinking.
o According to him, both parties to a voluntary exchange
transaction have their own interest in the outcome, but
neither can obtain what he or she wants without
addressing what the other wants.
o It is this rational self-interest that can lead to economic
prosperity.
 Compassionate capitalism aims to blend capitalist opportunity with principles of equitable wealth distribution from
socialist thought.
o Compassionate capitalism merges Adam Smith's economic
individualism with the socialist paradigms of Karl Marx.
o It combines the concepts of communism's equitable wealth
distribution with the principles of work, opportunity, and
fair economic compensation.
 Thus, Compassionate Capitalism can be defined as “equal access
for all to unlimited economic growth opportunities” and that
also helps others within the same process to achieve personal and
collective rewards.
Comparison between the underlying principles of Capitalism and
Compassionate Capitalism
Principles Capitalism Compassionate Capitalism
Wealth Concentration of Wealth (perpetuates in Redistribution of Wealth
equality)
Profit Profit to the Business Profit to all Stakeholders
Resource Exploitation of Resources Sustainable use of Resources
Social Responsibility No accountability towards society Accountability to society for their decisions and actions.
Contribution of Moral Thinkers to the idea of Compassionate Capitalism
Various moral philosophers have laid foundations that underpin the principles of compassionate capitalism. The diverse
philosophies emphasize human dignity, societal welfare, environmental sustainability - values aligning with
compassionate capitalism's goal to balance financial success with ethical responsibility to stakeholders.
 Buddhism's Pratityasamutpada: Based on the concept of dependent origination (Pratityasamutpada), this view
holds that people are interdependent with each other and the Earth.
100 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 o It promotes shared prosperity in a sustainable world with minimal suffering.
 Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative: Kant emphasized treating every person as an end in themselves, not merely
as means. His moral law dictates acting out of duty to ethical rules, not mere self-interest.
 Gandhian Thought: Gandhi ji’s truth, non-violence, and socio-economic ideals included simple living, uplifting all
(sarvodaya), and trusteeship.
 Amartya Sen's Capability Approach: Sen's framework evaluates individual well-being and social policies based on
people's capabilities and freedoms, not just monetary metrics.
o This provides an alternative to pure profit-driven approaches.
Practices that make Capitalism Compassionate towards various stakeholders
Stakeholders Practices
Workers  Open and Flexible work cultures: Work culture that values collaboration, innovation, and creativity and
also investing in skill development of workers to enhance their capability.
 Equal opportunity to growth: For example, Infosys' Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) democratizes
wealth by granting company stock to employees.
 Financial security and fair redistribution of wealth: For example, Tata Steel has committed to pay the
families of employees who died from Covid their last drawn salary until the deceased would have turned
60.
 Fostering compassionate leadership: By imbibing values like empathy; openness and communication;
physical and mental well-being; inclusiveness; integrity; etc.
Environment  Environmental accounting: Accounting environmental and ecological damages within the cost of doing
business.
o Example In 2012, SEBI issued guidance note on Environment, Social and Governance (ESG) disclosures
for companies listed on Indian Stock Exchanges to disclose ESG performance in annual reports.
 Reducing pollution: For example, the carbon action initiative focuses on companies determined by the
industry sector to be at a high level of greenhouse gas emissions.
 Adopting circular economic model: ITC has adopted this model to reduce its environmental footprint while
also achieving greater efficiency and cost savings.
 Minimising consumerism: According to the ‘Limits to Growth principle (proposed by Club of Rome)’,
humans can live indefinitely on earth if they impose limits on themselves and their production of material
goods.
Society  Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): CSR is a commitment by businesses to integrate social and
environmental concerns in their business.
o In India, CSR is also a statutory obligation under Section 135 of Companies Act, 2013 and Companies
(CSR Policy) Rules, 2014.
 Redistribution of wealth generated from Development: For example, Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra
Kalyan Yojana (PMKKKY) that ensures development benefits also reaches to the people and areas affected
due to mining.
 Fulfilling societal needs: For example, ‘Goodfellows’ initiative started to help the elderly in India is critical
for India’s aging population.
Ethical dilemma associated with compassionate capitalism
 Employee Welfare vs. Profit Maximization: Ensuring fair wages, reasonable working hours, and good working
conditions may increase operational costs, potentially reducing profits.
 Consumer Interests vs. Profit-Driven Products: Producing higher-quality, safer products may result in higher costs,
impacting profit margins.
 Environmental Responsibility vs. Cost Efficiency: Businesses might struggle to balance eco-friendly initiatives with
maintaining competitive pricing and profitability.
 Attracting talent in higher echmuskvs Income Equality: Competitive compensation packages are argued to attract
top talent even though they can create a significant income gap between the highest and lowest earners.
 Community Engagement vs. Shareholder Returns: Investing in community projects and social causes can enhance a
company's social responsibility image but might not provide immediate financial returns to shareholders.

