J Fail. Anal. and Preven.

(2024) 24:659–673
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11668-024-01871-4

ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Design and Analysis of New Auto-Tensioning Device for Overhead

Catenary System of Railway
Vishal Patil . Ishant Jain . Sumit Zanje

Submitted: 22 August 2023 / Accepted: 14 January 2024 / Published online: 14 February 2024
 ASM International 2024

Abstract In this paper, a new compact spring-based unregulated, i.e., fixed termination of wires is adopted. In
Auto-Tensioning Device (ATD) is designed using TRIZ such case the contact wire will hog or sag depending upon
methodology complying the Indian railway standards the ambient temperature. This in turn will deteriorate the
having reduced weight and maintains the constant tension. current collection performance of OHE and pantograph.
Analytical calculations are done and verified with FE With increasing of sag, insulation distances toward the
analysis by conducting Multibody Dynamic (MBD) anal- surrounding parts such as ground, decrease.
ysis along with structural analysis to optimize the stress The pantograph of a train causes mechanical oscillations
generation in individual components. The spring ATD in the contact wire, and the wave must travel faster than the
reduces significant weight and maintains constant tension train to avoid producing standing waves that would cause
in the contact and catenary cables, thereby preventing wire breakage. Tensioning the line with the help of a ten-
failures due to sag and tension variation. sion device makes waves travel faster. It is, therefore, a
reliable compensation of temperature-linked changes to the
Keywords Electrical overhead  Catenary system  length of the contact cable, and catenary cables are
Conductor sagging  Tensioning devices  required for smooth collection of current by the panto-
Multibody dynamics  Structural analysis  Failure analysis graph. Moreover, the slight reduction in tension is further
swaying of the system due to wind. The cable may come
close to other cables of different phases or to grounded
Introduction parts. The contraction of contact and/or catenary wires due
to ambient thermal reduction can cause high stresses in
The 25-kV AC overhead equipment (OHE) consists of hard cables which cause abnormal lifting of the contact wire
drawn copper contact wire suspended from cadmium with respect to the rail level, or they may break; this could
copper catenary wire by means of solid hard drawn copper not be compatible with a correct collection of the current
dropper wires, modular cantilever having insulator, stay by the pantograph [2].
tube, bracket tube, register arm, steady arm to hold the To improve current collection performance, it is essen-
conductors in position as shown in Fig. 1 [1, 2]. The ten- tial to keep the tension in OHE conductor’s constant,
sion in OHE conductors and thereby the sag depends upon irrespective of expansion of OHE conductors at higher
the temperature of the conductors when the OHE is temperatures and contraction at lower temperatures using
Auto-Tensioning Devices (ATD) at termination of OHE
conductors. Auto-Tensioning Device (ATD) is one of the
V. Patil critical components of the overhead contact lines of the
Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI), Mumbai, railways. It serves both as a termination and providing a
Maharashtra, India mechanism for the automatic tension of the contact lines.
I. Jain (&)  S. Zanje The dead weight three-pulley system of conductor
Raychem Innovation Centre, Halol, Gujarat, India
e-mail: ishantmiet@gmail.com

123
660 J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2024) 24:659–673

Fig. 2 Dead weight 3 pulley-based ATD [3]

Fig. 1 Overhead Catenary System of railway—Image courtesy:

Akash Sharma, D.D.OHE, Moradabad Junction

tensioning device which has been used for many years is

shown in Figs. 1 and 2.
Tensioning devices can be classified into:
(1) Pulley or pulley with dead weight system
(2) Pneumatic or combination of both hydraulic and
pneumatic system
(3) Spring-based system
Counterweights and pulley arrangements as shown in
Fig. 3, suffer the drawback that it requires heavy weights in
the range of 650 kg poses difficulty of installation and
maintenance, which may not be compatible with the
installation requirements. In long tunnels with a range of
1.5 km, where it is physically impossible to provide space/
recesses into which the counterweights can slide, or in
which it might be possible to provide recesses but at very
high costs, another drawback of such a system is the high
installation cost because it needs auxiliary structures for
supporting, guiding and protecting the counterweights. The
pneumatic system shown in Fig. 4 is very robust but with Fig. 3 Counterweights with pulley ATD
drawbacks of system leakage, since problems are observed
over the time, mainly in relation to the loss of gas from the proportion to the stroke in case of linear spring or angle of
unit, thereby requiring continuous monitoring and main- rotation in case of torsional one. Spring ATD is more
tenance. The cost of this device is also high and thus sensitive to temperature-induced sag compensation than
restricts its use. Linear spring ATD shown in Fig. 5, is others. No counterweights and continuous monitoring for
unable to keep the tension of the cable constant due to the tension are required for this type of system; however, the
characteristic of the spring of varying the load in

