“STATE UNIVERSITY OF BOLIVAR”

FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES, BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND

COMPUTING

SCHOOL OF SOCIAL COMMUNICATION

SUBJECT OF: LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION

SYLABUS MODULE OF THE SUBJECT: LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION

CYCLE I: SOCIAL COMMUNICATION AND COMMUNICATION

PRODUCED BY:

SCHOOL PERIOD: 2019 - 2020

GUARANDA – BOLÍVAR – ECUADOR

ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION

1. INTRODUCTION
 The origin and evolution of language remains an unresolved issue today for
paleoanthropologists and linguists, who are forced to base their studies on indirect evidence
because language is virtually invisible in the archaeological record. The first hypotheses
already began in Darwin's time.
Language is a qualitatively new phenomenon and, as such, has no true analogue within
the animal world. Human beings have an instinctive tendency to speak, and today, we know
with certainty that language evolved within the human lineage, but we continue to question
when it originated and how that evolution took place. Some authors argue that it emerged
early in the history of hominids and, following a process of slow and gradual evolution,
reached its modern form recently. For others, however, the language appeared very late and
underwent a very rapid evolution. The bases on which these arguments are based are very
varied: some have an anatomical basis, others relate it to cultural practices, some establish
comparative links with the screams or sounds emitted by various animals.
It is evident that in order to speak, you need adequate organs, which only humans have
today, but you also need to have something to say, either because of the need to transmit
what you think to other people and for them to understand us, as well as understand their
responses, with which a dialogue is established, with full awareness of its content.
Communication is the act of transmitting and receiving the message, in a specific
situation called context, through a common code and through a path or channel. It is
exercised through gestures, facial, body, tactile, olfactory and gustatory expressions,
complementing or not the verbal route.
The beginnings of communication between men can be dated back to prehistory where
the first humans used archaic languages to communicate, they also made paintings that can
be classified as the first attempts at written expression or communication. The first
civilizations that transferred the oral to the written were located in the Middle East around
4000 BC. The Sumerians devised a type of writing with icons that represented concepts,
cuneiform writing. The Egyptians developed a writing system based on icons called
hieroglyphs. Little by little the language evolved until these icons were associated with
vowel sounds, so the number of icons decreased until they formed the ancient alphabets.
The alphabet that has come down to us descends directly from the Latin alphabet of the
Romans that they spread throughout the West. The Romans devised a modern writing
system with beautiful typefaces and used new writing media such as parchment, made
from tanned animal skins. In the 12th century, universities appeared as new centers of
culture, which were also dedicated to the promotion of books. Also on this date the
Arabs introduced the paper that the Chinese had invented throughout the Iberian
Peninsula.

2. DEVELOPMENT

History of language and communication.

