FORM 1-4 TOPICAL REVISION

CHEMISTRY
A Series of KCSE Prediction Questions right from
form 1 to form 4.

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 FORM 1 WORK
KCSE TOPICAL REVISION

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Introduction to chemistry
1. Wooden splints F and G were placed in different zones of a Bunsen burner flame.
The diagram below gives the observations that were made

(a) Explain the difference between F and G

(b) Name the type of flame that was used in the above experiment
2. The diagrams below represent a list of apparatus which are commonly used in a chemistry
laboratory:-

A B C D E

(a) Give the correct order of the apparatus, using the letters only, to show the correct arrangement
that can be used to prepare and investigate the nature of PH of a sample of onion solution
(b) Name one chemical substance and apparatus that is needed in this experiment

3. (a) When the air-hole is fully opened, the bunsen burner produces a non-luminous flame.
Explain
(b) Draw a labelled diagram of anon-luminous flame
4. (a) What is a drug?
(b) Give two drugs that are commonly abused by the youth.
5. The diagram below shows three methods for collecting gases in the laboratory

(a) Name the methods A and B

(b) From the methods above, identify one that is suitable for collecting sulphur (IV) oxide.
Explain
6. A mixture of hexane and water was shaken and left to separate as shown in the diagram below:

State the identity of;

(i) P ………………………………..…….. (ii) W ………………………………….….
7. The diagrams below are some common laboratory apparatus. Name each apparatus and
state its use

Diagram Name Use

(½mk ) (½mk)

(½mk) (½mk)

8. The diagram below shows some parts of a Bunsen burner

Explain how the parts labelled T and U are suited to their functions
9. The diagram below shows the appearance of two pieces of paper placed in different parts of a
non-luminous flame of a Bunsen burner and removed quickly before they caught fire.

(a) What do the experiments show about the outer region of the flame?
(b) From the above experiment, which part of the flame is better to use for heating?Give a reason
10. A crystal of copper (II) sulphate was placed in a beaker of water. The beaker was left standing for
two days without shaking. State and explain the observations that were made.
11. Study the information in the table below and answer questions that follow.
(Letters given are not real symbols)
Ions Electron arrangement Ionic radius (nm)
A + 2.8 0.95
B+ 2.8.8 0.133
C 2+ 2.8 0.065

Explain why the ionic radius of :-

(a) B+ is greater than that of A+
(b) C2+ is smaller than the of A+
Acids, bases and salts
1. Study the reaction below and answer the questions that follow
NH3 (g) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH-(aq)
(a) Define the term acid
(b) Identify an acid in the above reaction
(c) Explain your answers in (b) above
2. A student mixed equal volumes of Ethanol and butanoic acid. He added a few drops of
concentrated Sulphuric (VI) acid and warmed the mixture
(i) Name and write the formula of the main products
Name………………………………….
Formula……………………………………..
(ii) Which homologous series does the product named in (i) above belong?

3. A sample of water from a village in Trans Mara East District was divided into equal portions
and each mixed with equal volume of soap solution. The observations made are tabulated below:

Sample of Treatment before adding soap Observations made on

water shaking with soap
I Boiled Lather form immediately
II No treatment Slight lather form slowly
III Treatment with washing soda Lather formed immediately

(a) What type of hardness is present in water from the village. Explain
(b) State one advantage of hard water
4. The solubility of Iron (II) Sulphate crystals are 22oC is 15.65g per 100g of water. Calculate
the mass of iron(II) sulphate crystals in 45g of saturated solution at the sae temperature

5. Hardness of water may be removed by either boiling or addition of chemicals:

(a) Write an equation to show how boiling removes hardness of water
(b) Name two chemicals that are used to remove hardness of water

6. State one advantage of drinking hard water rather than soft water.

7 Given this reaction;

RNH2 + H2O RNH3+ +OH-
a) Identify the acid in the forward reaction .Explain
b) Dilute nitric acid can react with a solution of sodium carbonate. Write an ionic equation
for the reaction

8. Magnesium hydrogen carbonate is responsible for the temporary hardness of water.

This type of hardness can be removed by addition of ammonia solution
(a) Describe how temporarily hard water is formed

(b) Write an equation to show the softening of temporarily hard water by the addition
of aqueous ammonium solution

9. When 2M potassium hydroxide solution was added to solution R, a white precipitate T was
formed which dissolved in excess potassium hydroxide solution to form solution L. solution
R forms a white precipitate with sodium chloride solution:
 (a) Identify the cation in solution R ......................................................................
(b) Name precipitate T ..............................................................................
(c) Write the molecular formula of the compound in solution L

10. Below is a table showing the solubilities of salts Q and R at different temperatures.
Temperature oC 0 10 20 30 40 50
Solubilities in grammes Salt Q 3.0 5.0 7.4 10.0 14.0 19.0
per 100g of water Salt R 15.0 17.0 20.7 25.7 28.7 33.0

(a) Define the term “Solubility of salt”

(b) If both salts Q and R are present in 100cm3 of saturated solution at 50oC, what will
be the total mass of crystals formed if the solution was cooled to 20oC?

11. The following results were obtained during an experiment to determine the solubility of potassium
chlorate(V)in water at 30ºC.
Mass of evaporating dish =15.86g
Mass of evaporating dish + saturated solution at 30ºC = 26.8g
Mass of evaporation dish +solid potassium chlorate (v) after evaporation to dryness=16.86g
Calculate the mass of the saturated solution containing 60.0g of water at 30ºC
12. (a) What is meant by the term solubility of salts?
(b) Calculate the solubility of salt given that 15g of the salt can saturate 25cm3 of water
(c) The table below gives the solubility of salt X in grams per 100g of water at different
temperatures
Temp oC 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Solubility 5.0 7.5 10.5 14.0 18.5 24.0 30.0 38.0 46.0 50.1
(g/100g)
water

(i) Plot a solubility curve for salt X (solubility in g /100g water Y- axis) (temp oC (X –axis)
(ii) What is meant by the points plotted in (i) above?..................................................................
(iii) From your graph determine the solubility of salt X at the following temperatures
I 44oC ………………………………………….
II 62 Co ………………………………………. .
(iv) What mass of crystals of the salt will be formed if the solution was cooled from
62oC to 44oC
(v) Name two areas where knowledge of solubility curves is applied
13. You are given a mixture of Lead (II) Chloride, Iodine, ammonium chloride and sodium chloride.
Explain how you would separate all the four solids using methylbenzene, a source of heat and
water
14. (a) The table below shows the solubility of potassium chlorate at different temperatures

Temperature (oC ) 10o 20o 30o 40o 50o 60o 70o

Solubility g/100g 27 30 36 55 80 110 140
water

(i) Plot a graph of solubilities of potassium chlorate against temperature

(ii) Using your graph:
(I) Determine the solubility of potassium chlorate at 47oC
(II) Determine the concentration in moles per litre of potassium chlorate at 47oC
(K= 39, Cl = 35.5, O= 16) density of solution = 1g/cm3
(III) Determine the mass of potassium chlorate that would crystallize if the solution
is cooled from 62oC to 45oC
 (b) In an experiment to determine the solubility of sodium hydroxide, 25cm3 of a saturated
solution of sodium hydroxide weighing 28g was diluted in a volumetric flask and the
volume made to 250cm3 mark. 20cm3 of this reacted completely with 25cm3 of 0.2M
hydrochloric acid according to the equation.
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Calculate:
(i) The number of moles of hyrdrochloric acid used
(ii) The number of moles of sodium hydroxide in 20cm3
(iii) The moles of sodium hydroxide in 250cm3 of solution
(iv) The mass in grams of sodium hydroxide in 250cm3 of solution
(v) The solubility of sodium hydroxide in g/100g water
15. a) Define the term solubility of a substance
b) The table below shows the solubilities of two salts L and M at different temperatures.

Temperature(ºC) 10 20 30 40 50
Solubility in L 11.0 14.0 20.1 28.0 36.0
g/100g M 15.0 17.0 19.0 21.2 25.0
of water.
i) Name the method that can be used to separate the two salts
ii) Plot on the same axes a graph of solubilities of L and M against temperature
iii) From the graph determine:-
The temperature at which solubilities are equal
The solubility at the temperature mentioned above
iv) If the relative formula mass of M is 132, determine the concentration of M in moles per litre
in (iii) II above

16. The graph below shows the changes in conductivity when 50cm3 of 0.1M Nitric (V) acid
is titrated with potassium hydroxide (curve I) and when 50cm3 of 0.1M methanoic acid is
reacted with the same potassium hydroxide solution (curve II)

(a) (i) Explain the changes in conductivity in the regions:

AB…………… BC………………………………………………….
 (ii) Using curve (I), explain why the conductivity does not have a value of zero
at end-point
(iii) Calculate the concentration of KOH with reference to curve II
(iv) Explain why the two curves shows different trends in conductivity
(b) 50cm3 of 0.1M methanoic acid was reacted with 20cm3 of a solution of sodium
carbonate of unknown concentration. Work out the concentration of the carbonate
17. The flow charts below show an analysis of a mixture R that contains two salts. Study the
analysis and answer the questions that follow:-
(a)
Mixture R
Step I Residu Add excess Colourless
Step II e NaOH(aq) to a
Two metallic oxides, solution
H2O(g), CO2(g), NO2(g), Add HCl(aq) portion of X
Filtrate X Step III
O2(g) Add excess NH3 (aq) Colourless
Add HCl(aq) solution
to a portion of X
(i) State:-
(I) The condition in step I
(II) The process in step II
(ii) A small portion of mixture R is added to dilute nitric (V) acid in a test-tube. What would be
observed?
(iii) Write an equation for the reaction between the cation in filtrate X and sodium hydroxide
solution
(iv) Explain how water vapour in step I could be identified

(b)

(i) State and explain the conclusion that can be made from step IV only
(ii) Name the anion present in residue U. Explain

(iii) From the flow chart in (a) and (b);

(I) Write the formulae of cations present in mixture R

18. a) Define the term solubility of a substance.

b) The table below shows the solubilities of two salts L and M at different temperatures.