123
J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2024) 24:659–673 661

Fig. 4 Pneumatic ATD

Typical Failures in Overhead Catenary Systems

Contact wire breakage: This can be caused by excessive

sag, wear and tear or impact from the pantograph. Contact
wire breakage can cause power outages and train delays.
Catenary cable breakage: This can be caused by
excessive tension, wear and tear or corrosion. Catenary
cable breakage can cause derailments and train
cancellations.
Derailment: This can be caused by a broken or mis-
aligned contact wire or catenary cable. Derailments can
cause serious injuries and property damage.
Repair time and cost: The repair time and cost for a
failed Overhead Catenary System can vary depending on
the severity of the failure. However, even minor failures
can cause significant delays and disruptions to train service.
For example, a broken contact wire can take several hours
Fig. 5 Linear spring ATD
to repair, and a broken catenary cable can take several days
to repair. The cost of repairing a failed Overhead Catenary
weights of the spring per se the system is a big concern System can range from tens of thousands of dollars to
along with the complexity of the system design (Fig. 6). millions of dollars.
Overhead Catenary Systems are essential for the oper-
ation of electric trains. However, these systems are
susceptible to a variety of failures, including contact wire Design Requirements for Spring Auto-Tensioning
breakage, catenary cable breakage and derailment. These Device
failures can be caused by several factors, including sag and
tension variation, wear and tear, and impact from the Following are the specification for spring Auto-Tensioning
pantograph. The new spring-based Auto-Tensioning Device Issued by: T.I. Directorate Research Designs and
Device (ATD) presented in this paper is a promising Standards Organization (RDSO), under the Ministry of
solution for preventing failures in Overhead Catenary Railway of India [4]:
Systems. The ATD maintains constant tension in the con- • With regulated Overhead Catenary System every
tact and catenary cables, which helps to prevent sag and tension length is equipped with an auto-tensioning
tension variation. This can help to reduce the risk of con- device at each end and an anti-creep located approx-
tact wire breakage, catenary cable breakage and derailment imately midway between the tensioning devices.
(Table 1).

123
662 J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2024) 24:659–673

Fig. 6 Spring and Cam system

is connected to the pulley via steel cable/rope, whereas

Table 1 Design requirements for ATD [4]
tension wire in which constant tension to be maintained, is
Full tensioning length (2L) (km) 1.5 connected to the cam. As the temperature increases or
Area of catenary wire (Material- 65 decreases, the cam rotates in anticlockwise or clockwise,
Cd-Cu) (mm2)
respectively. The change in radius of cam takes care the
Area of contact wire (material-hard 107
drawn copper) (mm2) change in spring force to keep the tension constant.
Tension to be maintained (T) (kN) 20 [Both need to be tensioned]*
Mathematically, this can be understood by following
Temperature range (DT) (C) 65
equations:
Service life (years) 30 TR ¼ TR0 þ Fs r
Spring material grade 52Cr4MoV TR ¼ TR0 þ kr 2 a
*10 kN in the contact wire and catenary wire each TR0 þ kr 2 a
R¼
T
• The distance between the anti-creep and anchor mast/ where R is radius of cam at the point tangent to the tension
structure on either side is limited to 750 m for wire, T is tension in wire, Fs is a spring force, k is spring
railways. stiffness, a is angle of rotation of cam, r is radius of pulley,
The expansion or contraction of half of the OHE con- R0 is initial radius of cam at the time of preloading when
ductors is given by: a ¼ 0. R0 can be calculated based on compensation length
as follows:
dl ¼ LaDT
Za
where dl = Expansion or contraction of OHE conductors in dl ¼ R  da
m.
0
a= Co-efficient of thermal expansion of conductors /C
for copper. where dl is perimeter of cam, which should be equal to the
dl = 750 * 17 * 106 * 65 = 0.828 m 0.828 m
So, a device is needed which will take care of 0.828 m Z 3p
2 TRo þ kr 2 /
change in length: maintaining tension of 20 kN throughout dl ¼ d/
0 T
its working temperature range.
Assuming;
• r = 0.05 m, so that spring stroke will be less. As r
Ideation of new spring ATD
increases spring stroke will increase and thus the length
required will increase (since stroke of the spring is
Through intense landscape analysis [5–13] the change in
proportional to the perimeter of the pulley), whereas as
spring force with respect to its stroke is converted into the
we decrease the radius, it will be difficult to wound it
constant tension in contact/tension wire by using the cam.
on pulley and the bending stresses will increase and
Cam and pulley are attached on the same shaft. The spring
thus the life of wire will decrease.