101 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

Way Forward
Business is the most pervasive and influential force on the planet today. Its activities transcend national and international
borders. Its activities are not unduly constrained by financial, political, cultural, ethnic, or religious concerns. The net of
this is that business, as a prevalent and important force, has a moral responsibility to guide, enhance, value, and nourish
the existence of all that it encounters.
The true purpose of business is to uplift the experience of existing. As tradition Capitalism does not appear to be helpful
in meeting this cherished objective there is need for moving towards Compassionate Capitalism. The idea has been in
renewed focus but its seeds exist in our Constitution as well-Article 38 and Article 39 (C). These articles guide State to
minimize the inequality of Income and concentration of wealth.
Check your Ethical Aptitude
You have recently joined as a Supply Chain Manager in a leading multinational company that deals with paper production. Your
company is making huge profits and receiving significant investments from government and private investors. However, after a
scrutiny of the company’s operations, you found out that much of your raw material is illegally sourced from the forests of poor
African countries. Further investigation brought you to the conclusion that the sourcing of raw materials is done post severe
deforestation along with the displacement of the traditional tribal communities that reside and depend on them. Upon discussing
these findings with your colleagues, you realized that reporting or voicing against the companies’ practices would be retaliated by
way of providing harsh work conditions ultimately leading to lay-off and tarnishing your image in the corporate fraternity to restrict
further employment opportunities. You are the sole bread winner of your family and personal circumstances do not allow you to
your job.
On the basis of the case study answer the following questions:
 As a supply chain manager, what is your ethical responsibility towards different stakeholders involved? Should you
prioritize your personal circumstances and job security over reporting unethical practices?
 How can the company be held accountable for its unethical practices? What role can regulatory bodies, investors,
consumers, and civil society organizations play in ensuring corporate accountability and ethical business practices?
 What course of action you should follow to foster a culture of ethical decision-making and corporate social
responsibility in your company? What steps can be taken to ensure that such unethical practices are not repeated
in the organisation?

9.2. ETHICS OF PUNISHMENT

Introduction
Recently, a devastating accident took place in Pune where a luxury car being driven by a teenager, who belongs to an
influential family, claimed the lives of two individuals. The Juvenile Justice Board in this case granted bail to the teenager
and impose a relatively lenient penalty. This raises the ethical concerns associated with disparity in punishments.
Different Stakeholders involved in Punishment and ethical concerns
Stakeholders Role/Interests
Victim Expects fairness in trial, seeks justice, reassure security, and want harsh punishment for offender.
Offender Concerned with fair treatment, expect proportionality of punishment, reform his/her conduct, and rehabilitate
in the mainstream society,
Society Reduction in crime, public safety, upholding social moral values, and dignified living.
Government Exemplify punishments for deterring crime, maintaining law and order, ensuring fairness in legal procedures
and punishment.
Judiciary Delivering fair and impartial punishment, ensuring proportionality to the crime committed, restoring balance in
the society and promote moral good.
Different Philosophies of Punishment and Associated Ethical Dilemmas
 Deterrence: Deterrence theory suggests that the threat of punishment discourages crime. General deterrence targets
the public, while specific deterrence focuses on preventing reoffending by those already punished.
o Associated Dilemma: The emphasis on deterrence can lead to harsh punishments, potentially overshadowing
rehabilitation, and restorative justice.