 Human beings, from their primitive stage, have had the need to communicate and to do
so they have invented and created different forms and means. As human groups expanded
their activities of life, commerce, war, and government organization, their means of
communication became more complex.
The scholars of these events gave the name LANGUAGE to these means and
instruments that human beings use to communicate with their peers.
This definition was completed in the 1960s, when Austin and Searle put forward the
philosophical thesis that language is not only a means of representation, but also serves to
carry out social actions and interactions.
This is the systematic set of signs that allows verbal communication, the power and way
of expressing oneself, the language of a people or nation. Style of speaking and writing, set
of signals that imply something.
The word language refers to the linguistic point of view, that is, to the second of the two
meanings.
Linguistics and Language: concept, classes
Linguistics studies the signs of articulated human language, of verbal language,
which is produced by the speech apparatus.
Linguistics is the science of language, it deals with the elements of verbal language and
describes word classes, syntax, grammatical rules and phonemes. By taking all these
elements into account, the result is grammar, it is the study of the rules and principles that
regulate the use of languages and the organization of words within a sentence, it is called
part of the general study of language called linguistics. .
The study of language is divided into four levels:
 Phonetic-phonological level: phonetics focuses on the study of the physical
and physiological aspects of sounds, while phonology deals, respectively,
with studying the phonetic characteristics and the meanings related to them.
Phonology would describe the sound in an abstract way, phonetics would
deal with the concrete realization.
 Syntactic-morphological or morphosyntactic level: Morphology studies
the form and ordering of words, while syntax is characterized by dealing
with the study of functions and relationships.
 Lexical-semantic level: The semantic level studies the meaning of words.
Lexicology deals with lexical meaning, the meaning associated with the
words that constitute the vocabulary of languages; for example, the common
content associated with series such as “boat, embark, barge”, etc.
 Pragmatic level: It is a subfield of linguistics, also studied by the
philosophy of language, which is interested in the way in which context
influences the interpretation of meaning.
Language Types
Language is a system of symbols, oral and written, that members of a social community
use in a fairly uniform way to express their meaning, it is acquired through contact with
other human beings and consists of symbolic meanings that act as sources of meaning.
stimulus and response mediators.
The different types of languages are presented below:
Oral language: A set of articulated sounds with which man expresses what he thinks or
feels, expressed through signs and spoken words. The most advanced form of oral
communication is articulate language, the structured sounds that give rise to the syllables,
words and sentences with which we communicate with others. It must comply with certain
rules that allow its fluidity and organization, so that all participants can hear and understand
the message that is being transmitted to them.
There are different types of dialogues, among which the following stand out:
 Debate: The debate is an organized group conversation in which different points of
view are presented regarding a particular topic.
 Interview: The interview is a dialogue between two people where the interviewer
asks questions and the interviewee answers them.
 Exposition: The exposition is the explanation and development of a particular
topic. It must be done in a clear, simple and organized manner, using informative
language.
Written language: It is the representation of a language through the writing system,
which is understood as a system of graphic representation of a language, through signs
recorded or drawn on a support. It is a method of human communication that is carried out
through visual signs that constitute a system.
Mimic language: Type of non-verbal language in which signs of a sound nature,
typical of natural and articulate language, are replaced by signs or gestures to send a
message.
Pictorial language: Language that communicates different messages through images,
icons and drawings. It is an ideographic writing that consists of drawing the objects that
have to be explained with words.
Three special functions are attributed:
1. It is the primary vehicle for communication.
2. It simultaneously reflects the personality of the individual and the culture of his
society.
3. It makes possible the growth and transmission of culture, the continuity of societies
and the effective functioning and control of social groups.
Pictorial language is defined as a communication system that is built from signs, for
example:
 The traffic signal system
 The set of signals and movements that bees use.
 The smoke signal language used by the Indians.
 The languages used in the management of computers.
 Sound language: Sound expression is a specific communication system in which the
transmission of the message is carried out through acoustic signals intelligible to humans.
The sound language is articulated by 4 elements:
 The word, human voice. In sound language it is more important.