Temperature (oC) Type of salt 10 20 30 40 50

Solubility g/100g of water L 11.0 14.0 20.1 28.0 36.0
M 15.0 17.0 19.0 21.2 25.0

(i) Name the method that can be used to separate the two salts.
(ii) Plot on the same axes a graph of solubilities of L and M against temperature
(iii) From the graph, determine:
I. The temperatures at which solubilities are equal
II. The solubility at the temperature mentioned above (iv)
If the relative formula mass of M is 132, determine the concentration of
M in moles per litre in (iii) II above.
v) A solution contains 38g of L and 22g of M at 50°C. Calculate the total mass of crystals
obtained in cooling this solution to 30°C.
19. a) Define:
(i) A saturated solution.
(ii) Solubility of a solute.
b) In an experiment to determine solubility of sodium chloride, 10.0 cm3 of a saturated solution of
sodium chloride weighing 10.70g were placed in a volumetric flask and diluted to a total of 500
cm3. 25.0 cm3 of the diluted solution of sodium chloride reacted completely with 24.0 cm3 of
0.1M silver nitrate solution. The equation for the reaction is
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl (aq) AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq)
I. Calculate;
(i) Moles of silver nitrate in 24.0 cm3 of solution.
(ii) Moles of NaCl in 25.0 cm3 of solution.
(iii) Moles of NaCl in 500 cm3 of solution.
(iv) Mass of NaCl in 10.0 cm3 of saturated sodium chloride (Na = 23, Cl = 35.5)
(v) Mass of water in 10.0cm3 of saturated solution.
(vi) The solubility of NaCl in g/100g of waters.

20. Describe how you would prepare a dry sample of crystals of potassium sulphate starting with
100cm3 of 1M sulphuric (VI) acid.
21. The table shows solubility of potassium chlorate V
Temp (oC) 45oC 80o
Solubility 39 63
(a) Calculate the mass of solute and solvent in 90g of the saturated solution of the salt at 45oC
(b) A solution of the salt in 100g water contains 63g at 95oC. At what temperature will the
solution start forming crystals when cooled
22. Two samples of hard water C and D were boiled. When tested with drops of soap, sample
D formed lather easily while C did not:-
(a) Name the possible salt that caused hardness in sample D
(b) Explain how distillation can remove hardness in sample C
(c) Give one advantage of hard water
23. A student attempted to prepare a gas using the set-up below. She could not collect any gas

(a) Give two reasons why no gas was collected

(b) Which gas did the student intend to prepare?
24. Water from a town in Kenya is suspected to contain chloride ions but not sulphate ions.
(a) Describe how the presence of chloride ions in the water can be shown
(b) State one advantage of drinking hard water rather than soft water
25. Study the following tests and observation and answer the questions that follow:-
TEST OBSERVATION
I - Add few drops of acqueous ammonia to - Light blue precipitate is formed
copper (II) nitrate solution
II - Add excess of ammonia to copper (II) nitrate - Deep blue solution
III - Add cold dilute hydrochloric acid to - Gas evolved, smells of rotten eggs and
substance E1 and warm gently blackens lead acetate paper
Identify:-
(a) Substance responsible for:
I. Light blue precipitate…………………………………………………………………
II. Deep blue solution …………………………………………………………….
(b) Gas evolved in test III above …………………………………………………………

26. (i) What is meant by the term solubility of salts?

(ii) Calculate the solubility of a salt given that 15g of the salt can saturate 25cm3 of water.
27. (a) Draw a well labeled diagram to show how to prepare an acqueous solution of hydrogen
chloride gas
(b) Name one other gas whose aqueous solution can be prepared in the same way
28. In an experiment to determine the solubility of solid Y in water at 30oC the following results
were obtained; *MAT
Mass of empty evaporating dish = 26.2g
Mass of evaporating dish + saturated solution = 42.4g
Mass of evaporating dish + dry solid Y = 30.4g
(a) Use the data to calculate the solubility of solid Y at 30oC
(b) State one application of solubility curves and values

29. Study the table below showing the solubility of substance K at various temperatures
Temperature (oC ) Solubility (g/100g water)
0 30
30 24
70 19
100 14

(a) What would happen if a sample of a saturated solution of the substance at 30oC is
heated to 70oC. Explain.
(b) What is the most likely state of substance K..................................................................
30. In the equilibrium given below:-
Fe3+(aq) + SCN(aq) [Fe(SCN)]2+ (aq)
Brown Red
What would be observed when Iron (III) Chloride is added to the equilibrium mixture. Explain
31. Sodium Carbonate Decahydrate crystals were left exposed on a watch glass for two days.
a) State the observations made on the crystals after two days.
b) Name the property of salts investigated in the above experiment

32. The label on a bottle of mineral; water had the information below.
Ions present Concentration (g/litre)
Ca2+ 0.10
Mg2+ 0.20
Na+ 0.01
K+ 0.01
SO4 0.14
HCO
2- 3
0.26
-

(a) Name the compound that causes temporary hardness in the mineral water.
(b) Using an equation, describe how the water can be made soft by adding sodium
carbonate solution.
(c) Give one advantage of drinking mineral water such as the one above

33. A solution of hydrogen chloride gas in methylbenzene has no effect on calcium carbonate.
A solution of hydrogen chloride in water reacts with calcium carbonate to produce a gas. Explain

34 (i) Is concentrated sulphuric acid a weak acid or a strong acid?

(ii) Explain your answer in (i) above.
35. When water reacts with potassium metal the hydrogen produced ignites explosively
on the surface of water.
(i) What causes this ignition?
(ii) Write an equation to show how this ignition occurs
36. In an experiment, soap solution was added to three samples of water. The results below
show the volume of soap solution required to lather with 500cm3 of each water sample
before and after boiling
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample3
Volume of soap used before water boiled 26.0 14.0 4.0
Volume of soap after water boiled 26.0 4.0 4.0

(i) Which water samples are likely to be soft?

(ii) Explain the change in volume of soap solution used in sample 2
P1pH value of 0.25M KOH compare with that of 0.25M ammonia solution
37. How does the (aq)
Air and combustion
1. The set-up below was used to prepare a sample of oxygen gas. Study it and answer
the questions that follow.

(i) Complete the diagram to show how Oxygen can be collected

(ii) Write a chemical equation of the reaction to produce oxygen

2. Air was passed through several reagents as shown below:

(a) Write an equation for the reaction which takes place in the chamber containing
Magnesium powder
(b) Name one gas which escapes from the chamber containing magnesium powder.
Give a reason for your answer
3. (a) What is rust?
(b) Give two methods that can be used to prevent rusting
(c) Name one substance which speeds up the rusting process

4. 3.0g of clean magnesium ribbon 8.0g of clean copper metal were burnt separately in
equal volume of air and both metals reacted completely with air;
a) State and explain where there was greater change in volume of air
Mg =24 Cu = 64
b) Write an equation for the reaction between dilute sulphuric acid and product of burnt copper

5. Oxygen is obtained on large scale by the fractional distillation of air as shown on the flow
chart bellow.

a) Identify the substance that is removed at the filtration stage

b) Explain why Carbon (IV) oxide and water are removed before liquefaction of air
c) Identify the component that is collected at -186°C

6. The set-up below was used to study some properties of air.

Moist iron wool

Test tube

Beaker

Water

State and explain two observations that would be made at the end of the experiment
7. A form two student in an attempt to stop rusting put copper and Zinc in contact with iron
as shown:-
 (a) State whether rusting occurred after one week if the set-ups were left out
(b) Explain your answer in (a) above

8. In an experiment, a piece of magnesium ribbon was cleaned with steel wool. 2.4g of
the clean magnesium ribbon was placed in a crucible and completely burnt in oxygen.
After cooling the product weighed 4.0g
a) Explain why it is necessary to clean magnesium ribbon
b) What observation was made in the crucible after burning magnesium ribbon?
c) Why was there an increase in mass?
d) Write an equation for the major chemical reaction which took place in the crucible
e) The product in the crucible was shaken with water and filtered. State and explain the
observation which was made when red and blue litmus paper were dropped into the filtrate

9. In an experiment a gas jar containing some damp iron fillings was inverted in a water trough
containing some water as shown in the diagram below. The set-up was left un-disturbed for three
days. Study it and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Why were the iron filings moistened?