102 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

 Incapacitation: It focuses on removing and restricting the offender
from the society to prevent commission of future crimes.
o Modern prison has become the means by which offenders are
isolated from the society so that they can no longer harm
members of public or commit crimes. The most extreme and
severe form of incapacitation is capital punishment.
o Associated Dilemma: This approach raises concerns about
human rights, potential for abuse, and the efficacy of long-
term incarceration in preventing reoffending.
 Retribution: It says that aim of punishment is to right the wrong
rather than to control or prevent crime and nature of punishment
is based on the severity of the offence such as in Indian Penal Code.
o Associated Dilemma: As an effective punishment, retribution
has been criticized as being overly rigid, disproportionate and
limited in its capacity to change societal behaviour.
 Restoration: Restorative Justice holds that punishment should aim
to restore the harm caused to the victim and the community by
the offender.
o Associated Dilemma: While promoting healing and
reconciliation, restorative justice may not be suitable for all crimes or offenders, and it can often be seen in
conflict with victim’s perception of justice.
 Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation is the ideology of helping individuals who have committed crimes change their behavior
through interventions, treatment, therapy, education, and training in order to help them reenter society.
o Associate dilemma: National fiscal restraints, public demand for harsher sentences, and a crime-control ideology
focused on suppression over prevention, oppose treatment and rehabilitation concepts.
Ethical issues in Indian Punishment System
 Bias: One concern raised with present legal system is that it is biased against poor and marginalized, who are often
unable to afford legal representation.
o NCRB data on Prison Statistics India 2022 reveals that the total number of undertrial prisoners from SC and ST
communities is relatively higher.
 Corruption: This results in situation where justice is often delayed or denied.
 Non-accountability: India’s culture of reconciliation can sometimes lead to a reluctance to punish offenders, where
offenders are not held accountable and can contribute to a breakdown in social order.
 Disparity in sentencing: A clear policy or legislation for sentencing is absent in Indian legal system and sentencing has
become judge-centric, resulting in disparities in sentencing for same crime.
 Capital punishment: Ethical dilemmas associated with capital punishment revolve around right to life, empathy,
conscience, moral values etc.
 Custodial torture: Many cases of custodial torture undermine the principle of “innocent until proven guilty” and
violates accused’s right to dignity and a fair trial.
 Arbitrary punishments: For example, the offence of assault or
using criminal force carries a punishment of three months, while
‘flying a kite dangerously’ can lead to a prison term of two years.
Way Forward
 Clear Sentencing Policy: There is a need for a clear sentencing
policy to address disparities in sentencing.
o Supreme Court has noted that a judge can never have
unrestrictive and unbridled discretion, based upon his
conscience formed through his understanding of the society,
without there being any guidelines in awarding a sentence.
103 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 Justified punishment: It requires showing that a crime makes the offender eligible for coercive treatment and that
the benefits of such punishment outweigh its costs.
 Rationalize punishments: Revision of laws presents an opportunity to rationalize punishments, ensuring they are
proportionate and align with the object of criminalization.
 Impact assessments: Legislative process should incorporate pre-legislative tests and impact assessments to ensure
enforceability, proportionality, and reformation.
 Rehabilitation: A rehabilitation approach can be useful in restoring the balance between retribution and restoration
of offenders.
Check your ethical aptitude
A car accident occurred in the city of Delhi in India in which two employees of a local grocery store died. In this case, the luxury
car involved in the accident was being driven by teenager son of an influential real estate businessman. Also, the person driving
the car was under the influence of alcohol.
On hearing the case, the court immediately granted bail to the accused person with a warning while the family of the teenage
driver tried to pin the blame on family driver, offering him money. Later, during investigation, it was found that doctors who
conducted DNA testing replaced the teenage driver’s sample with another person’s DNA samples. This demonstrated the
influence of the family and tampering of the evidence.
On the basis of the case study answer the following questions:
 Who are the different stakeholders associated with this case and what are the ethical dilemmas they face?
 What can be possible ethical dilemmas the family of the accused must be facing and what would you do if you
were the brother of the accused?

9.3. ETHICAL USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS

Introduction
Recently, The ECI has taken cognizance of the violations of the Model Code of Conduct and other legal provisions
concerning the use of social media in election campaigning by political parties. This raises questions about the lack of well-
defined social media ethics in the context of the fast-evolving nature of social media.
Different Stakeholders involved in the use of social media
Stakeholders Role/Interests
Users/Customers/Citizens  Virtual social connectivity
 Access to quality digital services
Social Media  Quality Service Delivery
Intermediaries/Platforms  Increasing customer base- Reach
 Profitability and financial growth
Political Parties  Increasing the reach towards the target voter base
 Social media as a tool for electioneering
 Align with the demands of the voters
Government/Regulatory  Ensuring a level-playing field for fair competition
ecosystem  Protecting the rights of its citizens
International Organizations  Global consensus on ethical use of social media platforms
 Ensuring the platforms are not misused
Ethical debates concerning Social Media
 Individuals v/s Social media platforms:
o Privacy: While data collection and usage by the platforms aims at improving user experience, the lack of
informed consent for usage, storage and sharing of personal data has led to the ethical issue of breach of
confidentiality.
 E.g., Targeted advertising based on search history and doxxing of journalists.