 Music. Music can be the object of communication itself, reinforce other messages
and fulfill the function of punctuation marks. We can find three types of music:
objective, subjective, descriptive.
 Noises , ambient sound or sound effects. Sound expression, noise is defined as any
unwanted sound that interferes with communication between people.
 The silences. Silence is the absence of sound, whether it be words, music or noise.
Silence can be the consequence of an error, but, commonly, in sound expression,
silence serves as a reflective pause after communication, to help evaluate the
message. We can establish that silence can be: objective silence and subjective
silence.
Tactile language: These are signals transmitted through contact through the skin or
external parts of living beings.
Language Phases
1. The Sensory Motor Phase
The word sensorimotor effectively describes the first period of the development
continuum, this phase covers from birth to approximately 24 months, a period during which
it is understood that the child is a baby, due to the dependence on his or her body as means
of self-expression and communication, that is, it has not yet acquired verbal language.
The language in this phase is of a corporal type; That is, the baby communicates
through his body through babbling, gestures, sounds and others.
2. The Pre-Conceptual Phase:
It develops between the child's 2 and 4 years of age. This is a transition period
between the patterns of the selfishness stage and socialized behavior. The child is under
permanent investigation. Learn to use symbols to communicate with yourself and others.
They cannot yet understand the more general system of meanings that the adult world has,
thus, although the child and the adult use more or less the same language, they do not
always have a common framework to communicate.
In language, the child is able to repeat words and associate them with objects.
3. The Intuitive Thinking Phase
It occurs between 4 and 5 ½ years, the child learns to represent things mentally, so
in his language he can already use concepts by imagining them. The thinking of this stage
makes it difficult for the child to conceive two ideas at the same time, he cannot see the
whole but only the parts. In language, the child can now use words to reflect on events.
4. The Concrete Operational Phase
Between 7 and 11 years old, the child can already perform mental operations such
as classifying concepts. Your language becomes more complete. Language arises from the
sound emotions that accompany muscular effort.
 From a philosophical point of view, some maintain that language is innate, others
that it is acquired; For some it arises from a voluntary invention, but for others from an
accidental discovery. Religious theses consider language as a gift from divinity to man.
5. Pre-Linguistic Phase
In this period that lasts approximately the first year of life, the child, through
practice and limitation, selects among the multitude of undifferentiated sounds emitted by
his phonatory apparatus those that are most suitable for communicating with the members
of the linguistic community in which he is. is born .
6. Formal Operational Phase
This period occurs from the age of 11 onwards, hypothetical deductive logic and
combinatorial operations are acquired, at this stage the language does not have major
differences, but rather its thinking changes.
Language functions
From each of the elements that intervene in the Communication process, the
functions of language have been developed.
A. Expressive or emotive function. It is the one that is directly related to the sender,
the important thing is that the subject expresses his emotions and feelings, even the
most intimate ones. For example; literature, personal letters, everyday
conversations, songs, among others.
B. Appellative or conative function. In this function the sender seeks to influence the
receiver. Conative or appellative messages aim to convince, persuade, order,
request, prohibit; whoever hears the message must give a response. For example;
when we receive orders from our superiors, when the doctor prescribes medication
or rest, in the instructions or when you read perform this or that activity in a guide,
among others.
C. phatic function. In this function it is important to keep the communication channel
open, to avoid interrupting contact between the sender and receiver. When you are
talking on the phone and interference occurs, the phatic function has failed, since it
seeks to keep the communication channel open.
D. Metalinguistic function. The fundamental thing in this function is the code, that is,
it talks about the language. At this point we reflect on the language, a clear example
is the subjects that are concerned with the study of language: Communication,
Semantics, Spelling, Phonetics .
E. Referential function. In this function, the referent, reality or also called context is
important; The veracity of what is stated is essential. The attention of the sender
and receiver is focused on the content of the message. For example; mathematical
and scientific language.
F. poetic function. In this function, the important thing is the beauty of the message,
the objective is aesthetic enjoyment; The construction of the message takes
precedence, which becomes the axis of the communication process. The important
thing is how to say it? And no, what is said? In the poetic function, the speaker
 carefully selects the vocabulary to be used and orders it according to criteria such as
musicality, rhythm, cadence, among others.

