Essay questions

60-

BaCl2.XH2O → BaCl2 + H2O

2.6903 g → 2.2923 g + 0.398 g

Mass of water = Mass of hydrated sample – Mass of anhydrous sample

Mass of water = 2.6903 g - 2.2923 g = 0.398 g

Molar mass of BaCl2 = 137 + (35.5x2) = 208 g

BaCl2 → XH2O

2.2923 g → 0.398 g

Molar mass → X 18

208 g → X 18

𝟎.𝟑𝟗𝟖 𝐱 𝟐𝟎𝟖
X = 𝟐.𝟐𝟗𝟐𝟑 𝐱 𝟏𝟖 = 2 .00
61-

Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + 2H2O

Acid(HCl) Base(Ca(OH)2)
Ma = 0.5 M Mb = x M
Va = 25 x 10⁻³ L Vb = 20 x 10⁻³ L
Na = 2 Nb = 1

𝑴𝒂𝑽𝒂 𝑴𝒃𝑽𝒃
=
𝒏𝒂 𝒏𝒃

𝟎.𝟎𝟓 ×𝟐𝟓 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑴𝒃 ×𝟐𝟎 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟑

𝟐
= 𝟏

A) Mb = 0.03125M

B) For Ca(OH)2:

No of moles of Ca(OH)2 = conc x total vol

= 0.03125 x 300 x 10-3

= 9.375 x 10-3 moles

Molar Mass = Ca(OH)2 = Ca + 2OH = 40 + 2(16+1) = 74 gm

1 mole → molar mass (74 gm)

9.375 x 10-3 moles ➔ x gm

X = 0.69375 gm
64-

Acid (HCl) Base (NaOH)

Ma =0.1 M Mb = X

Va = 10X10 L
-3
Vb =X

Na = 1 Nb =1

NaOH + HCl ➔ NaCl +H2O

Ma x Va No of moles
=
na nb

0.1 X10X10−3 No of moles

=
1 1

No of moles=1x10-3 moles

For NaOH:

Molar mass of NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1= 40 gm

1 mole → Molar mass(40 gm)

1x10-3 moles → X gram

Mass of NaOH = 1 x 10-3 x 40 = 0.04 gm

Mass of substance 0.04

So % NaOH = x 100 = 0.1 𝑥100 = 40%
Total Mass
65-

A.

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 ➔ BaSO4 ↓+2NaCl

Molar mass of BaCl2 = 137 + 2(35.5) = 208 gm
Molar mass of BaSO4= 137 + 32+ (16x4) = 233 gm
BaCl2 ➔ BaSO4
208 gm ➔ 233gm
X gm ➔ 2gm
Mass of BaCl2 = 1.785 gram
% of BaCl2 = 35.708 %

B.

% of BaCl2 = 35.708 %
% of impurities = 100- 35.708 % = 64.2918 %

C.

BaCl2 ➔ 2Cl
208 gm ➔ 71 gm
1.785 gm ➔ x gm
Mass of Cl = 0.609 gram
% = 12.18 %
161-

NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3

-
AgCl → Cl
(108+35.5)gm → 35.5gm
143.5gm ➔ 35.5gm
4.628gm ➔ X gm.
X=1.1449gm
-
Mass of Cl ions in AgCl precipitate=X=1.1449gm
-
%Cl- ions =(Mass of Cl ions ÷ mass of NaCl)×100
=(1.1449÷2)×100
=57.245%

169-

• For Y- :

MgSO4 + 2NaHCO3 ➔ Mg(HCO3)2 + Na2SO4

∆
Mg(HCO3)2 → MgCO3 + H2O + CO2

White ppt. dissolves in HCl ➔ MgCO3

So,

Anion Y is monovalent and forms MgCO3 after heating ➔ Anion Y is

Bicarbonate

• For X-2 :

MgSO4 + Na2CO3 ➔ MgCO3 + Na2SO4

White ppt. dissolves in HCl ➔ MgCO3

Anion X is divalent and forms MgCO3 on cold ➔ Anion X is Carbonate

• For Z+2 :

MgSO4 + BaCl2 ➔ MgCl2 + BaSO4

White ppt. doesn’t dissolve in dil. HCl ➔ BaSO4

Cation Z is divalent and forms white ppt. which doesn’t dissolve in dil. HCl
when attached to SO42- ➔ Cation Z is Ba2+

So,

A)

Y- ➔ HCO3-

X-2 ➔ CO3 2-

Z+2 ➔ Ba2+

B)

Ba2+ and CO32- are combined together forming BaCO3 which is insoluble in
water as all carbonates are water insoluble except for Sodium, potassium and
ammonium carbonates.