b) State and explain the observation made after three days.
(c) State two conclusions made from the experiment.
d) Draw a labelled set-up of apparatus for the laboratory preparation of oxygen using
Sodium Peroxide
(e) State two uses of oxygen
10. In an experiment, a piece of magnesium ribbon was cleaned with steel wool. 2.4g of the clean
magnesium ribbon was placed in a crucible and completely burnt in oxygen. After cooling the
product weighed 4.0g
a) Explain why it is necessary to clean magnesium ribbon
b) What observation was made in the crucible after burning magnesium ribbon?
c) Why was there an increase in mass?
d) Write an equation for the major chemical reaction which took place in the crucible
e) The product in the crucible was shaken with water and filtered. State and explain the
observation which was made when red and blue litmus paper were dropped into the filtrate

11. The set-up below was used to collect gas F produced by the reaction between sodium
peroxide and water
 (i) Name gas F……………………………………………………………………………
(ii) At the end of the experiment, the solution in the round bottomed flask was found to be
a strong base. Explain why this was so
(iii) Which property of gas F makes it be collected by the method used in the set-up?
(iv) Give one industrial use of gas F

12. . The set-up below was used to investigate properties of the components of air:

(i) State two observations made during the experiment

(ii) Write two chemical equations for the reactions which occurred
(iii) The experiment was repeated using burning magnesium in place of phosphorous.
There was greater rise of water than in the first case. Explain this observation
(iv) After the two experiments, the water in each trough was tested using blue and red litmus
papers. State and explain the observations of each case.
(a) Phosphorous experiment
b) magnesium experiment
(v) Briefly explain how a sample of nitrogen gas can be isolated from air in the laboratory
13. (a) A group of students burnt a piece of Mg ribbon in air and its ash collected in a Petri dish.
The ash was found to comprise of magnesium Oxide and Magnesium nitride
(i) Write an equation for the reaction leading to formation of the magnesium nitride
(ii) A little water was added to the products in the Petri dish. State and explain the
observation made.
(iii) A piece of blue litmus paper was dipped into the solution formed in (b) above.
State the observation made.
14. A form one class carried out an experiment to determine the active part of air. The diagram
below shows the set-up of the experiment and also the observation made.
(i) At the beginning (ii) observation at the end of the experiment

Ycm

Solid A Air

(a) (i) Identify substance M ..................................................................................

(ii) State two reasons for the suitability of substance M for this experiment
(b) Write the equation for the reaction of substance M and the active part of air
(c) (i) Using the letters Y and X write an expression for the percentage of the active part of air
(ii) The expression in (c)(i) above gives lower value than the expected. Explain
(d) (i) Explain the observation made when litmus paper is dipped into the beaker at the end of the
experiment
(ii) Name the active part of air ................................................................................................
(iii) Suggest another method that can be used to determine the active part of air
15. A piece of phosphorous was burnt in excess air. The product obtained was shaken with a small
amount of hot water to make a solution
i) Write an equation for the burning of phosphorus in excess air
ii) The solution obtained in (b) above as found to have pH of 2. Give reasons for this
observation

16. Study the set-up below and answer the questions that follow:-

Iron nails

(a) State two observations that would be made after one week. Explain
(b) Write the equation of the reaction taking place in the test-tube
17. Fe3O4 and FeO are oxides of iron which can be produced in the laboratory
 (a) Write chemical equation for the reaction which can be used to produce each of the oxides
(b) Wire an ionic equation for the reaction between the oxide, Fe3O4 and a dilute acid.

18. Below is a list of oxides.

MgO, N2O, K2O, CaO ans Al2O3
Select:-
a) A neutral oxide.
b) A highly water soluble basic oxide.
c) An oxide which can react with both sodium hydroxide solution and dilute hydrochloric acid.

19. The diagram below shows students set-up for the preparation and collection of oxygen gas

Oxygen gas

Sodium
peroxide
(a) Name substance X used
(b) Write an equation to show the reaction of sodium peroxide with the substance named in 1(a)
2.0.0 SIMPLE CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES

For Examiners use only.

Question Maximum Score Candidates Score

1 – 10 57

This paper consists of [ Please insert number of pages ] Printed pages.

Candidates should check the question paper to ensure that all the
Papers are printed as indicated and no questions are missing
1.

(a) The apparatus in the diagram below is used to obtain pure water from impure water.
5. Water and hydrogen
1. (a) Hydrogen can reduce coppers Oxide but not alluminium oxide. Explain

(b) When water reacts with potassium metal the hydrogen produced ignites explosively
on the surface of water.
(i) What causes this ignition?
(ii) Write an equation to show how this ignition occurs

2. In an experiment, dry hydrogen gas was passed over hot copper (II) oxide in a combustion
tube as shown in the diagram below:-

(a) Complete the diagram to show how the other product, substance R could be collected
in the laboratory.
(b) Describe how copper could be obtained from the mixture containing copper (II) oxide
3. The setup below was used to investigate the reaction between metals and water.

(a) Identify solid X and state its purpose

Solid X ………………..………………………………………………………………………..
Purpose ………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction that produces the flame.
4. Gas P was passed over heated magnesium ribbon and hydrogen gas was collected as shown
in the diagram below:

(i) Name gas P ...............................................................................................................

(ii) Write an equation of the reaction that takes place in the combustion tube
(iii) State one precaution necessary at the end of this experiment
5. When hydrogen is burnt and the product cooled, the following results are obtained as shown
in the diagram below:

(a) Write the equation for the formation of liquid Y

(b) Give a chemical test for liquid Y
6. Jane set-up the experiment as shown below to collect a gas. The wet sand was heated before
heating Zinc granules

Wet sand
(a) Complete the diagram for the laboratory preparation of the gas
(b) Why was it necessary to heat wet sand before heating Zinc granules?

7.

(a) Between N and M which part should be heated first? Explain

(b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction occurring in the combustion tube.
8. The set-up below was used to investigate electrolysis of a certain molten compound;-

(a) Complete the circuit by drawing the cell in the gap left in the diagram
(b) Write half-cell equation to show what happens at the cathode
(c) Using an arrow show the direction of electron flow in the diagram above

9. Hydrogen can be prepared by reacting zinc with dilute hydrochloric acid.

a) Write an equation for the reaction.
b) Name an appropriate drying agent for hydrogen gas.
c) Explain why copper metal cannot be used to prepare hydrogen gas.
d) Hydrogen burns in oxygen to form an oxide.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction.
(ii) State two precautions that must be taken before the combustion begins and at the end of
the combustion.
e) Give two uses of hydrogen gas.
 f) When zinc is heated to redness in a current of steam, hydrogen gas is obtained. Write an
equation for the reaction.
g) Element Q reacts with dilute acids but not with cold water. Element R does not react with
dilute acids. Elements S displaces element P from its oxide. P reacts with cold water. Arrange
the four elements in order of their reactivity, starting with the most reactive.
h) Explain how hydrogen is used in the manufacture of margarine.
10. a) The set-up below is used to investigate the properties of hydrogen.

i) On the diagram, indicate what should be done for the reaction to occur
ii) Hydrogen gas is allowed to pass through the tube for some time before it is lit. Explain
iii) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs in the combustion tube
iv) When the reaction is complete, hydrogen gas is passed through the apparatus until they
cool down . Explain
v) What property of hydrogen is being investigated?
vi) What observation confirms the property stated in (v) above?
vii) Why is zinc oxide not used to investigate this property of hydrogen gas?
11. The set up below was used to collect gas K, produced by the reaction between water and
calcium metal.

(a) Name gas K ……………………………………………………………..

(b) At the end of the experiment, the solution in the beaker was found to be a weak base. Explain
why the solution is a weak base
 FORM 2 WORK
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Carbon and its compounds
1. (a) State one use of graphite
(b) Both graphite and diamond are allotropes of element Carbon. Graphite conducts electricity
whereas diamond does not. Explain

2. Below is a simplified scheme of solvay process. Study it and answer the questions that follow:
Brine

a) Identify gas R.
b) Write an equation for the process III.
c) Give one use of sodium carbonate.

3. A burning magnesium continues to burn inside a gas jar full of carbon (IV) oxide. Explain.
4. The diagram below shows a jiko when in use

(a) Identify the gas formed at region H

(b) State and explain the observation made at region G
5. Study the diagram below and use it to answer the questions that follow.

(a) State the observation made in the combustion tube.

