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Flow in Closed Conduits & HEAD LOSSES

The document discusses flow in closed conduits, focusing on energy losses due to friction in both laminar and turbulent flows, as well as the factors affecting these flows. It includes practical calculations for determining flow characteristics, energy loss, and friction factors using Darcy's equation and other relevant formulas. Additionally, it provides examples and quizzes related to the application of these concepts in various fluid dynamics scenarios.

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10 views39 pages

Flow in Closed Conduits & HEAD LOSSES

The document discusses flow in closed conduits, focusing on energy losses due to friction in both laminar and turbulent flows, as well as the factors affecting these flows. It includes practical calculations for determining flow characteristics, energy loss, and friction factors using Darcy's equation and other relevant formulas. Additionally, it provides examples and quizzes related to the application of these concepts in various fluid dynamics scenarios.

Uploaded by

theastephaniedump
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS &

HEAD LOSSES
REYNOLDS NUMBER, LAMINAR FLOW, TURBULENT FLOW, AND ENERGY
LOSSES DUE TO FRICTION
SI VERSION
VARIATION OF VISCOSITY WITH TEMPERATURE
VARIATION OF VISCOSITY WITH TEMPERATURE
DIMENSIONS OF STEEL PIPE
DIMENSIONS OF STEEL, COPPER, AND PLASTIC TUBING
DIMENSIONS OF TYPE K COPPER TUBING DIMENSIONS OF DUCTILE IRON PIPE
AREAS OF CIRCLES
➢ In any piping system there is energy loss due to the friction
that occurs within the flowing fluid that is affected by the kind
of fluid, the velocity of flow, and the nature of the surface of
the stationary pipe wall.

➢ Friction losses can be quite significant, particularly in a case


like the geothermal system for heating and cooling the home.

➢ Flows with low Reynolds numbers appear slow and smooth


and are called laminar. Flows with high Reynolds numbers
appear fast, chaotic, and rough and are called turbulent.

➢ The behaviour of a fluid, particularly with regard to energy losses, is quite dependent
on whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. The character of flow in a round pipe
depends on four variables: fluid density ρ, fluid viscosity η, pipe diameter D, and
average velocity of flow, V.
Determine whether the flow is laminar or turbulent if glycerin
at 25°C flows in a circular passage within a fabricated
chemical processing device. The diameter of the passage is
150 mm. The average velocity of flow is 3.6 m/s.
Determine whether the flow is laminar
or turbulent if water at 70°C flows in a
hydraulic copper tube with a 32 mm OD
x 2.0 mm wall. The flow rate is 285
L/min.
Determine the range of average velocity of flow
for which the flow would be in the critical region if
glycerin at 80°F is flowing in a 2-in Schedule 40
steel pipe. The oil has a specific gravity of 0.89.
DARCY'S EQUATION
Darcy's equation can be used to calculate
the energy loss due to friction in long
straight sections of round pipe for both
laminar and turbulent flow.

➢ The Hagen- Poiseuille equation is valid only for laminar flow


(NR < 2000). However, we stated earlier that Darcy's
equation, Eq. (8-3), could also be used to calculate the
friction loss for laminar flow. w. If the two relationships for hi
are set equal to each other, we can solve for the value of the
friction factor:
Determine the energy loss if glycerin at 25°C flows 30 m through
a standard DN 150-mm Schedule 80 pipe with an average velocity
of 4.0 m/s.
1. For what velocity of flow of water in a new, clean 6-in Schedule 40 steel pipe would an energy loss
of 20 ft of head occur over a length of 1000 ft? Compute the volume flow rate at that velocity. Then
refigure the velocity using the design value of 𝐶ℎ for steel pipe.
A pipe has a diameter of 20 mm and a length of 80 m. A liquid having a kinematic
viscosity of 4 x 10-5 m2/s is flowing thru the pipe at a viscosity of 3 m/s.
Compute the Reynolds Number
Compute the friction factor ‘f’
Compute the head loss of pipe.
Compute the pressure inside the cylinder.
Compute the pressure inside the needle.
Compute the force F needed on the Piston.
Compute the pressure inside the cylinder.
Compute the pressure inside the needle.
Compute the force F needed on the Piston.
Quiz (30 min)
The Moody Diagram
Determine the friction factor f if water at l60°F is flowing at
30.0 ft/sin a 1-in Schedule 40 steel pipe.
If the flow velocity of water in Problem 8.5 was 0.45 ft/s with all other
conditions being the same, determine the friction factor f

Determine the friction factor fif ethyl alcohol at 25°C is flowing


at 5.3 mis in a standard ON 40 Schedule 80 steel pipe.

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