The communication

Concept, classes and elements of communication.

Communication is the act by which an individual establishes contact with another

that allows him or her to transmit information. In general, the objective of communication
is the transmission of information. Various elements intervene in communication that can
facilitate or hinder the process.
 Issuer: The person (or persons) who issues a message.
 Receiver: The person (or people) who receives the message.
 Message: Content of the information that is sent.
 Medium or Channel: Medium through which the message is sent. It could refer to
several channels that, related to the senses, contribute to the transmission of the
message.
 Auditory
 Olfactory
 Visual
 Tactile
 Gustatory
 Extrasensory
 Code: Signs and rules used to send the message.
 Context: Situation in which communication occurs.
Effective communication between two people occurs when the receiver interprets
the message in the sense intended by the sender.
Forms of human communication can be grouped into two broad categories:
 Verbal communication . It refers to the words we use and the inflections of our
voice (tone of voice), it can be done in two ways:
Oral: through oral signs and spoken words.
Written: through the graphic representation of signs.
 Non-verbal communication: refers to a large number of channels, among which
the most important could be eye contact, facial gestures, arm and hand movements
or posture and body distance, it is carried out through of a multitude of signs of
great variety: sensory images (visual, auditory, olfactory...), sounds, gestures, body
movements, etc.

Language and communication levels

Substandard level
 At this level of the language there are two sublevels that are ways of speaking in
which there is no interest in the correct use of words.
Popular language: It is generally used by normal people who communicate about topics of
daily life. It implies a degree of relaxation of the colloquial level.
It is characterized by:
 Abundance of adjectives.
 Emphasize imprecise quantities (many) or exaggerations (make it hotter than in an
oven).
 Use of metaphors (last night she fell exhausted).
 Abundance of incomplete sentences (if you only knew...).
 Frequent use of sayings and proverbs.
 The appellative function of language predominates .
Vulgar language: It is the language used by people with a low level of education or with a
limited vocabulary.
It is a type of language that does not adapt to situations. It is very common in slang,
or a type of language limited to certain professions, trades, sports, etc.
It is characterized by:
 Disconnection from the communication situation.
 Abuse of local or regional expressions.
 Use of short sentences.
 Abuse of fillers.
 Use of incorrect or incomplete words.
 Inversion of personal pronouns.
 Use of obscenities to describe most situations.
 Absence of a logical order.
 Use of vulgarisms and barbarisms.
 Abundance of phonetic, syntactic and lexical errors.
Standard level
When talking about standard level we are talking about a dialect that is used in a
certain territory. One way of speaking and writing is conceived as correct, and other ways
of doing so are rejected.
It is a language common to many individuals, but with specific spelling rules.
colloquial level
It is a level of language that is used in environments of great trust for the speaker,
such as in their family, community or very close friendships.
It is characterized by:
 It is commonly and regularly used in the daily lives of most people.
 It's spontaneous.
 Admits some errors.
 It is full of affective, sensitive and expressive expressions.
 Includes interjections and idioms.
  Use of repetitions.
 Use of diminutives, augmentatives and derogatory.
 Allows improvisations
 It is ephemeral.
super standard level
It is a level that is not common for many speakers. The cultured, technical and
scientific languages are subdivided:
Educated level: It is one with great attachment to the grammatical and phonetic
norms of a language. It is normally spoken by the most educated people in society or in
situations of a formal nature that do not allow errors, such as a master class or a conference,
for example.
It is characterized by:
 Vocabulary richness.
 Precision.
 Clear diction and moderate intonation.
 Logical order of ideas.
 Adequate and precise verb tenses.
 Abundance of cultisms (words in Greek or Latin).
 Pronunciation in oral language is taken care of.
 The syntax and grammar are impeccable.
Scientific-technical level
It is a language used to speak or write in a specific field of science or culture.
Its fundamental characteristic is that it is shared by the community that uses it,
almost exclusively.
It is also characterized by:
 To be objective.
 To be precise.
 Have logical order.
 Appeal to the referential function of language.
 Have your own symbol system.
 Use of Hellenisms, Anglicisms and acronyms.