(b) Write an equation for the reaction that took place in the combustion tube
(c) Give one use of P
6. (a) Identify two substance that are reacted to regenerate ammonia gas in the solvary process
(b) Write down a balanced chemical equation for the reaction above
7. When the oxide of element H was heated with powdered Carbon, the mixture glowed and
Carbon (IV) oxide was formed. When the experiment was repeated using the oxide of element J,
there was no apparent reaction
(a) Suggest one method that can be used to extract element J from its oxide
(b) Arrange the elements H, J and Carbon in order of their decreasing reactivity
8. (i) Diamond and silicon (IV) Oxide have a certain similarity in terms of structure and bonding.
State it
(ii) State one use of diamond
9. (a) What is allotropy?
(b) Diamond and graphite are allotropes of Carbon. In terms of structure and bonding
explain why graphite conducts electricity but not diamond
10. The diagram below shows a charcoal stove with different regions

(a) Write an equation for the formation of the product in region B

(b) How would one avoid the production of the product at B? Give a reason for your answer

11. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow:
 (a) Explain the observation made in the combustion tube during the experiment
(b) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place in the combustion tube
12. Diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon:-
(a) What is meant by allotropes?
(b) How do they differ in their structure and bonding
13. Study the experimental set-up below:

a) State two observations made in the set up as the experiment progressed

b) By use of a chemical equation, explain the changes that occurred in the boiling tube
c) Why was it necessary to burn the excess gas?
14. The diagram below shows the heating curve of a pure substance. Study it and answer the
questions that follow:

(a) What physical changes are taking place at H and W?

(b) What are the physical states of the substance at Y and K?
(c) Using the simple kinetic theory of matter, explain what happens to the substance between
points A and C
(d) The substance under test is definitely not water; Give a reason for this
(e) What would happen to the melting point of this substance if it were contaminated
with sodium chloride?
(f) What happens to the temperature between points B and C?
15. Study the set-up below and answer the questions that follow:

(a) (i) Name Gas X ………………………………………………………………

(ii) State the effect of releasing gas X to the environment
(b) Write down equations for the reactions taking place in;
(i) Tube I
(ii) Tube II
(iii) Flask
(c) State the observation made in tube III
(d) Write down an equation for the reaction which could be used to generate Carbon
(IV) Oxide for the above set up
(e) Name the reagents used to generate gas x in the laboratory
(f) Complete the diagram above to show how excess gas x can be collected

16. The figure below shows the stages in the manufacture of sodium carbonate. Study the diagram
below and use it to answer the questions that follow.

a) (i) Name three starting materials in the manufacturer of sodium carbonate.

(ii) Which substances are recycled in this process?
(iii) Identify the chambers in which the recycled substances are regenerated.
(iv) Name the substances U and V.

b) Give an equation for the reaction which occurs:

 (i) In the reaction chamber 1
(ii) When solid V is heated.
(iii) In the reaction chamber 3.
c) State one commercial use for
(i) Sodium carbonate.
17. The set-up below was used to prepare dry carbon (II) Oxide gas. use it to answer the questions
below it:

(a) (i) State two mistakes committed in the set-up arrangement above

(ii) The student produced carbon (IV) oxide gas from the reaction between Lead (II) Carbonate
and dilute hydrochloric acid. The gas was produced for a short time and the reaction came
to a stop. Explain
(iii) Write the equation for the reactions taking place in the combustion tube and the conical
flask:
Combustion tube:…………………………………………………………………..
Conical flask ……………………………………………………………………..
(iv) State one use of carbon (IV) Oxide gas apart from fire extinguisher
(v) Give two properties that make carbon (IV) Oxide to be used as fire extinguisher
(b) PbO(s) + CO(g) Pb(s) + CO2(g)
Which property of carbon (II) Oxide is demonstrated by the above equation?
(c) Aluminium carbonate does not exist. Give a reason
(d) Ammonium carbonate decomposes when heated. Write a chemical equation to
represent this decomposition
18. State and explain the observation made when a piece of charcoal is dropped in a jar containing
concentrated nitric (V) acid

19. When Carbon (IV) oxide is passed through lime water, a white precipitate is formed but
when excess Carbon (IV) Oxide is passed, the white precipitate disappears;
(a) Explain why the white precipitate disappears
(b) Give an equation for the reaction that takes place in (a) above
20. The set-up below was used to prepare a carbon (II) oxide gas.
(a) Give the name of substance A ………………………………………………………….
(b) Complete the diagram to show how the gas can be collected
(c)Write the equation for the reaction
Chemical families
1. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow:
Element Atomic radius (nm) Ionic radius (nm)
W 0.114 0.195
X 0.072 0.136
Y 0.133 0.216
Z 0.099 0.181
(a) Would these form part of a metallic or a non-metallic group? Explain
(b) Suggest an element in the table above likely to be the most reactive. Explain

2 State the reason for using Argon in electric light bulbs

3. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow. The letters
do not represent the actual symbols of the elements.
Element Electronic configuration Boiling point
X 2.7 -188oC
Y 2.8.7 -35oC
Z 2.8.8.7 59oC

(a) What is the general name given to the group in which the elements X, Y and Z belong?
(b) Select two elements which are coloured gases
(c) Explain why Z has the highest boiling point
(d) Write an equation for the reaction of element Z with iron metal
(e) Element Y was dissolved in water and a piece of blue litmus paper was put into the resulting
solution. State and explain the observation that was made on the litmus paper
4. The table below shows elements A, B, C, E, F, and G. Elements in group X have a valency
of 2 while elements in group Y have a valency of 1. Use the table to answer the questions
that follow:-
GROUP X GROUP Y
Element A B C E F G
Atomic radius (nm) 14.0 19.5 19.7 5.2 7.9 11.3
Ionic radius (nm) 7.6 10.5 12.4 12.6 16.1 19.6
(i) Atomic radius increases from A to C and from E to G. Explain
(ii) Explain the difference in the atomic and ionic radii of group X elements
(iii) Elements C and G belong to the same period. Explain why the atomic radius of C is
greater than that of G
(iv) Give the formula of the compound formed when B and F react
(v) What type of bonding is formed in the compound above? Explain
(vi) Starting with the least reactive, arrange the elements in group Y in the order of reactivity.
Explain:
5. The information in the table below relates to elements in the same group of the periodic table.
Study it and answer the question that follows.
Element Atomic size (nm)
P 0.19
Q 0.23
R 0.15

Which element has the highest ionization energy? Explain

6. Starting with Lead (II) carbonate explain how you would prepare a pure sample of
Lead (II) sulphate

7. a) What is an isotope?
b) An element Q consists of 3 isotopes of mass 28, 29, 30 and percentage abundance of 92.2,
4.7, 3.1 respectively. Determine the relative atomic mass of the element?

8. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow.
(The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements)
Element Electronic configuration Ionization energy Kj/mol)
P 2.2 1800
Q 2.8.2 1450
R 2.8.8.2 1150

(a) What is the general name given to the group in which elements P, Q and R belong?
(b) Explain why P has the highest ionization energy
(c) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between element Q and water
Effect of an electric current on substances
1. The set-up was used to electrolyse Lead (II) bromide. Study it and answer the questions
that follow;

(a) Write an ionic equation for the reaction that occurred at the cathode
(b) State and explain what happened at the anode
2. When an electric current was passed through two molten substances E and F in separate
voltammeters. The observations recorded below were made:-
Substance Observation Type of structure
E Conducts electric current and a gas is formed at
one of the electrodes
F Conducts an electric current and is not
decomposed
Complete the table above
3. (a) Differentiate the following terms :-
Electrolyte and non-electrolyte
(b) The diagram below is a set-up used to investigate the conductivity of electric current
by some aqueous solution. Study it and answer the questions that follow;

(i) State the observation made on the bulb when each of the following solution were put
onto the beaker
(a) Sugar solution
(b) (i) Salt solution
(ii) Classify the substance in (i) above as either electrolyte or non-electrolyte
(b) If in the above set-up of apparatus, the substance to be tested is Lead II Bromide,
what modification should be included in the set-up?
(c) Write an Ionic equation at the electrodes and state the observation:-
Anode

4. (a) The diagram below shows the set up used to investigate the effect of an electric current
on molten lead (II) bromide

i. Explain what happens to the lead II bromide during electrolysis

ii. Why is it important to carry out the experiment in a fume chamber?
5. (I) Define the following terms:
(a) Crystallization
(b) (i) Salting out as used in soap making
(ii) Starting with barium carbonate solid, dilute sulphuric acid and dilute nitric acid,
describe how you would prepare dry barium sulphate solid
(iii) Study the scheme below and answer the questions which follow:

(a) Identify ;
(i) The cation present in solid S
(ii) The anion in solid S
(b) Write an equation to show how solid S is heated in process T
(iv) Copper II chloride solution dissolves in excess ammonia solution to form a deep blue
solution. Give the ion responsible for the deep blue solution
(v) A solution of hydrogen chloride is an electrolyte but a solution of hydrogen chloride in
methylbenzene in a non-electrolyte. Explain
6. (i) State Faraday’s first law of electrolysis
(ii) The diagram below shows a set-up used for the electrolysis of molten Lead bromide:-

Switch

PbBV2

Heat

State the observations that would be made at the anode and cathode as the electrolysis progressed

7. (a) (i) Describe how you would prepare pure crystals of lead II nitrate in the laboratory from
lead II oxide
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place in (a)(i) above
(b) (i) State what happens when lead II nitrate is strongly heated
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction in b(i) above
(c) (i) State what is observed when ammonia solution is gradually added to a solution of
lead II nitrate until the alkali is in excess
(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction that takes place in (i) above
8. The diagram show an experiment for investigating electrical conduction in lead (II) fluoride. Study it
and answer the questions that follow:
Flow of electrons

Bulb
Gas

Boiling tube
 Lead (II) fluoride
(a) On the diagram
(i) Label the anode and the cathode
(ii) Show the direction of movement of electrons
(iii) Complete the diagram by indicating the condition that is missing but must be present for
electrical conduction to take place.
(b) Why is it necessary to leave a gap between the cork and the boiling tube?
(c) State the observations that are expected at the electrodes during electrical conduction and
at the experiment
(d) Write equations for the reactions that take place at the electrodes
(e) Why should this experiment be carried out in a fume chamber?
II. The table below shows the electrical conductivity of substance A, B and C
Substance Solid state Molten state Aqueous solution
A Conducts Conducts Not soluble
B Doesn’t conduct Conducts Conducts
C Doesn’t conduct Doesn’t conduct Not soluble

(a) Which one of the substance is likely to be plastic?

