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Aircraft Design

The document provides an overview of aircraft design, focusing on key components such as the fuselage, wings, engines, and control surfaces. It details the geometrical aspects of wings, airfoil nomenclature, and various types of engines, as well as the structural design of fuselages and wings. Additionally, it discusses the functionality of control surfaces like elevators, ailerons, and flaps in aircraft movement.

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Mathusuthanan Mariilayaraja
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22 views64 pages

Aircraft Design

The document provides an overview of aircraft design, focusing on key components such as the fuselage, wings, engines, and control surfaces. It details the geometrical aspects of wings, airfoil nomenclature, and various types of engines, as well as the structural design of fuselages and wings. Additionally, it discusses the functionality of control surfaces like elevators, ailerons, and flaps in aircraft movement.

Uploaded by

Mathusuthanan Mariilayaraja
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AIRCRAFT DESIGN

Abhishek A
FUSELAGE
• Main structure, or body, of the aircraft
• Pilot & crew in the cockpit
• Passengers
• Cargo
• Controls
WINGS
WING PLANFORM GEOMETRY
WING PLANFORM GEOMETRY
• The planform of a wing is the shape of the wing seen on a plan view
of the aircraft.
• The wing span, b, is the distance between the extreme wingtips. The
distance from each tip of the wing to the centreline, is called wing
semi-span, s.
• The straight line connecting the leading and trailing edges at any
location along the span is called the chord line.
• The Root Chord, is the length of the chord measured at the root
portion of the wing.
• The tip chord, is the length of the chord measured at the tip of the
wing.
WING PLANFORM GEOMETRY

• The ratio of tip chord to root chord is called taper ratio, λ.


• λ= /; for most wings, λ < 1
• The aspect ratio is a measure of the narrowness of the wing
planform.
• AR = / S
• A long, narrow wing has a high aspect ratio
• A short, wide wing has a low aspect ratio.
AIRFOIL NOMENCLATURE
AIRFOIL NOMENCLATURE
• Chord line : Straight line between the leading edge and the trailing edge

• Mean camber line : Locus of points halfway between the upper and lower
surfaces when measured perpendicular to itself

• Camber : Maximum distance between the mean camber line and the chord
line

• Thickness : The distance between the upper and lower surfaces, measured
perpendicular to the chord line

• For subsonic aircrafts : t/c = 13 to 18%

• For supersonic aircrafts : t/c = 3%


ENGINE

• Propeller
• Turbojet
• Turboprop
• Turbofan
TURBOJET ENGINE
TURBOPROP ENGINE
TURBOFAN ENGINE
EMPENNAGE (TAIL UNIT)

• Horizontal & Vertical Stabilizers


• Horizontal Stabilizers
• Elevators  Pitch
• Vertical Stabilizers
• Rudder  Yaw
LANDING GEAR
LANDING GEAR
• Principle support of the airplane
• Located under the belly of the plane
• Structural members, hydraulics, energy absorption components,
brakes, wheels and tyres
• Structural members:
• Must be strong enough to support heavy take-off weight,
• High impact loads on landing
• High-strength steel, titanium alloy
AIRCRAFT CONTROL & MOVEMENT
STABILIZERS AND CONTROL
SURFACES
STABILIZERS AND CONTROL
SURFACES
STABILIZERS AND CONTROL
SURFACES
Primary Control Surfaces:
• Elevators
• Ailerons
• Rudder

Secondary Control Surfaces:


• Flaps
• Slats
• Spoilers
ELEVATORS
• Rear of the horizontal tail
• Both pairs of elevators are deflected in one direction to cause
pitching motion.
• If elevators are deflected downward, it causes the nose of aircraft to
go down.
• Upward movement of elevators cause the nose of the aircraft to go
up.
PITCHING MOTION
RUDDER
• Rear of the vertical tail
• Used to produce and control the yawing motion of the aircraft.
YAWING MOTION
AILERONS
• Rear side of the wing
• Ailerons are deflected so as to cause one wing tip to move up and the
other wing tip to move down.
ROLLING MOTION
FLAPS
FLAPS
• Trailing edge of the wing
• Reduces the stalling speed
• Also, used to reduce the take-off distance and landing distance
• Partially extended for take-off
• Fully extended for landing
• Lower stall speed
• Steeper and slower approach to the landing site
FLAPS