Language and communication arts

The conception of art as language is a synthesis of various ways of understanding

the artistic phenomenon, among which the interpretation of art as expression and as
communication stands out. A change of course occurred at the beginning of the century,
whose lines of force were, in the artistic field, the crisis of traditional painting, sculpture
and architecture; the rise of new arts such as photography and cinema; the emergence of the
avant-garde and the appearance of semiology, a science dedicated to the study of signs.
 In the 1960s, interest in the concept of art as language increased and the search for
what was distinctive about the arts with respect to other sign systems was promoted,
whether it was everyday spoken language or that used by the media. masses. From
structuralism or semiotics, Marxism or psychoanalysis, an attempt was made to capture the
most specific aspects of each of the arts, analyzing artistic works in accordance with the
theory of signs and trying to detect their organization and functioning with methods taken
from linguistics, psychology, image theory or science.
Today, however, even assuming valuable contributions from these essays, it must be
made clear that it is misleading to identify art with language. Although in the arts certain
elements can be isolated that can be analyzed with the instruments and categories of the
theory of signs, on the other hand, there are specific and differentiated aspects that show the
diversity and irreducibility of the artistic structure to that of language. everyday or
scientific. Artistic activity makes the material of each art a kind of laboratory work.
Traditional art, due to its representational nature, is usually more assimilable to
communicative systems, while contemporary art, especially painting, establishes a much
broader and more uncontrolled significant field.
Art is not primarily communicative, as is, for example, an advertising message, but,
above all, it is meaningful, as will become clear when discussing the meaning of the arts.
Art moves closer or further away, depending on the era, from communication, but its
formal organization and potential meaning are not usually covered in one go. It is
significant that the work of art can change its function: magical and religious works,
emptied of their original meanings, see the ambiguity of the artistic ones enhanced;
Primitive or utilitarian objects become aesthetically enriched as they lose their function. Art
inverts certain uses of everyday or visual language and gives primacy to the aesthetic
function.
Ethics in language and communication
The Greeks used two different terms to refer, in one case to what we call "ethics"
and in the other to what we call "custom."
Currently, the first ones they study are sociology, ethnology, anthropology or
psychology, while the latter are the proper object of ethics or morals as philosophical
disciplines.
In everyday language there are two uses of the word ethics. In some cases it is used
as a noun and in others as an adjective. When "ethics" or morality is used as a noun, it is
understood as a specific knowledge within human disciplines that has as its object the
rational foundation of what should be the responsibility of the human being to achieve what
is good or right. .
The word "ethics" is often used in everyday language as an adjective.
In reality, this confusing use of the word ethics that is made in vulgar language
alludes to the double dimension of human actions that have to do with "the good" or "the
good."
 From there we understand "ethics or moral philosophy" as the philosophical
discipline that systematically and methodically reflects on the meaning, validity and
legality (goodness-badness) of individual and social human acts in history.
Messages do not work in isolation; They interact with the mind, the cultural system
and the social imagination.
The plot of the messages, their influences and meanings that impact perception and
morality.
The problem to be faced is how the users' relationship with reality and
representation changes.
The study of the effects of communication is one of the researchers of communication, they
are given by types of effects, which we recognize as follows:
Cognitive Effects: are those that refer to people's attitudes, beliefs and values.
Affective Effects: they involve a modification of feelings and emotions.
Behavioral Effects: are those that affect people's reactions.
3. CONCLUSIONS

Language is something different from thought. It is a form of communication that is

composed of phonemes, morphemes, semantics and syntax that constitute grammar.
Thought and language are closely related, but they are not the same. Therefore, they
influence each other, but, for example, there are some types of thinking without language,
such as image-based thinking. For its part, language requires a minimum of cognitive or
thinking capacity, but within similar cognitive capacities the variability of the expressive
and comprehensive richness of the language is very wide.
Regarding the evolution of language, specifically with regard to the influence of
technology and the media, I can conclude that, indeed, technology constitutes a problem for
language. The message, the content that is to be communicated, is privileged, but how said
content is structured, spelling mistakes and/or ambiguities are not taken into account.
Language is constantly evolving, since it is practically impossible to determine limits
when it comes to the creation of words or meanings. All this without considering body or
non-articulated language, which is structured by use, that is, by the way in which people
express their different ideas and emotions in the communication they establish daily.
Communication is the act by which an individual establishes contact with another that
allows him or her to transmit information.
We can affirm that adequate communication is the key to detecting problems, to
achieve better performance, since through this, areas such as integration, motivation,
satisfaction, among others, are covered.
 Our basic objective in communication is to become effective agents, that is, to
influence others, the physical world around us and ourselves, in such a way that we can
become determining agents and feel capable, if necessary, of take decisions.