104 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

  There is a thin line between public and private domain of information and a lack of clarity regarding the same
can create ethical dilemmas. E.g., the Role of media and the difficulty faced by celebrities in separating public
and private life on social media.
o Discrimination: Although the nature of these platforms lowers
the barriers to participation by the vulnerable sections, they lack
the institutional structures to ensure equitable and fair access to
the minoritized voices.
 E.g. Social media campaigns based on anti-immigration
sentiment in Western countries.
o Fake news: There is a lack of proper verification process and
accountability due to the feature of anonymity. This leads to
increased spread of misinformation, both, intentional and
unintentional, which hinders effective decision-making.
 E.g. Misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic greatly
impeded public perception and effectiveness of government
actions like vaccine hesitancy etc.
 Society v/s social media platforms
o Polarization: Fragmentation of the public sphere by encouraging the formation of ‘echo chambers’ and ‘filter
bubbles’ creates informational silos for like-minded individuals who deliberately shield themselves from
exposure to alternative views.
 E.g. the Use of Facebook to drive violence against the
Rohingya minority in Myanmar and political polarization
on the basis of race, religion and caste.
o Blurring of Public and Private sphere: Social media platforms
have encouraged the intrusion of the virtual sphere into the
real social sphere.
 E.g. the Use of mobile phones during family dinners, the
isolation of children from family.
 Regulatory ecosystem v/s Social media platforms:
o National Interest v/s individual freedom: The regulatory
ecosystem like Governments have favoured content
moderation for protecting national security and dignity,
whereas the platforms have disagreed with such action as it is against the freedom of speech of the users.
 Do platforms have an ethical duty to find a morally permissible solution, even if it endangers their business
model?
o Transparency and accountability: It is difficult to fix or trace accountability for the content on the platforms, the
limited scope of censorship and the complexity of tracing the source backwards. This results in limited
transparency, hampering the trust in the system.
 E.g., Whatsapp’s end-to-end encryption makes tracing criminal activity on it difficult.
What are the principles for an ethical social media?
 Due diligence: Information must be thoroughly investigated and verified by all stakeholders on social media to
ensure validity and objectivity. This helps avoid the negative consequences of fake news, post-truth and
manipulation.
o E.g. Fact-checking mechanisms like the PIB fact-check.
 Confidentiality: The users share sensitive personal data with platforms with the assumption of upholding the
confidentiality of the data. An informed consent is desirable for the usage or sharing of such data.
 Empathy and tolerance: Being considerate about varied views and opinions other than one’s own aids in a diverse
and empathetic discourse on social media, reducing the polarization and eco-chamber effect of a dominant view.
 Responsibility: Self-accountability to uphold values like fairness, equity, justice and non-neutrality ensures
responsible behaviour on social media. E.g., standing up for a just cause despite popular opposition.

105 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

 Critical thinking: Every individual should apply his/her critical mind during the usage of social media platforms. It aids
in negating the ‘Spiral of Silence’ phenomenon that results in the passive suppression of divergent views on matters
of important political or civic concern.
o ‘Spiral of Silence’ phenomenon suggests that people’s willingness to express their opinions on controversial
public issues is affected by their largely unconscious perception of those opinions as being either popular or
unpopular. Thus, popular opinions are expressed more widely, irrespective of the correctness of the same.
Way forward: Ideal conduct of stakeholders
 Legal/ Regulatory ecosystem: There is a need for a facilitative methodology for upholding social media ethics
without overt regulation of the platforms, which can create friction between the stakeholders.
o The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021-
 Features: Office of a Grievance Officer, Grievance Redressal Mechanism, Chief Compliance Officer, Code of
Ethics, Self-regulation mechanism and Oversight Mechanism by the government.
 They ensure social media access with reasonable expectations of due diligence, privacy and transparency
as well as respect for the rights accorded to the citizens under the Constitution, including in Articles 14, 19
and 21.
 Social media platforms:
o There is a need to balance the need to protect users and maintain community standards (public interest) while
respecting users' freedom of speech and expression to preserve their trust and loyalty.
o Following government guidelines for data storage and sharing in aspects like sovereignty and integrity of India,
security of the State, public order, decency or morality etc.
o The Internet and Mobile Association of India along with social media platforms agreed on a Voluntary Code of
Ethics for elections in India.
 For example, the creation of a high-priority dedicated
grievance redressal channel for taking action on the
cases reported by the EC.
 Political Parties: Need to follow the guidelines and laws
concerning the use of social media during elections diligently.
Every political party should have an internal Code of Ethics and
a self-regulating mechanism to ensure responsible conduct.
 Society: It is the collective responsibility to hold social media
platforms accountable in line with ethical principles.
 Individuals: It is the responsibility of individuals to use social
media responsibly and be aware of the risks and ethical
considerations involved.
Conclusion
Organizations like Apple with its iOS 14.5 have initiated giving more power to the users in terms of opt-in for ad tracking.
X’s (Twitter) Civic Integrity Policy is also a step in the right direction. By using social media thoughtfully and responsibly,
we can all help to create a safer and more positive online environment.
Check your Ethical Aptitude:
You are a professor in a reputed institution in the United States. You have been on the panel for recruiting new Professors for your
department. Accordingly, you have offered a tenured job to Mr. X based on merit. However, the higher authorities of the University
have decided to withdraw the job offer based on Mr. X’s tweets criticizing Israel. But considering a candidate’s personal opinions
is not one of the criteria for job allocation.
Based on the above case, answer the following questions:
1. What are the ethical issues associated with the above case?
2. As the member of the selection committee, what will be your response?