(b) Explain why the substance you have given in (a) above behaves in the way it does
(c) Which of the substances is likely to be sodium chloride? Explain
(d) Give the type of structure and bonding that is present in substance A

9. Study the diagram below and use it to answer the questions that follow:-

(a) Identify electrodes A and B

(b) Name the product formed at the anode
(c) Write the electrode half equation of reaction at electrode A
10. Explain the differences in electrical conductivity between melted sodium chloride and
liquid mercury

11. Below is part of a flow diagram for the contact process:

 (a) Name :
I. Liquid Y ……………………………………………………….
II. Liquid N………………………………………………………….
(b) Write the equation for the reaction taking place in;
I. Chamber Q
II. Chamber R

12. In an experiment to investigate the conductivity of substances, a student used the set-up shown
below.
The student noted that the bulb did not light.
a) What had been omitted in the set up.
b) Explain why the bulb lights when the omission is corrected.
Salts
1. Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow:

a) Name reagent Z.
b) Describe the process which takes place in step 2.
c) Identify the white solid.
2. a) Starting from solid magnesium oxide, describe how a solid sample of magnesium hydroxide
can be prepared.
b) Give one use of magnesium hydroxide.
3. Starting with lead (II) oxide, describe how you would prepare a solid sample of
lead (II) Carbonate
4. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Name the two salts formed in tube A

(b) State the observations made in tube C
(c) Name gas P

5. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow:-

PARTICLE MASS NUMBER NUMBER OF NUMBER OF

NUMBER OF NEUTRONS ELECTRONS
PROTONS
E 37 17 (i) 18
F 32 (ii) 16 16
G (iii) 19 20 18
H 40 20 (iv) 18
 (a) Complete the table by filling in the blank spaces (i) , (ii) (iii), and (iv)
(b) Identify the particles which are electrically charged
6. Sodium Carbonate Decahydrate crystals were left exposed on a watch glass for two days.
a) State the observations made on the crystals after two days.
b) Name the property of salts investigated in the above experiment

7. Starting with sodium oxide, describe how a sample of crystals of sodium hydrogen carbonate
may be prepared
8. In an experiment, ammonium chloride was heated in test-tube. A moist red litmus paper
placed at the mouth of test first changed blue then red. Explain these observations:-

9. Using dots (•) and cross (x), show the structure of ammonium ion
10. a) Give the name of each of the processes described below which takes place when salts are
exposed to air for sometime
i) Anhydrous copper sulphate becomes wet
ii) Magnesium chloride forms an aqueous solution
iii) Fresh crystals of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3.10H2O become covered with white powder
of formula Na2CO3.H2O
b) Write the formula of the complex ion formed in each of the following reactions described
below;
i) Zinc metal dissolves in hot alkaline solution
ii) Copper hydroxide dissolves excess ammonia solution
11 (a) Write an equation to show the effect of heat on the nitrate of:-
(i) Potassium
(ii) Silver

12. (a) The scheme below shows some reactions starting with magnesium oxide. Study it and
answer the questions that follow:-

(i) Name the reagents used in steps 2 and 4

(ii) Write an equation for the reaction in step 3
(iii) Describe how a solid sample of anhydrous magnesium carbonate is obtained in step 5
13. In the preparation of magnesium carbonate, magnesium was burnt in air and the product
collected. Dilute sulphuric acid was then added and the mixture filtered and cooled. Sodium
carbonate was added to the filtrate and the contents filtered. The residue was then washed and dried
to give a white powder.
(a) Give the name of the product
(b) Write the chemical equation for the formation of the product
(c) (i) Name the filtrate collected after sodium carbonate was added.
(ii) Write down the chemical formula of the white powder
(d) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between product in (a) and the acid
(e) Write an ionic equation to show the formation of the white powder.
 (f) Write an equation to show what happens when the white powder is strongly heated.
(g) Identify the ions present in the filtrate after addition of sodium carbonate.
(h) What is the name given to the reaction that takes place when sodium carbonate was
added to the filtrate?
(i)Explain the observations made when crystals of sodium carbonate decahydrate are left
exposed to the atmosphere for two days
14. a) Give the name of each of the processes described below which takes place when salts are
exposed to air for sometime
i) Anhydrous copper sulphate becomes wet
ii) Magnesium chloride forms an aqueous solution
iii) Fresh crystals of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3.10H2O become covered with white powder
of formula Na2CO3.H2O
15. You are provided with the following:- solid lead (II) nitrate, magnesium oxide powder,
dilute sulphuric (VI)acid and distilled water. Describe how you can prepare a dry sample
of lead (II) sulphate
16. Use the scheme to answer the questions that follow:

(a) Identify solid N ……………………………………………………………….

(b) Write a balanced equation for the formation of Q
(c) Write the formula of the complex ion formed when sodium hydroxide is added to
solution L in excess

17. When exposed to air, crystals of hydrated sodium carbonate loses water of crystallizations;-
(i) Name this process
(ii) Write the formula of hydrated sodium carbonate
P1
18. A student poured sodium iodide solution into a small portion of solution Q, a yellow
precipitate was formed.
(i) Which ion was most likely in solution Q?
(ii) Write an ionic equation leading to the formation of the yellow precipitate
19. Calcium oxide can be usedP as1 a solid drying agent for some laboratory gases. Explain

20. A piece of marble chips was strongly heated in air for about 30 minutes. Some drops of water
were added drop by drop to the product when it was still warm.
Using equation, explain:
(i) What happens when the piece of marble chips is heated?
(ii) The reaction that takes place when water is added to the final warm product.
21. Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow

a) Identify ;
 i) gases C and B
ii) Ions likely to be presented in solid A
22. Potassium nitrate crystals in a test-tube were heated strongly for some time. State the
observation made:
(a) When a glowing splint is introduced into the test-tube during the heating
(b) At the end of the heating
23. Name the process which takes place when:
(a) Anhydrous iron (III) chloride absorb water vapour from the air to form solution
(b) Zinc chloride vapour changes directly to zinc chloride solid
24. (a) Starting form solid magnesium oxide, describe how a solid sample of magnesium
hydroxide can be prepared
(b) Give one use of magnesium hydroxide

25. The diagram below represents a set-up that was used to show that part of air s used during burning

(a) State two sources of errors in this experiment

26. In an experiment the following solids were provided to form three students; Ca(NO3)2(s),
NaH2PO4(s); Mg(OH)Cl(s) and Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2. 6H2O. They were then told to dissolve the
given solids in differently in 20ml of water.
(a) Classify the given salts accordingly
(b) (i) Explain the process which takes place when FeCl3 is dissolved in water
(ii) A student placed a moist litmus paper on the product in (i) above. State and explain the
observation made
Structure and bonding
1. Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature but does not conduct electricity. Explain.
2. a) Distinguish between a covalent bond and a co-ordinate bond.
b) Draw a diagram to show bonding in an ammonium ion. (N = 7, H = 1)
3. a) Explain why the metals magnesium and aluminium are good conductors of electricity.
b) Other than cost, give two reasons why aluminium is used for making electric cables while
magnesium is not.
4. Explain why the boiling point of ethanol is higher than that of hexane.
(Relative molecular mass of ethanol is 46 while that of hexane is 86).
5. a) What is meant by dative covalent bond?