4. RECOMMENDATIONS
Deepen the knowledge of thought acquired from conception, to establish the importance
that it has in the life of the human being.
Recognize the importance that language has with respect to thought and when it may or
may not be indispensable for man.
Formulate linguistic challenges to demonstrate the importance of language
Perform intellectual exercises for groups of individuals of different ages.

5. GLOSSARY

Semitic alphabet: used by the Greeks, generally accepted to be the first known
alphabet. It arose in what is now Syria and Palestine between 1700 BC. Christ and 1500
BC Christ. It appears as a combination of cuneiform and hieroglyphic symbols; Some
signs could come from other systems related to them, such as Cretan and Hittite writing.
the Semitic alphabet only had 22 consonants.
Cognitive: belonging to or relating to knowledge.
Communication: action and effect of communicating, treatment, correspondence
between people. any means of link, such as: channels, roads and others.
Emulate: imitate the actions of another, trying to match them and even exceed them.
Statements: finite sequence of words delimited by very marked pauses, which can be
made up of one or several sentences.
Ethics: is defined as the science of morality, that is; an orderly and well-founded study
of the norms of human conduct, governed by law.
Philology: it is the scientific study of the language and literature of a people through
the criticism of written texts.
Phonetic: said of an alphabet, a spelling or a transcription system: which tries to
represent sounds more accurately than conventional spelling. Set of sounds of a language.
study of the sounds of one or several languages, either in their physiology and acoustics, or
in their historical evolution
Phoneticization: (relating to or representing sound)
Phonological: belonging to or relating to phonology
Spellings: set of letters or signs used to represent sounds.
Lexicon: belonging to or relating to the lexicon. Dictionary of a language. vocabulary,
set of words in a language, or those that belong to the use of a region, to a given activity, to
a given semantic field, etc. flow of voices, idioms and phrases of an author. dictionary of
the Greek language.
 Linguistics: studies language: origin, evolution and characteristics of the sounds and
spellings used when speaking.
Moral: relating to customs or rules of conduct. which is from the appreciation of
understanding or conscience.
Morphology: part of biology that deals with the shape of organic beings and the
modifications or transformations they undergo. Part of grammar that deals with the
structure of words.
Pedagogy: science that deals with education and teaching. in general, what teaches and
educates by doctrine or examples.
Pictographs: (symbolic writing)
Pragmatic: belonging to or relating to pragmatism. discipline that studies language in
its relationship with users and the circumstances of communication. Law emanating from
competent authority, which differed from royal decrees and general orders in the formulas
for its publication.
Psychological: belonging to or relating to the psyche. belonging or relating to
psychology.
Semantics: pertaining to or relating to the meaning of words. |study of the meaning of
linguistic signs and their combinations, from a synchronic or diachronic point of view.
Signs: sign is anything that serves to transmit information.
Syntactic: belonging to or relating to syntax
Sociolinguistics: belonging to or relating to sociolinguistics. Discipline that studies the
relationships between language and society.
Sounds: set of vibrations that can stimulate the organ of hearing, value and
pronunciation of letters. speaking of the words, the meaning they have in themselves.
Typology: activity, and result of such activity, consisting of comparing languages to
classify them and establish relationships between them, genealogical or not, according to
the affinities that are noted between the features of their phonological, morphological and
syntactic systems.
Bond: subjection of the assets, with prohibition of alienating them, to the succession of
relatives in the order indicated by the founder, or to the support of charitable institutes or
pious works. It is also used when talking about the set of goods assigned to a relationship.

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