106 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

9.4. ETHICS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Introduction
Recently, a jury met to recognise the most brilliant young leaders of corporate India for the 10th edition of 40 Under Forty
for a publication. A member of jury highlighted that certain young entrepreneurs not only demonstrated professional and
business acumen but also believed in giving back to society.
Stakeholder and their Interests
Stakeholder Interests
Entrepreneurs  Establish a successful business model.
 Expects cooperation from employees, regulatory bodies etc.
Customer  Product and services should be available at reasonable cost. These should be eco-
friendly.
 Expects ethical practices from entrepreneurs.
Government/Regulatory Authorities  Creating positive environment for the entrepreneurs so that they can transform into
successful business model.
 Entrepreneurs should comply with law of the land.
Employees  Expects respect and honour at their work space.
 Also, there should be good work culture without much office politics.
Business Partners/Dealers  The deals or agreement signed by the entrepreneurs, needs to be implemented by
them in letter and spirit.
 Transparency and accountability in day to day work of the company.
Investors  Expects high return from their investments. They promote entrepreneurs who are
honest and accountable for their act.
 Expects that entrepreneurs will establish a successful business model.
Community/ Non-Governmental  Entrepreneurs should give priority to their social and environment responsibility
Organization (NGO) along with profitability.
Ethical Issues faced by Entrepreneurs
 Conflict of Interest: Entrepreneurs often face conflict
between maintaining profitability of company and social
impact. E.g. Decline of Byju’s due to poor financial
decisions
 Environment Responsibility: In entrepreneurship,
environment responsibility is still not a considered as a
key priority. E.g. In 2019, Reliance Industries was fined for
ecological loss.
 Adopting Wrong means: Sometimes entrepreneurs take
wrong means to achieve end, for instance, manipulating
financial statement of the business to attract investment.
E.g. Satyam Scam 2009 (accounting fraud)
o Entrepreneurs sometimes violate regulations related with Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) such copyright, patent
etc.
 Work Culture/Fair treatment with Employees: In order to complete task on time, many times, management pushes
employees to work extra, this creates dissatisfaction among employees.
Adopting Ethical Entrepreneurship: Navigating Ethical Issues in Entrepreneurship
 Ethical Entrepreneurship is based on certain core values and principles (refers to infographics). It gives adequate
priority to social responsibility and environmental sustainability along with Profitability.
 It follows the principles of corporate governance.

107 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

 o Corporate governance ensures that businesses have
appropriate decision-making processes and controls in place so
that the interests of all stakeholders (shareholders, employees,
suppliers, customers and the community) are balanced.
 Need/Benefits of Ethical Entrepreneurship: Building Trust and
reputation of brands, Sustainable Growth of the companies, etc.