170-

Yellow ppt which doesn’t dissolve in ammonia solution ➔ AgI

So, Anion of salt T is iodide (I-)

White ppt. formed on adding ammonia solution and dissolve in HCl ➔ Al(OH)3

So, Cation of salt T is Al3+

A)
Salt is Aluminum iodide ➔ AlI3

B)

It is colorless as it contain representative element (Al) so, it doesn’t have any

unpaired electrons in d-sublevel as transition elements so, it isn’t colored as
most of transition metal’s salt solutions.

171-

Neutralization occurs when no. of H+ in solution = no. of OH- is solution So,

All the given solutions are strong electrolytes ➔ completely ionized so,

• For H2SO4 :

1 mole of H2SO4 ➔ 2 H+

2X mole of H2SO4 ➔ ? H+

No. of H+ moles resulted from this solution ➔ 4X

• For Ba(OH)2 :

1 mole ➔ 2 OH-

X mole ➔ ?

No. of OH- moles produced from this solution = 2X

• For NaOH :

1 mole ➔ 1 OH-

2X mole ➔ ? OH-

No. of OH- moles produced from this solution = 2X

So, by adding the 3 solutions together :

No.of H+ ➔ 4X moles

No. of OH- ➔ 2X + 2X = 4X moles

So, the solution is neutral “pH =7”

Or, by another way :

• By adding 2X moles of H2SO4 to X moles of Ba(OH)2 :

H2SO4 + Ba(OH)2 ➔ BaSO4 + 2H2O
1 mol ➔ 1 mol
? mol ➔ Xmol

So, only X mol of the 2X moles of sulphuric acid will react, X mol of H2SO4 will remain

• By neutralizing the remained X mole of sulphuric acid with 2 moles of NaOH :

H2SO4 + 2NaOH ➔ Na2SO4 + 2H2O
1 mol ➔ 2 moles
X mol ➔ ? mol

So, 2X moles of NaOH will react completely with sulphuric acid and there is no
remaining moles of acid or base ➔ Neutralization reaction is done. ➔ Solution is
neutral “pH = 7”
172-

173-

174-

175-
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177-

178-

179-
180-

181-
 Detailed model answer
1) c

in experiment 1, reddish brown gas evolve and Cu(No 3)2 is formed which is
colored solution as it contain Cu2+.

in experiment 2, CO2 gas evolve which is colorless gas and turns clear lime
water to milky

So, the correct answer is c

2) c

X ➔ NaI

So, (1) ➔ AgNO3

So, (2) ➔ H2SO4

So, (3) ➔ Na2SO3

So the correct answer is c

3) B

Quick hints :

• all bicarbonates are soluble in water and all carbonates are insoluble
in water except PAS (sodium, potassium and ammonium)
carbonates.
• Bicarbonates are converted to carbonates by heating (lma basa5an
el bi btro7 fl bye bye)
So, choice a is excluded as it contain carbonate salt not bicarbonate.
• So, we can convert any bicarbonate salt (soluble) except for sodium
potassium or ammonium into insoluble carbonate salt by heating. So,
choice c and d are excluded as heating sodium bicarbonate or
ammonium bicarbonate will yield sodium carbonate and ammonium
carbonate which are soluble in water.
- calcium bicarbonate after heating will be converted to calcium
carbonate which is ppt. ,
Ca(HCO 3)2 → CaCO3 ↓ + H2O + CO2 ↑
4)C

Quick hint : all carbonates insoluble in water except sodium,potassium

and ammonium carbonates

Choice A excluded bec. Ammonium carbonate can differentiate between

Na+ and Ca+2 bec. It Will form precipitate with calcium and aqueous solution
with Sodium

Choices B and D Excluded for the same reason , potassium will form
aqueous solution while magnesium and iron will form ppt.

Choice C, we can’t differentiate between Ca + and Mg2+ using ammonium

carbonate bec. Carbonate will form a precipitate with the two cations

5)B

Choice A excluded bec. Sodium carbonate is soluble in water (all

carbonates insoluble in water except sodium,potassium and ammonium
carbonates)

and sodium bicarbonate is soluble in water( all bicarbonates are soluble in

water ) , so we can’t differentiate between them using water

- choice B correct Because Sodium carbonate + magnesium sulphate give

us white ppt.on cold (MgCO3)

Na2CO3 + MgSO4 → MgCO3 + Na2SO4

--Sodium bicarbonate + magnesium sulphate give us white ppt after

heating

2NaHCO3+MgSO4 → Na2SO4 + Mg(HCO3)2

∆
Mg(HCO3)2 → MgCO3 ↓ + H2O + CO2↑

-Choice C excluded bec. HCl with both sodium carbonate and sodium
bicarbonate gives Effervescence and CO2 gas evolves which turns clear
lime water “Ca(OH)2 milky or turbid ‘, so we can’t differentiate between
them using HCl

-Choice d excluded as H2SO4 will react with both giving sodium sulphate
and CO2 gas so, we don’t use H2SO4 to differentiate between them

6)A

Choice A correct bec. magnesium carbonate is insoluble in water and

magnesium bicarbonate soluble in water so we can differentiate between
them

Quick hint: all bicarbonates are soluble in water and all carbonates
insoluble in water except sodium, potassium and ammonium carbonates .

Choice B excluded because HCl with both give us Effervescence and CO 2

gas evolves which turns clear lime water “Ca(OH) 2 milky or turbid ‘, so we
can’t differentiate between them using HCl

Choice c excluded because MgSO4 will not react with both due to presence
of Mg2+ in both “Common ion ➔ no reaction”

Choice D excluded as A is correct but C incorrect

7)C

Detection ➔ Formation of ppt. or evolution of gas.

All carbonates are insoluble in water except sodium, potassium and

ammonium carbonates, so ammonium carbonate can detect all following
cations except sodium .

bec. Sodium carbonate is soluble and will not form a precipitate like other
cations

-Na+ can’t be detected by ammonium carbonate solution bec. It will form aq

solution not ppt. and ammonium carbonate is aq. Solution not ppt.
8)C

• Differentiation can be done by using :

1- A reagent which will react with both salts and give different results
“Different colors of ppt. or different gases which can be detected”

2- A reagent which will react with only one of the two given salts and doesn’t
react with the other.

• MgSO4 , (NH4)2SO4 ➔ Has a common anion “SO4 2-” so, we need to

differentiate between Mg+2 and NH4+ cations.
Let’s see each choice :
• Choice a : excluded
MgSO4 + 2NaNO3 ➔ Mg(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 “No ppt. or gas are formed”
(NH4)2SO4 + 2NaNO3 ➔ 2 NH4NO3 + Na2SO4 “No ppt. or gas formed”
So, choice a is excluded as it doesn’t give different results with both
salts.

• Choice b : excluded
MgSO4 + 2KCl ➔ MgCl2 + K2SO4 “No ppt. or gas are formed”
(NH4)2SO4 + 2KCl ➔ 2 NH4Cl + K2SO4 “No ppt. or gas formed”
So, choice b is excluded as it doesn’t give different results with both
salts.

• Choice c : correct
MgSO4 + Na2CO3 ➔ Na2SO4 + MgCO3↓ white ppt.
(NH4)2SO4 + Na2CO3➔ (NH4)2CO3 + Na2SO4 “No ppt. or gas formed as
ammonium carbonate is soluble in water “PAS”.
So, choice c is correct as it produces a white ppt with one of the salts
and doesn’t form with the other.

• Choice d : excluded
MgSO4 + Ca(HCO3)2 ➔ Mg(HCO3)2 + CaSO4 ↓ white ppt.