123
J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2024) 24:659–673 663

• Cam angle ðaÞ ¼ 270 to keep the size of device as to wind-unwind on respective pulley and cable/tension
small as possible. wire in which constant tension to be maintained is going to
• k = 237000 N/m; as k decreases, length of spring wind-unwind on cam. As the tension in cable increases/
increases and vertical displacement (difference between decreases due to contraction/expansion of cable, system
maximum and minimum radius) of tension wire will be gets unbalanced, and spring will store/release the elastic
less, thus size of device increases; whereas spring energy to balance the system by compression/relaxation of
length will decrease, and vertical displacement of spring which causes the shaft (along with pullies and cams)
tension wire will be more as k increases. to rotate. The increase or decrease in spring force is getting
balanced by increase or decrease in cam radius keeping the
One can select the above-assumed parameters based on
tension T as constant. The whole assembly is going to be
few iterations. Putting all these values in above equation
fixed on pole/support with the help of fixings [14]. The
we get,

shaft (Diameter = 50 mm) is designed as per the ASME
R0 ¼ 0:10223 m and at a ¼ 270 ; Rmax ¼ 0:249 m: code [15], spring (F max ¼ 98:5kN; deflection ¼ 0:418mÞ is
designed based on shear stress and deflection criteria in
Basically, the assumed parameters must be adjusted helical metallic spring [16–18], round rope6/36 having
such that the R0 will be greater than the shaft radius on tensile strength 1960 MPa is selected for wire ropes
which cam is going to attach and vertical displacement [19, 20], bearings (Nu2210) are selected with static loading
should also be less. In this case, the vertical displacement capacity of 39 kN [21–23].
of tension wire (h)= Rmax  R0 =0.1472 m which is less
and preferable.
Numerical Analysis

Design and Working of Spring ATD Numerical analysis is performed to understand the real-
time scenario, i.e., variation of tension in outer cable with
Based on the schematic mechanism as shown in Figs. 7, 8 respect to its displacement which happens due to temper-
and 9 represents the refined design of ATD, which has four ature variation. Analysis has been done by the commercial
pulleys (two on either side of spring casing) and two cams FEA software package—COMSOL MultiphysicsTM which
(one on either side) to have balanced structure, fixed sup- compute the results based on finite element method (FEM).
port, shaft and bearing housing, spring and casing to FEM solves discretized equations which are obtained by
protect spring. Spring will be protected from environmental discretizing the mathematical model to analyze the results.
factors such as dirt, dust, moisture by the casing. The cams 3D CAD model of ATD shown in Figs. 8 and 9 is made in
and pulleys are mounted on the same shaft, and shaft is commercial software package—Autodesk InventorTM and
rotating inside the bearing housing. Four steel ropes (two imported in COMSOL. Except steel shaft and spring most
on either side) are attached to the top plate which are going

Fig. 7 Spring and Cam system

(schematic)

123
664 J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2024) 24:659–673

Fig. 8 Model of ATD—with

casing

Fig. 9 Model of ATD—without

casing

Table 2 Material properties was given to capture detail features of models (filets, cur-
vature, holes, etc.).
Properties
Multibody Dynamic (MBD) analysis is done to know
Material E (GPa) l q (kg/m3) Yield strength (MPa) the tension in contact/catenary cable along with the force
versus displacement of spring. Stiffness (spring constant)
Aluminum 70 0.33 2700 240
value is given between the top and bottom plate in place of
52Cr4MoV 190 0.29 7800 1200
spring to reduce complexity and computational time. The
spring constant resembles the effect of spring in the system.
of the components are made from aluminum to reduce Analysis of helical spring is done separately to verify the
weight. Material properties are listed in Table 2 (Fig. 10). spring force and deflection. The boundary conditions for
Geometry is simplified from computation point of view MBD of ATD are given in following way:
to reduce complexity and computational time as shown in 1. The lower most point on the cam in y-direction is
Fig. 11 and discretized using COMSOL meshing feature. measured and taken as a reference for computation of
Figure 12 shows the detailed meshed view of ATD. Swept radius of cam at instant.
mesh is used for components having large aspect ratio in 2. As known, the cable is going to be displaced by
dimension to reduce computation time, and fine meshing 0.83 m; therefore, the prescribed displacement of