Key Guiding Principles for Ethical Entrepreneurship

Utilitarianism Ethics Advocates actions that foster happiness or pleasure and oppose actions that cause unhappiness or
harm.
Deontology Ethics Immanuel Kant’s Deontology ethics says that rational humans must scrupulously uphold their moral
obligations, regardless of the result.
Virtue Ethics Emphasises that practicing qualities like honesty, courage, justice, charity, etc., one grows into an
acceptable and righteous life.
Stakeholder Theory Theory argues that a firm should create value for all stakeholders, not just shareholders.
Ways to Integrate Ethical Principles into Entrepreneurship
 Balancing Profit and purpose: Social entrepreneurship is good example of this approach. It seeks to solve a social
need while earning a reasonable financial return. E.g.
eHealthPoint venture, provides primary health consultations to
rural or remote communities.
 Stakeholder Engagement/Foster Open Communication:
Entrepreneurs should encourage employees, customers, etc. to
speak up about any ethical concerns or violations they observe.
E.g. TATA Steel has developed a robust stakeholder engagement
process.
o An independent whistle-blower programme (to report the
misconduct, fraud, or indiscipline to senior officers) can be
established.
 Ethical sourcing of raw materials: It will help in curtailing
exploitative and unfair trade practices at the input stage. E.g. Ben & Jerry’s, renowned ice-cream manufacturer, has
a long-standing commitment to ethically source ingredients.
 Lead by Example: Entrepreneurs need to set example for ethical practices and responsible conduct. Their
commitment to ethical leadership will inspire your employees to follow suit.
o E.g. In 2020, Wipro Ltd, along with associate firms, committed Rs 1125 crore for the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak.
 Transparency and Accountability: Entrepreneurs should foster a culture of transparency and accountability by openly
disclosing their business practices, impact metrics, and progress towards sustainability goals. This builds trust with
stakeholders and enables informed decision-making.
 Formulating Code of Ethics/Conduct: An ethical code outlines a set of principles and standards that guide ethical
behaviour within an organization. E.g. Raymond has adopted Code of Conduct and Ethics.

108 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

Conclusion
In the recent time, the trend of entrepreneurship has gained momentum in India. By this approach, they will able to
maintain balance between their profitability and social impact. In the initial phase, it will increase cost of compliance, e-
alignment of business processes etc. but in the long time it will ensure sustainable development.
Check your Ethical Aptitude
Vivek has recently graduated from a reputed Engineering College. He completed his education with the help of an education loan.
Along with his few friends, he started a start-up that used to manufacture medical equipment. To sustain the business, a start-up
needs big orders. Tarun‘s (one of the partners of the start-up) relative is currently posted as a secretary in the Health Ministry of
a State. The Secretary is ready to help the start-up in getting contracts by providing confidential information on the on-going
bidding process of Contracts for procuring medical equipment. Tarun and a few other members are in favour of using the
opportunity while Vivek thinks that it is against ethical entrepreneurship.
Based on the given case study, answer the questions given below.
(a) Identify the ethical dilemma faced by Vivek and his partners.
(b) What approach should be followed by Vivek to deal with the situation?

109 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

10. SCHEMES IN NEWS
10.1. PRADHAN MANTRI KISAN SAMMAN NIDHI SCHEME (PM -KISAN)
Why in the News?
Around 1.16 lakh farmers have voluntarily given up the benefits of the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi Scheme (PM-
KISAN).
Objectives Salient features
To supplement the  Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare.
financial needs of all  Type: Central Sector Schemes
eligible landholding  Benefits: An amount of Rs.6000/- per year is released by the Central Government in three
farmers’ families in equal instalments of ₹ 2,000 each, every four months to the eligible farmers families.
procuring various inputs to  Beneficiaries: All the landholding farmers’ families i.e., husband, wife and minor children)
ensure proper crop health subject to certain exclusions.
and appropriate yields,  Exclusion: Beneficiaries of higher economic status shall not be eligible (refer to the
commensurate with the infographic).
anticipated farm income as  Land records mandatory:
well as for domestic needs. However, exceptions for
forest dwellers, North-
eastern states and
Jharkhand which have
separate provisions for land
records.
 Identification of beneficiary:
It is the responsibility of
state/UT government.
 Facility of Kisan Credit Cards
(KCC): KCC is to be given to
All PM-KISAN beneficiaries
to provide them with short-
term loans for crop and
animal/fish rearing at a
maximum interest of 4% on
timely repayment.
 Project Management Unit
(PMU): Established at the Central level, PMU is responsible for the overall monitoring of
the scheme.
○ State Governments may also consider setting up a dedicated PMU.
 Grievance redressal: Any grievances received by the Grievance Redressal Committee
should be preferably disposed of within two weeks.
 Prevention of diversion of funds: To ensure only eligible farmers' families are covered
under the scheme, the Ministry in 2019 directed the State Governments to verify around
5% of beneficiaries each year mandatorily physically.
○ There is also provisions for Aadhar authentication and Income Tax payee verification
to ensure no ineligible farmer could utilise the benefit.

110 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

11. PLACES IN NEWS

111 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

12. PERSONALITIES IN NEWS

112 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS

113 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
114 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
115 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS
 Copyright © by Vision IAS
All rights are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of Vision
IAS.
116 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS