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 ENCE 4610
Foundation Analysis and Design
Lecture 22
Spread Footings
Structural Design
 Structural Design of
Shallow Footings
• Structural Design z Once geotechnical
Loads suitability (stability,
bearing capacity,
settlement, etc.) is
established, the
designer must turn to
the structural
capabilities of the
foundation
 History and Rationale of
Design Methods
z Background • Rationale
z First studies on foundation z Spread footings are inexpensive;
structural failures were done conservative design is also
by Talbot at the University if z Additional weight does not bear
Illinois in 1913 on any other member
z Advances in the next 50 years z Construction tolerances are so
include F.E. Richart's tests at wide that precision in design
the University of Michigan would probably be lost
z Results were synthesised into z Structural methods are more
the methodology used today precise than the geotechnical
by a committee sponsored by methods
the ACI and ASCE. This was z Performance has been good
published in 1962. z Additional weight provides uplift
z Although work has been done load resistance
since, changes in the
methodology are not
imminent
 Outline of Structural Design
of Shallow Footings
1. Determine Net 3. Determine factored
Unfactored (ASD) (LRFD) axial loads and
Bearing Capacity of moments on foundation
Foundation, and its o For structural analysis, it’s
Distribution Across best to compute the force
at the centroid and then
Foundation have an applied moment
Insure that resultant force is
o
within the kern; do not 4. Establish minimum
proceed if it is not cover, standard
2. Determine minimum dimension requirements
area and dimensions and material
for geotechnical specifications
capacity
 Outline of Structural Design
of Shallow Footings
5. Design for One- 7. Design for Flexure
Way (Beam) Shear o Use only the reinforcing steel
for flexure considerations
o Neglect any effect of o Determine the total steel area
reinforcing steel
o Check reinforcement
6. Design for Two-Way development length
Determine the number and size
(Column Punching) o
of reinforcing bars necessary
Shear
o Neglect any effect of
reinforcing steel
o Unnecessary when the
foundation can only be
loaded one way, i.e., strip
foundations
 Shallow Foundation
Structural Design Example
z Given
z 21" square reinforced concrete column
z Vertical dead load of 380 kips
z Vertical live load of 270 kips
z Supported on square spread footing
z Soil allowable bearing pressure qa = 6500 psf
z Groundwater table well below the bottom of the foundation
z f’c = 4000 psi
z Find
z Required width B, thickness T, and effective depth d of the
square foundation
 Shallow Foundation Structural Design Example
Step 1: Design foundation to carry geotechnical load
Step 2: Determine Minimum Dimensions for Geotechnical
Capacity
z Design foundation to z Determine minimum
carry geotechnical depth for the
load foundation
z Use ASD or LRFD methods for z Use table below as a guide
geotechnical analysis
z Design depth for 650 kip
z In this case, we will simply add
the two loads to produce an foundation = 36"
ASD load for geotechnical Load P, kips Minimum D, in. Load P, kN Minimum D, mm
purposes 0-65 12 0-300 300
65-140 18 300-500 400
z P = PD + PL =380 kips + 270 kips 140-260 24 500-800 500
= 650 kips 260-420 30 800-1100 600
z Since load is concentric, it’s 420-650 36 1100-1500 700
within the kern (always check 1500-2000 800
2000-2700 900
to make sure whether this is so 2700-3500 1000
or not)
 Shallow Foundation Structural Design Example
Step 2: Determine Minimum Dimensions for Geotechnical
Capacity
• Knowing the depth of • Determine the minimum
the foundation, foundation area:
determine the pressure o Amin = P/pnet = (650 x
1000)/5750 = 113.04 ft2
due to the weight of
the foundation • Determine dimensions
o pf = γD = (150 pcf)(3’) = 750 of foundations
psf o In general, BL = Amin
• Subtract this value for o For square foundations, Amin =
B2, or B = (Amin)1/2
the net foundation o B = (113.04)1/2 = 10.63’ → 10’ 9”
pressure
o pnet = qa – pf = 6500 – 750 =
5750 psf
 Shallow Foundation Structural Design Example
Step 3: Determine factored (LRFD) axial loads and moments on
foundation
z Determine factored load for z Pu = (1.2)(380) + (1.6)(270) = 881 kips
LRFD computations = 881,000 lbs
z Use ACI Section 9.2.1 load z It is not necessary to include
factors the foundation weight for
z For all problems in this course, structural design purposes
we will only consider dead z In this case, there are no
and live loads on the moments, only concentric
foundations axial forces
z Thus we only consider one of z Determine concrete and steel
two cases: rebar properties
z U = 1.4 D
z U = 1.2 D + 1.6 L
z U = Factored load on
foundation
z D = dead load on
foundation
z L = live load on
foundation
 Shallow Foundation Structural Design Example
Step 4: Establish minimum cover, standard dimension
requirements and material specifications

z Structural members frequently z Spread footings are usually

use concrete that has 20 MPa < designed so that 15 MPa < f'c <
f'c < 35 MPa and in some cases 20 MPa (2 ksi < f'c < 3 ksi).
up to 70 MPa z In cases where the footing
z The stronger concrete enables carries loads greater than 2 MN
weight reduction in the structure (500 kips), an f'c = 35 MPa (5 ksi)
might be justified
z For foundations, since the z Reinforcing Bars
geotechnical design usually z Since flexural stresses are usually
drives the basic dimensions, and small, Grade 40 (Metric Grade
the strength of the soil is limited, 300) steel is usually adequate,
higher strength concrete is although unavailable for bars
usually not appropriate larger than #6, in which case
Grade 60 (Metric Grade 420)
z Shallow foundations are steel may have to be used
frequently used to « ballast » z For this example, concrete
structures against uplift loads, so and steel rebar properties are
weight can be useful as follows:
z f'c = 4000 psi = 4 ksi
z fy = 60,000 psi = 60 ksi
 Shallow Foundation Structural Design Example
Step 4: Establish minimum cover, standard dimension
requirements and material specifications
z Leveling Slab z Minimum Cover Requirements
z Sometimes contractors place a z ACI code specifies that at least 70
thin layer of lean concrete (mud mm (3 inches) of concrete cover
slab or leveling slab) to provide a must be included from ground
smooth working surface for the contact
foundation z This takes into consideration
z Design Depth d irregularities in the excavation and
corrosion factors
z For design purposes, we ignore the
concrete under the reinforcing z In some cases (such as loose sands
bars. Only the concrete depth or soft clays where level excavation
between the top of the footing is hard to maintain,) more cover may
and the rebars is considered be appropriate
(effective depth, d)

d = T − 3 in. − d b
d = T − 70 mm − d b
 Shallow Foundation Structural Design Example
Step 4: Establish minimum cover, standard dimension
requirements and material specifications
• Assumptions for this z High precision in
problem: specifying the depth of
o Cover = 3” excavation is
o Assume a value of of db = unnecessary because of
1“ for shear analysis the capabilities of
o This may be changed in excavators
flexural analysis.
o There is no need to go z Standard thicknesses T:
back and redo the shear z English Units: Multiples of 3":
analysis for larger db 12", 15", 18"...
o d = T - 4” z SI Units: Multiples of 100 mm
:300 mm, 400 mm, 500 mm...
note distance
One vs. Two Way Shear
(Steps 5 & 6)
z ACI defines two
modes for shear failure
in square footings
z One-way shear (beam shear
or wide-beam shear)
z Two-way shear (diagonal
tension shear, or punching
shear of column through
foundation)
 Design Conditions for Shear
(Steps 5 & 6)
z Footing design is satisfactory
for shear when
V uc ≤ φV nc
z Vuc = factored shear force on
critical surface
z φ = resistance factor for shear =
0.75
z Vnc = nominal shear capacity
on the critical surface

V nc = V c + V s
z Vc = nominal shear load
capacity of concrete
z Vs = nominal shear load
capacity of steel (neglected)
 Shallow Foundation Structural Design Example
Step 5: Design for One-Way (Beam Action) Shear
z Assumptions z Assumptions
z The applied normal, moment and z Shear stress caused by the applied
shear loads must be multiplied by vertical load Pu is uniformly
(B – c – 2d)/B before applying distributed across the two vertical
them to the critical vertical planes. planes as shown in the previous slide
This factor is the ratio of the footing z Shear stress on the vertical planes
base area outside the critical caused by the applied moment load
planes to the total area, and thus Mu is expressed by the flexure
reflects the percentage of the formula τ = Mc/I, and thus is the
applied loads that must be greatest in the left and right edges of
transmitted through the critical these planes
vertical planes z The factored shear stress on the
z The maximum shear stress on the critical vertical surfaces is the
critical vertical surfaces is the greatest shear stress multiplied by the
vector sum of those due to the area of the shear surfaces. This may
applied normal, moment and be greater than the integral of the
shear loads shear stress across the shear surfaces,
z Shear stress caused by the applied but is useful because it produces a
shear load is uniformly distributed design that keeps the maximum
across the planes shear stress within acceptable limits.
Shallow Foundation Structural Design Example
Step 5: Design for One-Way (Beam Action) Shear
Nominal one-way shear load
Factored shear force
z
z capacity on the critical section
on the critical vertical V nc = V c = 144 Aτ f' c (U.S. Units)
surfaces 1 × 10 6
Aout V nc = Vc = Aτ f' c (S.I. Units)
V uc = Pu 12
Atot
z Vuc = shear force on critical z Vnc = nominal one-way shear
capacity on the critical section (lb,
shear surfaces (lb,N) N)
z Aout = outer area of z Vc = nominal one-way shear
capacity of concrete (lb, N)
foundation (ft2, m2) z Aτ = shear area of concrete (see
z Atot = total area of chart at end of presentation) (ft2, m2)
foundation (ft2, m2) z f'c = 28-day compressive strength of
concrete (psi, MPa)
z Pu = applied normal load
z Mu = applied moment load
z Vu = applied shear load
Shallow Foundation Structural Design Example
Step 5: Design for One-Way (Beam Action) Shear
z Substituting into equations for shear,
Atot = B 2 = (10.5) = 110.25 ft 2
2

Aout = B(B − (c + 2d )) = 10.5(10.5 − (1.75 + 2d )) ft 2

10.5(10.5 − (1.75 + 2d ))
Vuc = 881,000
110.25
Vnc = (0.75)(144 )(10.5)d 4000
10.5(10.5 − (1.75 + 2d ))
881,000 = (0.75)(144 )(10.5)d 4000
110.25
z (this formulation only good for US units, lbs and ft, using f’c in psi)

z Solving for, d = 1.608’ = 19.3” → 21”

z d can be solved either by trial and error or Goal Seek,
or explicitly solving for d (equation is linear)
Two-Way Shear (Step 6)
Factored Normal
Load P
z Two-way shear can
be caused by the
column load P,
moment M and
horizontal shear V
Load Divided on the foundation
Load z To analyse the
transferred
Load
to outer
shear force, we
transferred
block divide the footing
to inner
block
lower into two blocks
surface -- only this load produces shear
lower on critical shear surface
surface
 Two-Way Shear (Step 6) Factored Normal
• Foundation Base Areas for Load P
Calculation
o Total area of footing Atot = BL
o Area inside of shear surface Ain =
(c+d)2 (always square)
o Area outside of shear surface
Aout = Atot -Ain
• Shear Force for Two-Way
Shear, Concentric Load
Only Load Divided
o Vuc = Pu (Aout/Atot) = Load
Pu (1-Ain/Atot)
o This is the total shear; for cases
transferred
when we consider the shear on
Load
to outer
one face only, this value is transferred
divided by four
block
to inner
lower
block
surface
lower
surface
 Two-Way Shear (Step 6)
• The percentage of Pu
that produces shear
along the critical
surfaces is the ratio of
the base area of the
outer block to the total
base area
• An applied moment
load Mu will produce
an additional shear
force on the two
opposing faces of the
inner block ⎛ Pu M u ⎞ Aout
V uc = 4⎜ + ⎟
⎝ 4 c + d ⎠ Atot
 Two-Way
Shear (Step 6)
z Variables for this and the
previous equation
z Vac = factored shear force
on the most critical face
z Pu = applied normal load
z Mu = applied moment load
z Vu = applied shear load
z c = column width or
diameter (for concrete
z In the presence of an columns) or base plate width
applied shear load Vu, if it (for steel columns)
acts in the same direction z d = effective depth
as the moment load, it z B = footing width
produces a shear load on
the other two faces
z Shear force on each critical 2 2
face with an applied shear
load Aout ⎛ Pu ⎞ ⎛ Vu ⎞
V uc = 4 ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟
Atot ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
 Two-Way Shear (Step 6)
z Variables z Nominal two-way shear
z Vnc = nominal two-way shear capacity for square
capacity on the critical footings supporting
section (lb, N)
z Vc = nominal two-way shear square or circular
capacity of concrete (lb, N) columns located in the
z bo = length of critical shear interior (not the edge or
surface = length of one face corner)
of inner block (in., mm)
z c = column width (in., mm) V nc = V c = 4 b o d f' c (English)
z d = effective depth (in., mm)
z f'c = 28-day compressive 1
strength of concrete (psi, V nc = V c b o d f' c (SI)
MPa) 3
z dr = diameter of rebar, in. or
mm bo = c + d
d = T − dr − 3
bo = c + T − d r − 3
 Solution of Shear in
Square Footings (Step 6)
z Both Vuc and Vnc z It is necessary to use
depend upon the an iterative solution
effective depth d to determine the
which are value of d
determined by the z The assumed value
equations given for of db = 1" (assumed
two-way shear diameter of rebar)
z The effective depth is
may be changed in
flexural analysis.
related There is no need to
z There is no direct go back and redo
solution for d from the shear analysis for
these equations larger db
 Two-Way Shear Design
Example (Step 6)
z Equate Vuc and Vnc using LRFD equation to
solve for minimum T
z Other equations for substitution
z Equality after substituting (for square
foundation)
Aout
Pu = φ 4bo d f c′
Atot
B − (c + T − d r − 3)
2 2
Pu 2
= 4φ (c + T − d r − 3)(T − d r − 3) f c′
B
 Two-Way Shear Design
Example (Step 6)
z Substitute known z Positive solution for T =
quantities (note use 27.271" use 30"
of pounds and inches z d = 23.271" or use 24“
consistently!) z Larger than one-way
z Pu = 881,000 lb. shear
z dr = 1” z Check computed
z M=0 foundation thickness
z B = 126” against assumed depth of
z f’c = 4000 psi foundation
z c = 21” z Depth of foundation = 3' = 36" > 30"
z φ = 0.75 thickness so OK
z Resulting equality z Unless conditions dictate
otherwise, depth of foundation
after substitution could be decreased
z 220250 – z If minimum thickness is greater
(110125/8712)(17+T) 2 = than assumed depth, we need to
3(17+T)(T-4)(4000)1/2 increase assumed depth to
properly account for foundation
weight
Questions