6. Sodium and Magnesium belong to the same period on the periodic table and both are metals.
Explain why magnesium is a better conductor of electricity than sodium.
7. Using dots and crosses to represent electrons, draw the structures of the following:
(a) Phosphorous chloride (PCl3)
(b) Hydroxonium ion (H3O+)
8. Between aluminium and copper which one is a better conductor? Explain
9. Water has a boiling point of 100oC while hydrogen chloride has a boiling point of -115oC. Explain

10. Explain why luminous flame is capable of giving out light and soot
11. When blue litmus paper is dipped in a solution of aluminium chloride it turns red. Explain
12. Carbon and Silicon are in the same group of the periodic table. Silicon (IV) Oxide melts
at 2440oC while solid Carbon (IV) Oxide sublimes at -70oC. In terms of structure and
bonding, explain this difference

13. Element A has an atomic number of 6 and b has an atomic number of 9:

(i) Write the electron arrangements for elements A and B
(ii) Using dot (·) and cross (X )diagram, show how A and B combine to form a compound

14. (a) Explain why aluminium is a better conductor of electricity than magnesium
(b) Other than cost and ability to conduct, give a reason why aluminium is used for making
cables while magnesium is not
15. Explain how electrical conductivity can be used to distinguish between magnesium oxide and
silicon (IV) oxide
16. a) The diagram below represents part of the structure of sodium chloride crystal

The position of one of the sodium ions in the crystal is shown as;
i) On the diagram, mark the positions of the other three sodium ions
ii) The melting and boiling points of sodium chloride are 801C and 1413C respectively. Explain
why sodium chloride does not conduct electricity at 25C, but does not at temperatures
between 801C and 1413C
b) Give a reason why ammonia gas is highly soluble in water
c) The structure of ammonium ion is shown below;
 Name the type of bond represented in the diagram by N H
d) Carbon exists in different crystalline forms. Some of these forms were recently discovered
in soot and are called fullerenes
i) What name is given to different crystalline forms of the same element
ii) Fullerenes dissolve in methylbenzene while the other forms of carbon do not. Given that soot is
a mixture of fullerenes and other solid forms of carbon, describe how crystals of fullerenes can
be obtained from soot
iii) The relative molecular mass of one of the fullerenes is 720. What is the molecular mass of
this fullerene
17. (a) Explain the following observations:-
(i) NaCl allows electric current to pass through them in molten state
(ii) Graphite is a non-metal yet it is a conductor of electricity
18. Study the table below and answer the questions that follow:-

Substance A B C D E F
Melting Point (oC ) 801 113 -39 5 -101 1356
119
Boiling point (oC) 1410 445 457 54 -36 2860
Electrical Solid Poor Poor Good Poor Poor Poor
Conductivity liquid Good Poor Good Poor Poor Poor

I Identify with reasons the substances that:

(i) Have a metallic structure (1½mk)
(ii) Have a molecular structure and exist in the liquid state at room temperature and pressure(
(iii) Suggest a reason why substance B has two melting points
(iv) Substances A and C conduct electric current in the liquid state. State how the two substances
differ as conductors of electric current *

19. (I) Sodium metal tarnishes when exposed to the air where a white powder is formed on its
surface. A small piece of this sodium metal was dropped into 25g of ethanol and 1200cm3
of hydrogen gas was evolved at r.t.p. The unreacted ethanol was evaporated and a white
solid remained. (Na=23, molar gas volume at r.t.p = 24dm3, C=12, O =16, H=1)
(a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between ethanol and sodium metal
(b) Determine the mass of sodium that reacted with ethanol
(c) What mass of ethanol evaporated?
(d) The ethanol was evaporated at 80oC, while the white solid remained unaffected at this
temperature. What is the difference in structure of ethanol and the white solid?
(II) (a) Name an inorganic liquid which liberates hydrogen gas with sodium metal
(b) What two differences would you observe if similar pieces of sodium were dropped
separately into small beakers containing equal amount of ethanol and the liquid
named in (II)(a) above respectively
(III) (a) Give the name of the white powder formed on the original piece of sodium metal
(b) Explain how the white powder named in (III)(a) is formed
20. The grid below represents part of the periodic table. The letters do not represent actual
symbols of the elements. Study it and answer the questions that follow:-
 (a) What type of bond would you expect in the compound formed between H and F. Explain
(b) (i) Which of the elements J and M will have a greater atomic radius? Explain
(ii) Elements F and N are in the same group of periodic table. How do their atomic
radius compare? Explain
(c) An element W has atomic number 15. Indicate the position it would occupy in the table above
(d) What is the name given to elements X – Z?
(e) Why is J used in electric cables where Q is not
(f) P and J are termed as metalloids. What does the term metalloid mean?
(g) How would you expect the reactivity of H and M to compare? Explain
21. (a) Part of the periodic table is given below study it and answer the questions that follow.
The letters do not represent the actual elements

(i) What type of bond is formed when Y reacts with Z. Explain

(ii) Explain the difference in the atomic radii of element A and B
(iii) Explain the difference in the reactivity of Z and B
 (b) Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow:
(The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements)
Element Electronic configuration Ionization energy KJmol-1
P 2:1 519
Q 2:8:1 494
R 2:8:8:1 418

(i) What is meant by ionization energy?

(ii) Element R has the lowest ionization energy. Explain
(iii) When a piece of element Q is placed on water it melts and a hissing sound is produced
as it moves on the water surface. Explain these observations
(iv) Write the equation for the reaction between element Q and water

22. The table below shows the elements in the third period, the oxides of the third period and their
properties. The letters are not the actual symbols of the elements. Study the information and answer
the questions that follow:

Element Atomic Atomic Oxide State at oxide melting point

number radius(nm) RT ºC
M 11 0.191 M2O Solid 1132
N ……… 0.160 NO Solid 2852
……
P 13 0.130 ……… Solid 2072
Q 14 0.118 QO2 ………. 1610
R ……… 0.110 ……… Solid 580
S 16 0.102 SO2 ……… -75
T 17 0.099 TO2 Gas -60
V 18 0.095 X X X
a) i) Complete the table above
ii) Explain the trend in the atomic radius across the period
iii) Explain why the oxide of element V does not exist
b) Name the type of structure and bond in the following oxide
Oxide Structure Bond type
NO

TO2

ii) Using dots and crosses to represent electrons. Show the bonding in the oxide, QO2
c) i)Explain why elements P conducts electricity but T does not
ii) The oxide of P reacts both acids and alkalis. Give the name of this kind of oxide

23. The table below gives information about elements A1, A2, A3 and A4

Element Atomic number Atomic radius (nm) Ionic radius (nm)

A1 3 0.134 0.74
A2 5 0.090 0.012
 A3 13 0.143 0.050
A4 17 0.099 0.181

(i) In which period of the periodic table is element A2? Give a reason
(ii) Explain why the atomic radius of:
I. A1 is greater than that of A2
II. A4 is smaller than its ionic radius
III. Select the element which is in the same group as A3
IV. Using dots (˜) and cross (x) to represent outermost electrons, draw a diagram to show
the bonding in the compound formed when A1 reacts with A4
24. The atomic number of element P is 11 and that of Q is 8
a) Write down the possible formula of the compound formed between P and Q
b) Using dots (·) and crosses(x) to represent electrons draw a diagram to represent the
bonding in the compound in (a) above
25. Name the type of bonding and structure found in: -
(a) Ice
(b) Magnesium chloride
26. Name the type of bonding and structure found in: -
(a) Ice
(b) Magnesium chloride

27. Use the scheme to answer the questions that follow:

(a) Identify solid N ……………………………………………………………….

(b) Write a balanced equation for the formation of Q
(c) Write the formula of the complex ion formed when sodium hydroxide is added to
solution L in excess
28. (a) Using dots (·) and crosses (x) to represent electrons show bonding in:
NH-2 ( N=7, H=1) S8 (S = 16)

(b) Show bonding in Carbon (II) Oxide by use of (__) or ( ) to represent bonds.
29. In terms of structure and bonding, explain why diamond is the hardest naturally occurring
Substance

30. Identify the bond types in the diagram

31. Elements A, B, C, and D are not actual symbols, have atomic numbers 19, 9, 12 and 10 respectively.
(a) Which two elements represent non-metals
(b) Write the formula of the compound formed between elements B and C and identity the
bond present in the compound
32. (a) Distinguish between a covalent and dative bond
(b) Explain why nitrogen gas reacts with oxygen at very high temperature
33. Draw a dot ( ) and cross (x) diagram to show bonding in:-
(i) Ammonium ion (NH4+
(N = 7.0, H= 1)
(ii) Silane (SiH4)

(Si= 14, H = 1)
34. Below is a table oxides of some period three elements

Oxides Na2O P4O6 SO2 Cl2O

State at room temp Solid Solid Gas Gas

(a) Give the systematic name of Cl2O

(b) Explain why Na2O exists as a solid whereas SO2 is a gas at room temperature

35. The table below shows properties of period three chlorides

Formular of compound NaCl MgCl2 AlCl3 SiCl4
Bp Co
1470 C
o 1420 C
o 180 C 60oC
o

Explain why AlCl3 solid has a much lower boiling point than MgCl2 solid
Structure of the atom and the periodic table
1. In an experiment an unknown mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate was dissolved in water and
the solution made up to 250cm3. 25cm3 of this solution neutralized 20cm3 of 0.25M nitric acid.
(Na = 23.0 C = 12.0 O = 16.0)
Calculate:
(a) Moles of Nitric acid used
(b) Moles of sodium carbonate in 25cm of the solution
(c) Mass of unknown sodium carbonate used
2. Element A has atomic mass 23 and element B has atomic mass 7 and also have 12neutorns and
4 neutrons respectively.
(a) Write the electronic arrangement of A and B
(b) Which element has higher ionization energy? Explain
3. The table below shows the relative atomic masses and the percentage abundance of isotope
M1 and M2 of element M.