123
J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2024) 24:659–673 665

Fig. 10 Different views of ATD drawing

0.83 m in incremental way with step size of 0.01 m is

given to both cable (on either side of device) in z-
direction.
3. Based on the cam radius at instant, angle of rotation of
cam is calculated and given to the shaft about x-axis.
4. This angle of rotation based on one radius of cam at
instant is stored and is added in the angle of rotation
for the next step when the radius of cam is changed in
the next step.
5. Since the cam and pulley are on the same shaft, the
pulley will rotate by the same angle as that of the cam.
6. The radius of pulley is constant, based on this the
displacement of wire rope attached to the pulley is
calculated and this is given as a prescribed displacement
to the wire ropes which are attached to the top plate and
Fig. 11 Simplified geometry of ATD
pulleys. This top plate will show the compression of spring.

123
666 J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2024) 24:659–673

Fig. 12. Meshed view of simplified geometry of ATD

7. Preloading of the spring is given in the form of the

prescribed displacement (from preloading the initial
deflection of spring is calculated) to the wire ropes
attached to the top plate at the time of 1st step of
computation.
The cam rotates, and the top plate displaces in incre-
mental way until the cable displaces by 0.83 cm. Every
time the solution of next step, i.e., angles of rotation, dis-
placement of top plate is getting added to the solution of
previous step. Direct stationary solver is used for MBD
analysis of ATD and for its components as well. In sum-
mary, when the cable displaces by certain amount (equal to
step size) cam rotates accordingly; thus, the shaft and
pulley rotate. Finally, the wire attached to the pulley dis-
places; thus, the spring gets compressed by displacement of
top plate. There is no actual winding and unwinding of
wire ropes and cables on the pulley or cam, since no
flexible domains are formed for the cable and wire rope;
instead, the constraints are given in such a way that system Fig. 13. Meshed view of spring
resembles the same phenomenon.
In addition to this static structural analysis of major respectively. It can be seen from figure that though there is
components like spring, fixed support, top plate, shaft with no actual contact between the cable and cam as the cable
cams and pulleys is done separately to see the stresses and move forward, the cam rotates in same way as it might
deformation in individual parts. Figures 13, 14, 15 and 16 have rotated when the wounded cable is being unwound on
represent meshed model of separate components of ATD. the cam. This happens because the constraints given are in
such a way that, when the cable displaces by certain
amount in z-direction, the cam rotates by the angle based
Results and Discussion on the radius of cam at that instant. It can be seen from
Figs. 17, 18, 19 and 20 that the angle of rotation of cam is
Figures 17, 18, 19 and 20 show the results (total dis- 0, 90, 190, 270, respectively, and the corresponding
placements) of MBD analysis of ATD at cable compression of spring (displacement of top plate) is
displacement of 0 m, 0.2 m, 0.5 m and 0.83 m, 0.18 m, 0.255 m, 0.34 m and 0.416 m.

123
J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2024) 24:659–673 667

Fig. 14. Meshed view of support

Fig. 16. Meshed view of rotating assembly

Figure 21 shows variation of radius of CAM w.r.t its

angle. The cam radius varies from 0.106 to 0.245 m for the
angle 0–270. In this case, the spring force is directly
Fig. 15. Meshed view of top plate proportional to its deflection that is why the variation of
CAM radius is linear in nature. Figure 22 shows the rota-
tion of shaft with respect to the cable movement. As the

