Airplane Parts
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Empennage
Airplane Parts
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Fuselage. From the French "fuselé" which means "tapered", the main body of the aircraft structure
is called the fuselage, whose main function is to accommodate the crew, passengers and cargo, in
addition to serving as the main support for the rest. of the components. The design of the fuselage,
in addition to meeting these functions, must provide
acceptable performance for the purpose for which the
aircraft is intended.
M27 Airplane Parts
They are the primary element of any airplane. This is
where the forces that make flight possible originate.
Numerous aspects are taken into account in its
design: maximum weight to be supported, generated
resistance, stall behavior, etc. that is, all those factors
that provide optimal performance to combine the
best speed with the greatest range and the lowest
possible fuel consumption.
Airplane
Parts
Because it is the most important part of an airplane
and therefore perhaps the most studied, it is also
possibly the one that uses the most terminology to
distinguish its different parts.
Profile. It is the shape of the wing section, that is, what we would see if we cut it transversely "as if in slices." Except in the
case of rectangular wings in which all the profiles ("slices") are the same, it is usual for the profiles that make up a wing to be
different; They become smaller and narrower towards the ends of the wing.
Edge of attack. It is the front edge of the wing, that is, the line that joins the anterior part of all the profiles that make up the
wing; or in other words: the part of the wing that first makes contact with the air flow.
Trailing edge. It is the rear edge of the wing, that is, the line that joins the back of all the wing profiles; or in other words: the
part of the wing through which the air flow disturbed by the wing returns to the free stream.
Extracted. Upper part of the wing between the leading and trailing edges.
Intrados. Lower part of the wing between the leading and trailing edges.
Thickness. Maximum distance between the extrados and the intrados.
Rope. It is the imaginary straight line drawn between the leading and trailing edges of each profile. A.M I- Yo F.
Yo III Yo • Yo • YO- • II ■I . Yo • Yo
M37 Airplane Parts
Curvature. From the wing from the leading edge to the trailing edge. Upper curvature refers to that of the upper surface
(extrados); lower than that of the lower surface (intrados), and average curvature to that equidistant to both surfaces.
Although it can be given in absolute terms, it is normally expressed as a % of the chord.
wing surface. Total surface area corresponding to the wings.
Wingspan. Distance between the two ends of the wings. By simple geometry, if we multiply the wingspan by the average
chord we must obtain the wing surface.
Elongation. Ratio between the wingspan and the average chord. This data tells us the relationship between the length and
width of the wing (span/average chord). For example; If this quotient were 1 we would have a square wing of equal length
and width. Obviously as this value becomes higher the wing becomes longer and narrower. This ratio affects the induced
resistance so that: the greater the elongation, the lower the induced resistance. The short, wide wings are easy to build and
very strong but generate a lot of drag; On the contrary, elongated and narrow wings generate little resistance but are difficult
to build and present structural problems. Normally the elongation is between 5:1 and 10:1.
Airplane Parts
1 - Edge of attack.
2 - Trailing edge.
3 - Intrados.
4 - Extractor Greater elongation.
Lower induced resistance.
6 - Rope.
7 - Upper curvature.
S - Lower curvature.
9 - Medium curvature.
10 - Line 25% of the rope. Less elongation.
11 - Medium rope. Greater induced resistance.
Lengthen =
Airplane Parts
Arrow. Angle formed by the wings (more specifically the 25% chord line) with respect to the
transverse axis of the plane. The arrow can be positive (ends of the wings facing backwards with
respect to the root or socket, which is usual), neutral, or negative (ends forward). To have a more
graphic idea, let's put our arms in a cross as if they were wings; In this position they have a null
arrow, if we move them backwards they have a positive arrow, and if we move them forward they
have a negative arrow.
Neutral arrow positive arrow Negative arrow
Fig.1.4.3 - Wing arrow.
Airplane Parts
Dihedral. Seen from the front, the "V"-shaped angle that the wings form with respect to the horizon. The
dihedral angle can be positive, neutral, or negative. Returning to our arms in a cross, in normal position we
have neutral dihedral, if we raise them they have positive dihedral and if we lower them they have negative
dihedral
positive neutral negative
dihedral dihedral dihedral
Fig. 1.4.4 - Dihedral angles.
Airplane Parts
Shape. The wings can have the most varied shapes: tapering towards the ends (tapered) or straight (straight),
on the part of the leading edge (leading) or the trailing edge (trailing), or any combination of these; in the
shape of a delta, an arrow, etc. If speed is the main factor, a tapered wing is more efficient than a straight wing
because it produces less drag; but a "tapered" wing has worse stall characteristics unless it has twist
(decreasing angle of incidence towards the edge of the wing).
Fig. 1.4.5 - Some shapes of the wings.
p07 Airplane Parts
Depending on the placement of the wings on the fuselage, airplanes are high-plane, mid-plane, or low-plane.
Likewise, depending on the number of pairs of wings, airplanes are monoplanes, biplanes, triplanes, etc.
There are also fixed geometry wings (the vast majority), variable geometry wings (which can vary their arrow),
and variable incidence wings (which can vary their angle of incidence ). These last two types are almost
exclusively applicable to military aircraft.
The wings can be fixed to the fuselage by means of struts and cantilevers, with the help of cables, or be fixed
without external struts or the help of cables (cantilever wings, also called "cantilever wing" or "cantilever
wing").
Airplane Parts
The aircraft's empennage is made up of a horizontal stabilizer and a vertical stabilizer; These surfaces, normally with a
symmetrical profile, provide stability to the aircraft and allow control of depth and yaw, which will be the surfaces that allow
ascending or descending, and also controlling the plane in direction. These surfaces are generally determined by previous
calculations that will determine the shape and size based on the aerodynamic and stability requirements.
There are different configurations.
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