Relative atomic mass % abundance

M1 62.93 69.09
M2 64.93 30.91

Calculate the relative atomic mass of element M

4. (a) Element V has two isotopes. Two thirds of V and one third of V . What is the
relative atomic mass of element V?
(b) The following refers to element Y
Isotope A B C
Isotope mass 54 56 57
Given that isotope C contains 31 neutrons in its nucleus find the number of protons in isotope B
5. The table below shows the relative atomic masses and the percentage abundance of the isotopes
L1 and L2 of element L.
Relative atomic mass % abundance
L1 62.93 69.09
L2 64.93 30.91
Calculate the relative atomic mass of element K.
6. An element M has two isotopes M and M . The relative atomic mass of the
naturally occurring is 63.55. Calculate the percentage of each isotope

7. An oxide of element G has the formula as G2O3

(a) State the valency of element G
(b) In which group f the periodic table is element G?
8. The table below gives information about the ions T+ and Z2-
Ion T+ Z2-
Electron arrangement 2.8 2.8.8
Number of neutrons 12 16
(a) How many protons are there in the nucleus of ?
(i) Element T?
(ii) Element Z?
(b) Determine the relative formula mass of the compound formed between T and Z
(c) State two conditions under which the compound would conduct electricity

9. Carbon and silicon belong to the same group of the periodic table, yet Carbon (IV) oxide
is a gas while silicon (IV) oxide is a solid with a high melting point. Explain this difference
10. An ion of oxygen is larger than oxygen atom. Explain

11. Copper (II) oxide and charcoal are black solids. How would you distinguish between the
two solids?

12. (a) Element X is found in period III and group IV. It consists of two isotopes 28X and QX.
A sample of X was found to consist of 90% of 28X.If the relative atomic mass of X is 28.3,
work out the number of neutrons in QX
(b) Draw an electrochemical cell for the above cell
13. Study the table below and answer the questions that follows:- (Letters are not the actual
symbols of element)
Element Electronic arrangement Electrical conductivity
L1 2.8.2 Higher electrical conductivity
L2 2.8.1 High electrical conductivity
L3 2.8.3 Highest electrical conductivity

L3 has the highest electrical conductivity. Explain

14. Define the term melting point of a substance
15. Use the information in the table below to answer the questions that follow.
(The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements).
Element Q P R S T
Atomic 18 5 3 5 20
number
Mass 40 10 7 11 40
number
(a) Which two letters represent the same element? Give a reason
(b) Give the number of neutrons in an atom of element R

16. The table below gives some elements in the periodic table. Use it to answer the questions that
Follow. The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements.
Element A B C D E
Atomic number 12 13 14 15 16
Which of the above letters represent:
a) A metallic element which forms ions with the smallest ionic radius? Explain
b) A non metallic element with the largest bbatomic size? Explain
17. The grid below is part of the periodic table. Use it to answer the questions that follow:
(The letters are not the actual symbols).

A B

C D G E
F
a) Write down the formula of the compound formed between C and A.
b) Which element has the same electron arrangement as the stable ion of:
(i) F ……………………………. (ii) A ……………………..
Q
c) Element has atomic number 15. Indicate its position on the grid.
d) Explain how the atomic radii of the following compare:
 (i) C and F
(ii) C and D
e) Write the type of bond present in a compound formed between D and A.
f) Compound C and G were completely burned in oxygen.
(i) Write down equations to show the combustion of each of the elements.
(ii) State whether each of the oxides (i) above is basic or acidic.
18. The following flow chart shows the industrial manufacture of Nitric (V) acid.
a) Identify substance B, C, E and F.
b) Describe what happens in the catalytic chamber.

c) State what takes place in chamber D.

d) 60 – 65% nitric (V) acid is produced in the absorption chamber. Describe how the acid can be
concentrated.
e) State why nitric (V) acid is stored in dark bottles.
f) Copper reacts with nitric (V) acid and not hydrochloric acid. Explain.

19. The number of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms A to F are given in the table below
the letters do not represent the actual symbol of the elements:-

Atoms Protons Neutrons Electrons

A 3 4 2
B 9 10 10
C 12 12 12
D 17 18 17
E 17 20 17
F 18 22 18

(a) Choose from the table the letters that represent:

(i) An atom of a metal ...........................................................................
(ii) A neutral atom of a non-metal.......................................................
(iii) An atom of a noble gas ...........................................................
(iv) A pair of isotopes ...............................................................................
(v) A cation ...............................................................................
(b) The grid below shows a part of the periodic table. The letters do not represent the actual
symbols.
Use it to answer the questions that follow:-
 (a) How do the atomic radius of element X and Y compare
(b) (i) Using crosses (X) to represent electrons, draw the atomic structure of element Q
(ii) State the period and the group to which element Q belong

(c) (i) The ionic configuration of element G is 2.8 G forms an ion of the type G-1.
Indicate on the grid, the position of element G.
(ii) To which chemical family does element G belong?
(iii) State one use of element U
(iv) What is the nature of the compound formed between K and U
20. (a) Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.
Particle Atomic number Ionic configuration Formula of oxide Atomic radii Ionic radii
P 4 ………….. …………… 0.110 0.031
Q …………... 2.8.8 QO 0.200 0.099
R …………… 2.8.8 R2O 0.230 0.133
S 17 2.8.8 S2O7 0.099 0.181
T 16 …………… ……… 0.104 0.231

(i) Complete the table above

(ii) From the table, choose the most reactive metal. Explain
(iii) Which element is the most electronegative. Explain
(iv) Using dots (.) and crosses (x) to represent electrons, show the bonding in the chloride of Q
(v) Explain the solubility of element T in water
(b) (i) Why is aluminium used to make utensils yet it is a reactive metal?
(ii) Distinguish between valency and oxidation number

21. a) Work out the oxidation number of phosphorous in the following compound H3PO3
b) Study the equation below:
Mg(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2 (g)
Which species has undergone oxidation .Explain
22. The grid below represents part of the periodic table. The letters do not represent the actual
symbols of the elements. Study it and answer the questions that follow:
L L
M P T J U X
N Q R S V Y
W

(a) Explain why element L appears in two different groups in the grid above
(b) State the name of the chemical family to which P and Q belong
(c) Write the formula of the compound formed between P and V
(d) Compare the melting points of Q and S. Explain
(e) Identify an element whose oxide dissolves in both acids and alkalis
(f) Write the equation for the burning of T in excess air
(g) Using dots (•) and cross (x) to represent electrons, draw a diagram to illustrate bonding
in the sulphide of Q
(h) State one use of element X
23. The grid below represents part of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that follow:

(a) (i) Identify the element that gains electrons most readily
(ii) Which of the metal is most reactive? Explain
(iii) What name is given to the family of elements to which elements X and T belong?
(iv) Explain why:-
(I) Ionic radius of Q is larger than that of M
(II) Atomic radius of Q is greater than that of S
(v) Which of the element in the table does not have the ability to form an ionic or covalent
bond? Explain
(vi) Give the formula of the compound formed between R and Z

24. The grid below is part of the periodic table. The elements are not represented by their actual symbols.
Use the information to answer the questions that follow.

a) (i) Which is the most reactive

(I) Non — metal? *
Explain
(II) Metal?
Explain
(ii) Name the family to which elements T and Q belongs.
(iii) Write the formula of the compound formed when W reacts with S.
(iv) Name the type of bond and structure formed when elements R and K react.
(v) Explain why element N doesn’t form compounds with other elements.
(vi) Compare the atomic radii of T and Q. Explain.
25. Study the data given in the following table and answer the questions that follow. The letters
are not the actual symbols of elements.

Element Number of protons Melting point Bpt oC

A 11 98 890
B 12 650 1110
C 13 60 2470
D 14 1410 2360
E 15 442 280
590
F 16 113 445
119
G 17 -101 -35
H 18 -189 -186

(i) State and explain the trend in melting point in A B C

(ii) Explain why the melting point and boiling points of element D is the highest
(iii) Explain why the element represented by letter E has two melting point values
(iv) Write down the chemical formula between element C and sulphate ions
(v) Name the chemical family in which H belong and state one use of the element
(vi) What is the nature of the oxide of the elements represented by letters C and F?
26. An element W has an atomic number 13.
a) Write the electronic configuration of the most stable ion of W
b) Write the formula of the oxide of the element W

27. Identify the particles that facilitate the electric conductivity of the following substances
(i) Sodium metal
(ii) Sodium Chloride solution
(iii) Molten Lead Bromide
28. Compare with a reason the atomic radius of Sodium to that of Aluminum.

29. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow:

Ion No. of protons No. of electrons

P3- 7 10
Q+ 19 18
R2+ 12 10

a) Write the electron arrangement of element P.

b) Give the group and period to which elements Q and R respectively.
Q ……………………………………………………
R ……………………………………………………

30. Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature but does not conduct electricity. Explain.

31. Electronic configuration for elements represented by P, Q, R and S are:-

P= 2.8.6, Q= 2.8.2, R= 2.8.1 D= 2.8.8.
(a) Select the element which forms
(i) A double charged ion
(ii) A soluble carbonate
32. The table below gives information on four elements by letters K, L, M and N. Study it
and answer the questions that follow. The letters do not represent the actual symbol of
the elements.
Element Electron arrangement Atomic radius (nm) Ionic radius (nm)
K 2.8.2 0.136 0.065
L 2.8.7 0.099 0.181
M 2.8.8.1 0.203 0.133
N 2.8.8.2 0.174 0.099

(a) Which two elements have similar properties? Explain

(b) What is the most likely formula of the oxide of L?