123
668 J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2024) 24:659–673

Fig. 20. Configuration of ATD @ cable displacement of 0.83 m

Fig. 17. Configuration of ATD @ cable displacement of 0 m

Fig. 21. Variation of cam radius w.r.t rotation of cam

Fig. 18. Configuration of ATD @ cable displacement of 0.34 m

Fig. 19. Configuration of ATD @ cable displacement of 0.5 m

Fig. 22. Rotation of shaft w.r.t cable movement

123
J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2024) 24:659–673 669

Fig. 23. Force vs deflection of spring

Fig. 25. Von Mises stress in spring

Fig. 24. Tension in the cable

cable moves by 0.83 m the shaft rotates by 270. Dis-

placement of top plate, i.e., spring with respect to the
displacement of the cable, can be seen in Fig. 22. It shows Fig. 26. Deflection of the spring
compression happens from 0.18 to 0.416 m for the 0.83 m
of cable displacement, which agrees with the analytical Figs. 25 and 26 show the stress and deflection in metallic
calculations. 0.18 m is the compression of spring at the spring. Force vs deflection graph of the metallic spring is
time of preloading. Figures 23 and 24 show the variation of given in Fig. 27. The maximum von mises stress and the
spring force and the tension in outer cable. The spring force deflection in the spring are 1230 MPa and 0.4 m, respec-
varies from 42.5 to 98.1 kN, whereas the tension in outer tively, whereas the spring force varies from 0 to 98 kN for
cable remains 20 kN within its working range which shows deflection of 0–0.4 m which is also same as what we got
that the objective of maintaining the constant tension in from MBD of ATD as shown in Fig. 23. Figures 28, 29 and
cable gets satisfied. 30 show stress values for the fixed support, top plate,
Along with MBD, structural analysis is carried out for rotating assembly are 133 MPa, 147 MPa, 365 MPa,
the major component to know the stress distribution and respectively, which are far less than the yield strength of
deformation over various components. This helped to the material, whereas the corresponding values for defor-
identify hot spots of the components so that failures can be mation shown in Figs. 31, 32 and 33 are 0.82 mm,
avoided. The metallic helical spring is analyzed separately; 0.37 mm and 4.85 mm, respectively, which are negligible.

123
670 J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2024) 24:659–673

Fig. 27. Force vs displacement of helical spring

Fig. 29. Deformation of the support

Fig. 28. Von Mises stress in support

Spring ATDs are low-maintenance devices because they

Fig. 30. Von Mises stress in top plate
have very few moving parts. The only moving part is the
spring itself, which is designed to last for many years. The
creep test, performance test, proof load, releasing load test, Current design has some critical features that make them
endurance test as per RDSO specification no TI/SPC/OHE/ even lower maintenance. For example, it has a sealed
SPRINGATD/1001 clause 11.11 were performed and bearings that eliminate the need for manual lubrication.
approved by the competent authority. Additionally, spring Additionally, it also has a built-in tension indicator that
ATDs are typically enclosed in sealed housing, which allows operators to easily check the tension in the overhead
protects them from dust and moisture. line without having to climb up to the spring ATD itself.

123
J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2024) 24:659–673 671

Fig. 33. Deformation in rotating assembly

evident that a constant tension of 20 KN is maintained. The

best part of the design is CAM-based pulley design is that it
Fig. 31. Deformation of the top plate can help to maintain constant tension in an overhead line
by providing a smooth and even surface for the cable to
ride on. The cam profile of the pulley also helps to dis-
tribute the load evenly across the pulley, which reduces
friction and wear. This helps to ensure that the cable is
always under the correct tension, even as it expands and
contracts due to temperature changes.
The CAM/radius pulley can also help to resolve several
failure-related issues that can occur in pulley-type ATDs.
For example, the cam profile of the pulley can help to
prevent the cable from slipping off the pulley, which can
cause a failure in the ATD. Additionally, the larger size of
the CAM/radius pulley helps to reduce the amount of tor-
que required to turn the pulley, which can help to prevent
pulley bearing failure. The cam profile of the pulley helps
to prevent the cable from slipping off the pulley, even
under high tension. This can help to prevent a failure in the
ATD.
Fig. 32. Von Mises stress in rotating assembly

Conclusion
The only maintenance that is typically required for a
spring ATD is to visually inspect it periodically to make The new spring-based ATD is a promising solution
sure that it is in good condition and that there are no signs designed as per RDSO specification no TI/SPC/OHE/
of wear or damage. If any damage is found, the spring ATD SPRINGATD/1001, for preventing failures in Overhead
should be repaired or replaced immediately. Catenary Systems. It is a lightweight and cost-effective
The prototype of the new design of ATD was developed device that can help to reduce the risk of contact wire
in-house and tested completely as per the RDSO specifi- breakage, catenary cable breakage and derailment. By
cation no TI/SPC/OHE/SPRINGATD/1001. The preventing failures, the ATD can help to improve the
performance test plot is shown in Fig. 34 where it is reliability and safety of electric train service.

