Frictional Losses (∑ ")

Frictional losses in fluid

flow through pipes are
energy losses that
occur due to the
resistance encountered
by the fluid as it moves
along the pipe walls.
These losses are caused
by the shearing action
between the fluid and the
pipe surface, resulting in
the dissipation of energy
in the form of heat.
The frictional resistance of fluid
flow leads to a decrease in
pressure along the flow path.
The pressure loss due to friction
is also known as friction loss or
head loss.

Pressure drop in a pipeline system

 ! " = "! + "" + "# + "$ + "%

Where
Major loss FL = frictional losses due to straight pipe ≈ Σ$
FE = frictional losses due to sudden expansion
Minor losses FC = frictional losses due to sudden contraction
FM = frictional losses due to metering devices
 Major Loss, FL
Frictional Losses in a Straight Pipe
Frictional Losses in a straight pipe (Line Loss), !!

Darcy-Weisbach (sometimes called

the Darcy) equation for head loss:

2'" () # If the frictional pressure drop per unit length

$! = ∆P/L is related to the pipe diameter D, density
*$ + ρ, viscosity, and average velocity V:
Where
fF = fanning friction factor
L = pipe length
v = fluid velocity
gc = 1 kg-m/Ns2 or 32.174 lbm-ft/lbf-s2
fD = 4fF
D = pipe diameter à The Darcy friction factor is 4 times the
fanning friction factor.
 Moody Chart:

Friction factor, f
• For laminar flow:
%&
'= '!"
(Eqn. 6-35, PCEHB 8th Edition)

• For turbulent flow:

or use the Moody Chart (Fig 6-9, PCEHB 8th Edition)

 r
=
Regid :
Nre = v = 0 . 020m3
J
Givell :
M

56 = 0 85 fa Du
-

NRe
.

(0 15 m)
=

*
m/
.

v =
6x10- FL T
Example: D)
Q
=

=
0 15 m.

0 020
. m"/S
V = 1 .
13 m/S

L = 100 m

Oil (SG = 0.85) with a kinematic viscosity of 6x10-4 m2/s flows in a

15 cm diameter pipe at a rate of 0.020 m3/s. What is the Darcy
friction factor? What is the head loss per 100m length of pipe?
Assume steady and fully developed flow. 44 =
4() The
:

(0 15 m) (1 13 m/s] fa = 4f = =
282 5
Nre
. .
= .

(ax10
-

4m2/s] -
-

Nre = 282 5 .
> laminar ↓ #227) =
0 .

fF = D
4

W 2
-

=(02)(00(IM
[
- N
= 94 42 m
-

F =
.

() 15
19
9) c I
2
(0 .

of

94 U2 .

Eg
 Given :
Solution :
m3 Regid :
Q = 0 05.

5
fD v
Nre
=

0 20m n or F or F
D = .

, , v

1000
L M
m) (1 59m/s]
=
(0 20 .

05
.
=

v 1x10-4m2/ 0

=
= .

& 1x10-
v
59m
t = 0 122mm
.
-
= 1 .

Example: * 10 .
20m)2
NRe =
318309 89
3 .
.

18 X 105
- turbulent
-

Water (T=20oC) flows at a rate of 0.05 m3/s in a 20 cm asphalted

cast-iron pipe. What is the Darcy friction factor? What is the head
loss per kilometer of pipe? Use the Moody Diagram for f and
assume fully developed flow. The kinematic viscosity of water is
1x10-6 m2/s.
Itr'
↓

F
=
-

og[i] FL =

29cD
59m/s)
(200909( )
" = 0 .
019(1000m) (1 .

12x10- 3m)
(0
[0
27
-
.

(l
m) (0 2m
+ 2
.

- P
=
og .

0 20 m
Ef
.

=z
I 08
120 .

3
4 72x10 0 0047
fi
= =
.
.

o =+ $
fx =
4fz =
410 0017) .

=
0 122x10- 3m
4
. = 6 1x10-
=
.

0 .
20 m
0 .
004
 Given : Reg'd :

p = 201 /g d .
FL
m3 .
b Er if smooth tube
1 49x10
- 3 Pa .
S c
, % reduction of f
u = .

v = 4 57m/S
.

1 61 in = 0 6 alm Solution :
D
04m) (4.57)
.
=

VI (0
.

41m
A
.

L
NRe
= =
=

Example: 1 99X10-3 Pd
.
.
S

NRe =
100 , 727 ·
0d > turbulent

A liquid having a density of 801 and a viscosity of 1.49x103 kg/m3

-

Pa-s is flowing through a horizontal straight pipe of a velocity of

4.57 m/s. The commercial steel pipe is 1 ½ in nominal pipe size,
schedule 40. For a length of a pipe of 61m, do as follows:
a. Calculate the friction loss
b. For smooth tube of the same inside diameter, calculate the
frictional loss. for tube
-
mooth
c. What is the percent reduction of the f for the smooth tube?

0g[E]
2 fFLv2
Fr
=

a ↓ =
-
9 c D 2

F =
2(5 .
48x153)(41m) (4 .
57m)

# =
-

410g
[0
.
2+ (0 .
0457x10
-

3 m)
&
(09)") I g
m (0 0 .

commercial
T
0 . 041m

I
steep pipe
353 03
3
-
3 .

- - 4 44x10
-

5 68x10
=

kg
.

= .

for commencial for smooth smooth

steel Dipa tube => 277 . 35 J/kg for
tube
Example:
A liquid having a density of 801 kg/m3 and a viscosity of 1.49x103
Pa-s is flowing through a horizontal straight pipe of a velocity of
4.57 m/s. The commercial steel pipe is 1 ½ in nominal pipe size,
schedule 40. For a length of a pipe of 61m, do as follows:
a. Calculate the friction loss
b. For smooth tube of the same inside diameter, calculate the
frictional loss.
c. What is the percent reduction of the f for the smooth tube?

% reduction
duced
=
x10

= 5 . 68x10 -3 - 4 .

44x103x100
5 . 48X10'3

%
TRIAL-AND-ERROR SOLUTION
 9 .

81m If
5984 g
=
x
G 1m

Example F
= .

I am D

Water at 4.4oC is to flow through a horizontal, commercial steel

pipe having a length of 305m at the rate of 150 gal/min. If a head - 3

of water of 6.1m is available to overcome the friction loss, 20 0457x15 .

calculate the pipe diameter. ↓ = -

↑
3 of
785/ im

150
3 ~
- ~
.

~
X- 3
=
f
- 4 94418
=

MIn Igal 1000 L

=

- -
,

I
TD 2 f+ (305m) vi
Fig
59 841
.
=

v =
002 #g
m
x
.

i
NS2
D2
m/s) 94x103) (305m) 11 2

841[
.

59 .
.

sol'n : g 1kg M
#HE
.

-
x D
D = 0 10 NS2
Dassume
.

2 m/s
. 7m
⑯
1 = 0 10m
V
= Dassumed
= .
.

m/s)
kg/m2) (0 10m) (1
2
2 1 000
assumption
. .

Nre =

: our
1st
0 . 001 Pa .

S
iswrong
Nre = 120000