MAPÚA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

ME160P-2/E01

INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING

WRITTEN REPORT ON

PNEUMATICS

EXPERIMENT NO. 1-3

SUBMITTED BY

CAIGA, SIMON MATHEW M.

2018137929

CAI, MINGGUN JR A.

2018138394

PAGSANHAN, ALEX MOSES F.

2020110911

ROMASANTA, JEFREY D.

2020100927

URQUICO, BENYDICT C.

2020103362

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. JULIAN ALBERT D. NOHAY

DECEMBER 9.2023
ABSTRACT

Understanding the flow of air and the phenomena that it causes is the focus of the
field of pneumatics, which is derived from the term "pneuma." Since the beginning of
mechanical engineering, pneumatic systems have been a component of the field. They
provide a dependable and effective method of power transfer. The technology has advanced
to a significant degree, enabling it to provide movement that is both exact and repeated. As a
result, it is suited for applications that demand operational procedures that are both clean and
safe.

OBJECTIVES
1. To be familiar with the basic components of pneumatics system
2. To construct pneumatic systems to perform specific functions related to mechanical
and manufacturing processes.
3. To know the purpose of different valves used in pneumatics

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i

ABSTRACT ii

OBJECTIVES iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ii

THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES 1

DISCUSSION 2

SAMPLE PROBLEMS 4

FINAL DATA SHEETS / SET-UP 5

CONCLUSION 6

RECOMMENDATION 6

REFERENCES 7

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THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES

Pneumatics ​is an engineering​field ​that uses gas or pressurized air​to power ​cylinders,​
​air motors, pneumatic actuators, and other pneumatic devices. Pneumatic systems​ employ
​compressed air​ or inert gasses as their energy source, functioning based on the concepts of
Boyle's Law, Pascal's Law, and the Perfect Gas Law. An air compressor increases the air
pressure while decreasing its volume. After compression, the air is then directed to coolers,
where it undergoes drying and lubrication, before being directed to the control valve to
change its direction. Finally, the air is channelled into an actuator where it is converted from
pressure to mechanical energy.

Figure 1: Pneumatic System

Pneumatic systems are widely employed in several modern applications, including

power tools, air brakes, pipe organs, conveying systems, waste collection, and
height-adjustable office chairs. They are preferred over hydraulic systems in circumstances
that need consistent high pressures, and they are highly suitable for many industrial
applications due to their precision, versatility, and cost-effectiveness.

BOYLE’S LAW
Boyle’s law about pneumatics shows that a basic gas law states that the pressure of a
given amount of gas at a fixed temperature is inversely proportional to its volume. This was
discovered by Boyle in the 1920s. To put it another way, the pressure of a gas drops as the
volume of the gas that it contains grows, and vice versa. This mathematical equation or
formula can be used, PV = K where P is the pressure, V is the volume, and K is a constant.
Boyle’s law indicates the relationship between pressure and volume so therefore this system
is somehow important because using and controlling air pressure, the pneumatic, is crucial in
a real life world where time requires air pressure.

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PASCAL’S LAW
Pascal’s law indicates the importance of hydraulic systems and pneumatic systems.
Pascal’s law discussed the pressure transmission where the law shows that using different
cylinder sizes the forces of hydraulic and pneumatics can be multiplied, Pascal’s law
indicates how to control energy movement of air or gas in the system. So basically Pascal’s
law explains how the pressure can be multiplied in terms of the cylinder size.

PERFECT GAS LAW

Perfect gas law or also know as ideal gas law where two ideas are combined this idea
comes from boyle’s law and charle’s law. These two discussed the behavior of the ideal gas
and how it is applicable in the pneumatic system. They combined their idea, Boyle's law
indicating that pressure is inversely proportional to volume while Charle’s law indicates the
volume is proportional to the absolute temperature.

DISCUSSION

Pneumatics system and technology that uses com pressurized air and controls the
pressure in different types of needs. In machine operation of machine this technology has
different types of energy being used to complete the work needed, this is an mechanical
energy where inside there is an stored pressurized air. Pneumatics are almost the same as
hydraulic because as the word or name itself, hydraulic used fluids like mineral oil, ethylene
glycol water, or basically just water. Hydraulic is in mechanical terms while almost everyone
is well known about the term water pressure, hydraulic is water pressure. The basics about
hydraulic is it operates liquid pressure or water pressure. While pneumatics is the mechanical
term of air pressure. Both have different functions on work for example if the work needs
water then we can use hydraulic or water pressure while if the work needs air then we can use
air pressure or Pneumatics.