• Once the aircraft is on the ground


• Reduction in effectiveness of the brakes

• Wing is still generating lift

• Increasing the stopping distance

• The pilot will raise the flaps as soon as possible to prevent this
from occurring.
SLATS
SLATS
• Leading edge of the wing
• To generate lift during low speed operations (such as take-off, initial
climb, approach, and landing)
• Allows the wing to operate at a higher angle of attack
• Higher coefficient of lift is produced
• Retracted in normal flight to minimize drag.
SPOILERS
SPOILERS

• Top portion of the wing

• When deployed on both wings


• Slow down an aircraft, or

• Make an aircraft descend

• When deployed only on one wing


• Generate a rolling motion
WINGLETS
WINGLETS

• Reduces wingtip vortices


• Reduces the lift-induced drag
• Improving the lift
• Higher cruise speed
• Increases fuel efficiency in powered aircrafts
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Abhishek A
FUSELAGE
TRUSS-TYPE FUSELAGE
• Steel or Al tubing

• Strength and rigidity is achieved by welding the tubing together into


a series of triangular shapes, called trusses.
• Types of Truss Structure:
• PRATT TRUSS
• WARREN TRUSS
PRATT TRUSS
WARREN TRUSS
Handley Page H.P.42 G-AAUD Hanno
MONOCOQUE DESIGN

Monocoque design relies on the strength of the stressed skin within the airframe
structure to share the loads, allowing for a much-reduced internal structure.

- True Monocoque

- Semi-Monocoque
TRUE MONOCOQUE
TRUE MONOCOQUE
• Formers, Bulkheads, Frame Assemblies
• Utilizes the stressed skin to support all loads
• Not tolerant to the deformation of the surface
• Formers and bulkheads provide shape to the fuselage
• No bracing members (like longerons and stringers)
• The skin must be strong enough to keep the fuselage rigid
• Most of the twisting and bending stresses are carried out by the
external skin
• The need for internal bracing was eliminated or reduced
• Saving weight and maximizing space
TRUE MONOCOQUE

Zeppelin D.I.
SEMI-MONOCOQUE
SEMI-MONOCOQUE
SEMI-MONOCOQUE
• Overcomes the strength-to-weight problem of the monocoque construction

• Fuselage  Aluminium alloy (Steel and titanium, in high temp.


applications)

• Formers, Bulkheads, Frame Assemblies

• Longitudinal members  Longerons, Stringers

• Longerons  Support primary bending loads

 Aluminium alloy

• Stringers  Numerous and lighter in weight than longerons

• Aluminium alloy or formed aluminium

• Stringers and longerons together prevent tension and compression from


bending the fuselage.
WINGS
WINGS
• Aluminum is the most common material
• Magnesium alloy
• Carbon fiber or other composite materials

Wing construction is based on one of three fundamental designs:


• Monospar
• Multispar
• Box Configuration
WING SPAR
• Principal structural members of the wing
• They correspond to the longerons of the fuselage
• They run parallel to the lateral axis of the aircraft
• From the fuselage toward the tip of the wing
• Attached to the fuselage by wing fittings, plain beams, or a truss
• Metal, wood, or composite materials based on design criteria
WING SPAR
WING SPAR
WING SPAR
A. Solid
B. Box Shaped
C. Partly Hollow
D. I-Beam
E. Some material is removed to reduce weight, but retains
the strength of a rectangular spar
WING SPAR
WING RIB
• Ribs are the structural crosspieces that combine with spars and
stringers to make up the framework of the wing.

• Extend from the wing leading edge to the trailing edge of the wing

• Transmit the air load from the skin and stringers to the spars

• Wood, metal or composite

• Common types of wooden ribs


• Plywood web
• Lightened plywood web
• Truss type
WING RIB
WING RIB
A. Cross-section of a wing rib with a truss-type web
B. A truss web rib with a continuous gusset
C. Rib with a lighten plywood web

• The truss type is the most efficient


• It is strong and lightweight
• It is also the most complex to construct
THANK YOU!!!

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