 Surface integrals

Let us look an example. How to find the area of a triangle.


2

( 0, 2) Area  x dy
y 0


2 2
( 2, 0)  2  y  dy 2
y 0
2


equation y = 2 - x 2
 y dx  2
x 0

Another way 2
 2 x 
2 x  2 x

2

   
2
Area  dx  dy   dy dx    y  dx
  x  0 y  0
x 0 y 0
x 0
 y 0 
 2 x

 
2
Area  dx  dy
x 0 y 0

 2 x

2
   y  dx
x  0 y  0


2
 2  x dx
x 0
2
 1 2
  2x  x 
 2  x 0 Area  2 square area
 1 2
 2 2   2 
 2 
E. g. ( 1 )
y
Evaluate the area of a circle.
solution Method ( 1 )
( -a, 0) ( a, 0)
with Cartesian coordinates
x
By symmetry, area of the upper half and
area of the lower half are same. So, let us
find the area of the upper half.

The variable x varies with  a  x  a

and then y coordinate varies according to the x coordinate as

0 y a2  x2
 Then over the region  a  x  a upper boundary is y  a2  x2

and lower boundary is 0

a2  x2

 
a
Therefore the area of the upper half is dy dx
x   a y 0


a
 y a2  x2
y 0 dx
x a


a
 a 2  x 2 dx
x  a

use the substitution x  a cos t

 
0
Therefore the area of the upper half is  a sin t   a sin t  dt
t 

 a2
 t 0
sin 2 t dt


1 2
 a 2 sin 2 t dt
2 t 0


2 
1
 a 2
1  cos t  dt
t 0

1 2 1   1  a2.
 a  t  sin 2t 
2  2 t  0 2

Therefore the area   a 2 .

Method ( 2 )
with Polar coordinates
The equation of the circle with these coordinates is r  a
The variable r varies with 0  r  a
and it is true for all possible  within the range 0    2

Further, the small area in plane coordinates is r dr d

2

 
a
Therefore the area of the circle is r dr d
r 0  0
Small Area in 2-D with Oxy cdts

Y dx

dy

y=k
X

Area = dx dy
x=c
Small Area in 2-D with Polar cdts

dr
r=c r d

d


Area = r dr d
 2

 
a
Therefore the area of the circle is r dr d
r 0  0
2

 
a
 r dr d
r 0  0

1 2a
2
 
 r r  0  2 0

1 2
 a  2
2
 a 2 .
you may observe that
it is easy to reach the answer with plane polar coordinates.
Double integrals in general;
Suppose that the region R means the region bounded by two curves
y1  y1 x  and y 2  y 2 x 
y2  y2 x 
y2 x   y1 x  y1  y1 x 
Here we assume that
a b
Over a region R we write the double integral
of the scalar function f  x, y 
over the region R as  R
f  x, y  ds

y2  x 

 
b
This integral can defined as f  x, y dy dx
x  a y  y1  x 
E.g. 2: Consider the region R in the Oxy plane bounded by the lines
y  x , x  2 and the x axis. Evaluate the integral
 R
f  x, y  ds

for f  x, y   xy .
2

E.g. 3: Consider the region R in the Oxy plane bounded by the lines
y  x  2 , y  2  x and the x axis.
Evaluate the integral

R
f  x, y  ds

for f  x, y   x  y .
E.g. 2: Consider the region R in the Oxy plane bounded by the lines
y  x , x  2 and the x axis. Evaluate the integral

R
f  x, y  ds

for f  x, y   xy .
2
y=x


2 x

 R
f  x, y  ds 
x 0 y 0
xy 2 dy dx

 

 
2 x
 2 
 x y dy  dx

x 0 

2 y 0 


2 x
1 3
 x y  dx
 3  y 0
x 0
 
2


x
1 
f  x, y  ds  x y 3  dx
R  3  y 0
x 0


2
1 3
 x x  dx
3 
x 0


2
1 4
 x dx
3
x 0

2
1 
  x5 
15  x 0
32
 .
15
E.g. 3: Consider the region R in the Oxy plane bounded by the lines
y  x  2 , y  2  x and the x axis.
Evaluate the integral

R
f  x, y  ds

for f  x, y   x  y .
 y x2
y 2 x f  x, y   x  y

2 x 2 x

   
0 2

R
f  x, y  ds 
x  2 y 0
x  y dy dx 
x 0 y 0
x  y dy dx

another way y 2

 
2

 R
f  x, y  ds 
y 0 x  2 y
x  y dx dy
 y 2

 
2


R
f  x, y  ds 
y 0 x  2 y
x  y dx dy


2 y 2
x 2 
   xy  dy
 2 
y 0   2 y
y 2


2
  y  2 2  2  y 2 
    y  2  2  y y  dy
 2 
y 0   2 y


2 2
y 2 8    8
2 y  2y dy
3
  2  y   2   4
y 0  3  y 0 3  3
 E
.
Fubini Theorem
g
Fubini's theorem, introduced by Guido Fubini in 1907.
.
This gives conditions under which it is possible to compute a double
2
integral using iterated integrals.
:
One may switch the order of integration if the double integral yields a
finite answer when the integrand is replaced by its absolute value.

it allows the order of integration to be changed in iterated integrals.


A B
f  x, y  dy  dx 

B A
f  x, y  dx  dy 

A B
f  x, y  ds
E.g. 8: Evaluate the integral 1 2 y 2

 
0 y
x  y  dx  dy .
2 2
1 2 y 1 2 y

 
0 y
x  y  dx  dy 
 
x 0 yx
x  y  dx  dy


 2 2



r 0   
r sin   cos   r dr  d

4

 2 2


 
r 0
r2



sin   cos  d  dr

4
 
 2 2


 
r 0
r2



sin   cos  d  dr

4
 2



r 0
r 2  cos   sin   2


4
dr

 2



r 0
r 2 dr

1 2
 r3
3 r 0

2 2
 .
3
 Scalar Fields
Consider a region in 3 dim.
Associated with each point in this region we can assign a scalar uniquely
Such an assignment is called a scalar field.

E.g. Colour of each point of the surface of the table.

E.g. Temperature of each point of the surface of the table.
As in real valued functions, a scalar field is a function
with variables x, y and z together with time t.

Usually, we write a scalar field as    x, y, z, t 

Vector Fields
Consider a region in 3 dim.
Associated with each point in this region we can assign a vector uniquely
Such an assignment is called a vector field.

E.g. Velocity of the wind in this room.

E.g. Velocity of the particles of the top surface of a river.

Again, a vector field is a function

with variables x, y and z together with time t.

Usually, we write a vector field as A  Ax, y, z, t 

For the vector field A  Ax, y, z , t 
 M x, y, z , t i  N x, y, z , t  j  Lx, y, z , t k

Usually, we disregard the time variable.

A  M x, y, z i  N x, y, z  j  Lx, y, z k

In two dimensions, a vector field becomes

A  M x, y i  N x, y  j
 Green’s Theorem in 2-dimension

 M N 
c
Mdy  Ndx 
 
S  x
 dxdy
y 
Flux form

 N M 
cMdx  Ndy 
 
S  x
 dxdy
y 
Circulation form

E.g. Evaluate c
sin x  y  i   x  tan yx  j  .d r

over the boundary c of the square 0, 1 0, 1. .

 E.g. Evaluate
.
c
sin x  y  i   x  tan xy j  .d r

over the boundary c of the square 0, 1 0, 1.

Solution :

c
sin x  y  i   x  tan y  j  .d r


csin x  y  dx  x  tan y  dy
Let M  sin x  y, N  x  tan y

Circulation form M
 1
y
 N M 
cMdx  Ndy   
S  x
 dxdy
y  N
 1
x
  N M 
 sin x  y  i  x  tan y  j.d r
c

 
S  x
 dxdy
y 


S
1   1ds


S 2ds
M N
 1  1
y x 2
Sds  2.