Figure 2: Basic Components of Pneumatic System

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 A pneumatic system operates by utilizing compressed air or gas to transfer energy. An
air compressor compresses the air, which is then held in a high-pressure tank known as a
receiver. The pressurized air is subsequently delivered to the system via a sequence of valves
or pipelines. The air is cooled by passing it through coolers and then filtered, regulated, and
lubricated (FRL) to provide optimal air quality and pressure. Subsequently, the air is directed
to a control valve in order to alter its trajectory, and ultimately to an actuator for the purpose
of converting pressure into mechanical energy. The actuator's nature can vary between a
cylinder, air motor, or pneumatic actuator, contingent upon the specific application.
Pneumatic systems function according to the concepts of Boyle's Law, Pascal's Law, and the
Ideal Gas Law. Boyle's Law states that the pressure of a certain amount of gas at a consistent
temperature is inversely related to its volume. Pascal's Law, on the other hand, states that a
gas may evenly distribute pressure in all directions, perpendicular to the walls of its
container, regardless of the container's form.

The purpose of this laboratory experiment is to explore three main types of pneumatic
transmission systems. The first type is a device that is used for pushing. There are choices
available for pushing mechanisms that are either single-acting or double-acting. To a certain
extent, the operation of the cylinder is determined by the kind that is being utilized. With just
one valve or pushbutton, the cylinder may be expanded or retracted for single-acting, and the
procedure is simple. In order to extend or retract the cylinder when it is double-acting, it is
necessary to have two valves or pushbuttons connected to it. Both the second and third
categories are flow control devices. The user is able to get control over the flow of
compressed air by utilizing the valve. In the use of Fluidsim we are able to examine how the
pneumatic system works. Basically we have done computerized experiment and hands on
laboratory experiment

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. Single and double acting

cylinders Circuit Diagram

2. Air motor Circuit

Diagram

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 3. Air motor with parameter

Circuit Diagram

FINAL DATA SHEET / SET-UP

TRIAL PRESSURE FLOW RATE RPM

1 3 45 L/min 649

2 1.9 49 L/min 480

3 3 39 L/min 660

4 3.2 45 L/min 500

5 0 0 0

6 0 0 0

7 0 0 0

8 0 0 0

9 0 0 0

10 to 20 0 0 0

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CONCLUSION

Based on the Laboratory Experiment object we the group meet the objectives, 1st
objectives we have familiarized the materials needed in the experimentation, and knowing the
procedure of the first experiment to the last experiment, we perform well both hands on
experiment and virtual experiment where we use the fluidsim. During the experiment we
have familiarized the materials used like valves, regulator, actuators, and air compressor by
the use of the fluidsim we have determined the schematic process of the experiments. We also
determine the purpose of different valves in the pneumatic system. They rely on the types of
valves, why? Because the valve’s role is to handle the pressure, rate and amount of air being
used in the pneumatic system.

RECOMMENDATION

As the Experiment concluded, we, the group, performed well; all the materials used
were in good shape, so we had no trouble using them. In this recommendation, the students
must listen to the Laboratory handler and explain in detail what they must and should not do
during the Experiment; during the Experiment, he taught us the right places of hose so that
we could perform the experiment step by step in detailed, we group analyzed and remember
where we should put the proper hose so that we can achieve it well, next is the group must
have appropriate communication. Lastly, to perform this Experiment well, communication is
key; while the laboratory handler teaches us the right places of hose, each one of the students
must have a role where he should remember or place the proper hose.

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REFERENCES

Gas laws - parker hannifin corporation. (n.d.).

https://www.parker.com/parkerimages/pneumatic/serv/TEC-14.pdf

Physiology, boyle’s law - statpearls - NCBI bookshelf. (n.d.-b).

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538183/

NASA. (n.d.). Pascal’s principle and Hydraulics. NASA.

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/WindTunnel/Activities/Pascals_principle.html

Manufast.in. (2023, February 1). Concept of pneumatics and its application. LinkedIn.

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/concept-pneumatics-its-application-manufastin