123
672 J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2024) 24:659–673

Fig. 34. Load vs displacement curve for the prototype developed in-house

Acknowledgment This research and development work was sup- 7. T. Uchida, T. Shimbori,Gas Spring Apparatus, Patent US
ported by Raychem Innovation Centre(RIC) of Raychem RPG Ltd.. A 6378848B1, 08 July 1999
sincere thanks to Dr. Samsual Ekram, head of the Raychem Innova- 8. L. Zhangping, Z. Xiaobing, L. Development, Y. Qizhi, G. Yong,
tion Centre, Halol and Dr. Sudhakar Reddy for their support, H. Guoquan, Constant tension Vortex Spring Compensating
encouragement, continued interest and sharing their valuable time Device, Patent CN101973217B, 02 Nov 2010
through their busy schedule. We would like to express our sincere 9. R. Capacchione, F. Maggi, L. Femminis, Device for Compen-
gratitude to Mr. Akash Sharma, deputy director of OHE (Moradabad sating Variations in the Length of Tensioned Cables, with
Junction), for suggesting working on this project. Substantially Constant Tension, Patent EP2066523B1, 28 Sept
2006
10. O. Nannini; Inventor, Pfisterer S.R.L, Device for Compensating
Funding The authors declare that they have received no funding from Variations in the Length of Tensioned Cables, with Substantially
anyone for this research work. Constant traction, Patent WO1998021794A1, 08 Nov 1996
11. B. Furrer, B. Casali, Tension Adjustment Device for Catenaries of
Electrical Railways, Patent EP2789498B1, 10 Apr 2013
12. B. Furrer, U. Wili, B. Casali, P. Principe, Tension Adjustment
Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no known Device for Catenaries of Electrical Railways, Patent
competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have EP2631107B1, 27 Feb 2012
appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. 13. R. Tie, L. Wu, R. Tie, G. Tie, C. Wu, Constant Strain Spring
Compensation Device, Patent US8602178B2, 23 Jan 2007
14. I. Jain, S. Zanje, V. Patil, A Device for Maintaining Constant
References Tension in an Overhead Power Line for Electric Railways, India
Patent 2019210225808, 7 June 2019
1. B. Aynabeba, Customized Guideline for Designing Overhead 15. V. B. Bhandari, Design of Machine Elements 3rd edition
Contact System for Ethiopian Railway: Case Study of Indode 16. P.P. Thakare, V.L. Kadlag, Design and analysis of helical com-
Station (August 2014) pression spring for special purpose application. IJARIIE. 3(4),
2. F. Kiessling, R. Puschmann, A. Schmieder, E. Schnider: Contact 849–858 (2017)
Lines for Electric Railways: Planning, Design, Implementation 17. A. Agarwal, V. Jain, Design and analysis of helical spring in two
and Maintenance (Siemens, 2009) wheeler suspension system using finite element method. Int. R. J.
3. CAMTech, Gwalior, Duties of Senior Section Engineer SSE Eng. Technol. (IRJET). 4(9), 2395–10072 (2017)
(OHE) (Phase II- Module No. STC- TrD-2) 18. N.P. Chironis, Spring Design and Applications. (McGraw-Hill,
4. Specification for Spring Auto Tensioning Device specification no. New York, 1961)
TI/SPC/OHE/SPRATD/0110(12/2011) 19. G. A. Costello Theory of Wire Rope Second Edition (Department
5. Tension Compensator, Patent CN202703321U, 30 Jan 2013 of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics University of Illinois at
6. T. Kimura, Inventor; NHK Spring Co Ltd, Overhead Wire Ten- Urbana, USA) ISBN 978-1-4612-7361-5
sion Balancer and Waterproof Cover for Overhead Wire Tension 20. Usha Martin Ltd Wire Rope Hand Book (2011)
Balancer, Patent US8702072B2, 10 June 2008 21. A. Palmgren, Ball and Roller Bearing Engineering (SKF Indus-
tries, 1959)

123
J Fail. Anal. and Preven. (2024) 24:659–673 673

22. H. Peck, Ball and Parallel Roller Bearings—Design Applications Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds
(Pitman, 1971) exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the
23. PSG College of Technology Design Data-Design data book of author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the
Engineers (Coimbatore, India) ISBN-978-81-917355-0-4 accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the
terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

123