E.g. Let A   x  1  x y i  xy

2 2 2
 y5 j
Evaluate
.
 A .d r
c
over the boundary c of the disc x 2  y 2  4.
 E.g. Let A   x  1  x y i  xy
2 2 2

 y5 j
Evaluate
.
 A .d r c
over the boundary c of the disc x 2  y 2  4.

c A.dr 

c
 x 2
  
 1  x 2 y i  xy 2  y 5 j . dx i  dy j 

  x
c
2
 
 1  x 2 y dx  xy 2  y 5 dy 
 N M  M
c
Mdx  Ndy 
 
S  x
 dxdy
y 
N xy 2
x2  1  x2 y
 y 5

M N 2
  x2  y
y x
  N M  M N
c A.dr   
S  x
 dxdy
y  y
  x2
x
 y2


S y 2  x 2 dxdy

2 2

 
r 0 0
r 2 r dr d

2 2

  d
3
r dr With Polar cdts
r 0 0
x  r cos  , y  r sin 
 8
dx dy  r dr d
note
you may try to work the above questions
with the other version of the Green’s theorem.
 E.g.
Verify the flux form of the Green’s Theorem, by takingA  xy i   x  y  j
and c : x 2  y 2  a 2 , z  0.

 M N 
Flux form of the Green’s Theorem is cMdy  Ndx   
S  x
 dxdy
y 
M  x , y   xy , N  x , y   x  y

L.H.S.=
cMdy  Ndx 
c xy dy   x  y  dx

Parametrically, x  a cos  , y  a sin     0 , 2 

2
L.H.S. 
 0 a cos  a sin  d  a sin     a cos   a sin   d a cos  


2
 0 
a 3 cos 2  sin  d  a 2 sin  cos   sin 2  d 
 
2
 0 
a 3 cos 2  sin  d  a 2 sin  cos   sin 2  d 
2
 0
1 2
 a cos  d  cos 
3 2
  a  sin 2  cos 2  1  d
2
2
 31
 
1 2
  a cos   a   cos 2  sin 2  2
3
 3 4  0
 a 2 .

M N
M  x , y   xy , N  x , y   x  y   y,  1
x y
 M N 
R.H.S. 
 
S  x
 dxdy
y 

S
  y  1dxdy
 
S y  1dxdy
a 2

r 0  0 r sin   1 r dr d

a
r 0
2
 r  r cos     0 dr

a

r 0 r  2  dr With Polar cdts

a x  r cos  , y  r sin 
 2
r 0 r dr dx dy  r dr d

2a
  r
r 0

 a 2 . Hence, the theorem.

Flux over a surface
Case One Over a part of a plane
Consider the vector field F
n

S F . ds 
S F . n ds

Projection on the Oxy plane

 dA
n dS 
n.k
ds
S 
S
F . ds 
 F . n ds
S

 n.k
dA
dA  F. n
Projection on the Oxy plane A

E.g.
Flux of  
F  x  y 2 i  2 x j  2 yz k
over the surface 2 x  y  2 z  6 in the first octant.
E.g.
Flux of  
F  x  y 2 i  2 x j  2 yz k
over the surface 2 x  y  2 z  6 in the first octant.

n
1
2i  j  2k  Projection on the Oxy plane
3
( 0, 0, 3 ) ( 0, 6, 0 )
( 0, 6, 0 )

( 3, 0, 0 )

S S
( 3, 0, 0 )
 F . ds  F . n ds
    
dA
F . ds  2
x  y i  2 x j  2 yz k .n
S A n.k 
Here we consider the rojection on the plane Oxy. So, we have to
replace terms in z, in terms of x and y.

2 1
n.k  and z  6  2 x  y 
3 2


 F . ds 
A
  
x  y i  2 x j  y 6  2 x  y k .n
2 3dA
2
S

 2x  y   2 x  2 y6  2 x  y 
1 3dA
 2

3 A 2
 
1
3 A    
2 x  y  2 x  2 y 6  2 x  y 
2 3dA
2

3 y 6 2 x
( 0, 6, 0 ) 
x0 y0 y 6  2 x dy dx

y 6 2 x


3
y 6  2 x 
1 2
 dx
( 3, 0, 0 ) x 0
2 y 0


3

1
6  2 x  6  2 x  dx
2

x 0
2


3

1
6  2 x 3
dx
2 x 0
 
3

1
6  2 x 3 dx
2 x 0
3
  6  2 x  
1 1 4 1
2 4 2 x 0

1 1 1
    0  64
2 4 2
 
   2  3
1 1 1 4
2 4 2

= 81.