(c) Which element is non-metal? Explain
33. Study the information given below and answer the questions that follow:
Element Atomic radius (nm) Ionic radius (nm) Formula of oxide Melting point of oxide (oC)
A 0.364 0.421 A2O -119
D 0.830 0.711 DO2 837
E 0.592 0.485 E2O3 1466
G 0.381 0.446 G2O5 242
J 0.762 0.676 JO 1054
(i) Write the formula of the compound formed when J combined with G
(b) Explain why the melting point of the oxide of E is higher than that of the oxide of G
 FORM 3 WORK
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Chlorine and its compounds
1. (i) State one observation made in this experiment
(ii) Identify the substances formed in the above reaction
2. Hydrogen chloride gas was passed into water as shown below:

(a) When a blue litmus paper was dropped into the resulting solution, it turned red. Give a reason
for this observation
(b) What is the function of the funnel?
3. A group of compounds called chlorofluoro-carbons have a wide range of uses but they also have
harmful effects on the environment. State one:-
a) Use of chlorofluoro carbons
b) Harmful effect of chlorofluoro carbons on the environment.
4. a) Water from a town in Kenya is suspected to contain chloride ions but not sulphate ions.
Describe how the presence of the chloride ions in the water can be shown.
5. In an experiment, chlorine was passed into moist hydrogen sulphide in a boiling tube as
shown below:

(a) What observation was made in the boiling tube?

(b) Write an equation of the reaction that took place in the boiling tube
(c) What precaution should be taken in carrying out this experiment? Give a reason
6. Heated iron can react with both chlorine gas and hydrogen chloride gas
i) Write equations for the reactions
ii) Chlorine gas has no effect on dry blue litmus paper. Explain
7. The following diagram represents a set-up that can be used in the laboratory to prepare and
collect a sample of chlorine gas:

Manganese
(IV) oxide
 (a) No gas bubbles were produced in the above experiment. Explain the observation
(b) Complete the following equation
Cl2O(g) + H2O(l)
(c) Describe the bleaching property of chlorine water
8. Study the flow diagram below and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Name gas L ……………………………………………………………

(b) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and manganese
(IV) oxide
(c) Explain what happens to coloured petals when dropped into a solution of M
9. Carbon (IV) Oxide, methane, nitrogen (I) Oxide and trichloromethane are green house gases
(i) State one effect of an increased level of these gases to the environment
(ii) Give one source from which each of the following gases is released to the environment;
(i) Nitrogen (I) Oxide
(ii) Tricholomethane

10. (a) Two reagents that can be used to prepare chlorine gas are manganese (IV) oxide and
concentrated hydrochloric acid.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction
(ii) Give the formula of another reagent that can be reacted with concentrated hydrochloric acid
to produce chlorine gas

(iii) Describe how the chlorine gas could be dried and collected in the laboratory

(b) In an experiment, dry chlorine gas was reacted with aluminium as shown in the diagram below

(i) Name substance A

(ii) Write an equation for the reaction that took place in the combustion tube
(iii) State the function of the calcium chloride in the set-up above
11. The figure below was set by a student to investigate the reaction between chlorine gas and hydrogen gas:

Chlorine
gas
 Flask

Hydrogen
sulphide gas

(a) Write an equation for the reaction that took place in the flask
(b) What observation was made in the flask?
(c) What precaution should be taken in carrying out the experiment?
12. In an attempt to prepare a gas, Sabulei added concentrated
P1 hydrochloric acid to Potassium
manganate. The products were then passed through two wash bottles containing water and
concentrated sulphuric acid
(a) Name the gas prepared…………………………………………………………………………
(b) Name the purpose of wash bottle:
(i) Containing water?
(ii) Containing concentrated sulphuric acid?

13. Study the scheme below and answer the questions that follow.
FeSO4 (aq)
Step I
Cl 2(g)
Yellow Step II Brown solid Step III Solid
solution F Add NaoH(aq) Heat +
and filtrate water

(a) Write the formula of the cation present in the yellow solution F
(b) What property of chlorine is shown in Step II?
(c) Write an equation for the reaction in step III

14. (i) Name one drying agent for hydrogen Chloride

(ii) State and explain the observation that would be made when hydrogen Chloride
gas is bubbled into a solution of Silver nitrate
Gas laws
1. A sample of unknown compound gas X is shown by analysis to contain Sulphur and Oxygen. The
gas requires 28.3 seconds to diffuse through a small aperture into a vacuum. An identical number
of oxygen molecules pass through the same aperture in 20seconds. Determine the molecular mass
of gas X (O= 16, S= 32)

2. (a) State Graham’s Law of diffusion

(b) Gas V takes 10 seconds to diffuse through a distance of one fifth of a meter. Another
gas W takes the same time to diffuse through a distance of 10 cm. if the relative molecular
mass of gas V is 16.0; calculate the molecular mass of W
3. (a) State Charles’ Law
(b) The volume of a sample of nitrogen gas at a temperature of 291K and 1.0 x 105 Pascals
was 3.5 x 10-2m3. Calculate the temperature at which the volume of the gas would be
2.8 x 10-2m3 at 1.0 x 105pascals.

4. 60 cm3 of oxygen gas diffused through a porous partition in 50 seconds. How long would it take
60 cm3 of sulphur (IV) oxide gas to diffuse through the same partition under the sane conditions?
(S = 32.0, O = 16.0)
5. (a) State Graham’s law of diffusion
(b) 30cm3 of hydrogen chloride gas diffuses through a porous pot in 20seconds. How long
would it take 42cm3 of sulphur(IV) oxide gas to diffuse through the same pot under
the same conditions (H =1 Cl = 35.5 S = 32 O =16)
6. a) State Boyles law
b) Sketch a graph that represents Charles’ law
c) A gas occupied a volume of 250cm3 at -23ºC and 1 atmosphere. Determine its volume
at 127ºC when pressure is kept constant.
7. A factory produces Calcium Oxide from Calcium Carbonate as shown in the equation below:-

CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

(a) What volume of Carbon (IV) Oxide would be produced from 1000kg of Calcium
Carbonate at s.t.p (Ca = 40, C = 12, O = 16, Molar gas volume at s.t.p = 22.4dm3)
8. A fixed mass of gas occupies 200cm3 at a temperature of 23oC and pressure of 740mmHg.
Calculate the volume of the gas at -25oC and 780mmHg pressure
9. Gas K diffuses through a porous material at a rate of 12cm3 s-1 where as S diffuses through
the same material at a rate of 7.5cm3s-1. Given that the molar mass of K is 16, calculate the
molar mass of S
10. (a) State Gay Lussac’s law
. 11. (a) What is the relationship between the rate of diffusion of a gas and its molecular mass?
(b) A sample of Carbon (IV) Oxide takes 200 seconds to diffuse across a porous plug.
How long will it take the same amount of Carbon (II) Oxide to diffuse through the
same plug?(C=12, O=16)
12. Below are structures of particles. Use it to answer questions that follow. In each case only
electrons in the outermost energy level are shown
key
P = Proton
N = Neutron
X = Electron

(a) Identify the particle which is an anion

(b) Choose a pair of isotopes. Give a reason
13. The figure below shows two gases P and Q diffusing from two opposite ends 18 seconds after
the experiment

(a) Which of the gases has a lighter density?

(b) Given that the molecular mass of gas Q is 17, calculate the molecular mass of P

14. Identify the particles that facilitate the electric conductivity of the following substances
(i) Sodium metal
(ii) Sodium Chloride solution
(iii) Molten Lead Bromide
15. Gas B takes 110 seconds to diffuse through a porous pot, how long will it take for the
same amount of ammonia to diffuse under the same conditions of temperature and pressure?
(RMM of B = 34 RMM of ammonia = 17)
16. A gas occupies 5dm3 at a temperature of -27oC and 1 atmosphere pressure. Calculate the
volume occupied by the gas at a pressure of 2 atmospheres and a temperature of 127oC
17. A fixed mass of gas occupies 200 cm3 at a temperature of 230c and a pressure of 740 mm Hg.
Calculate the volume of the gas at -250c and 790 mm Hg pressure.

18. (a) State the Graham’s law

(b) 100cm3 of Carbon (IV) oxide gas diffused through a porous partition in 30seconds.
How long would it take 150cm3 of Nitrogen (IV) oxide to diffuse through the same
partition under the same conditions? (C = 12.0, N = 14.0, O = 16.0)
Nitrogen and its compounds
1. The apparatus below was set-up to show the catalytic oxidation of ammonia. Study the diagram
and answer the questions that follow:-

(i) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place

(ii) Why is it necessary to have a hot nichrome wire in the gas jar?
(iii) Write the formula of the complex ion formed when excess ammonia gas is passed through
a solution containing Zn2+ ions

2. The diagram below shows the catalytic oxidation of ammonia gas. Use it to answer the
questions that follow:-

(a) What metal could rod M be made of?

(b) State and explain two observations made inside the conical flask

3. Ammonia gas is prepared in the laboratory by the action of an alkali on an ammonium salt.
A student wanted to prepare a sample of ammonia gas in the laboratory.
 (a) Give one alkali that can be used in the above experiment
(b) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place in the above experiment

4. (a) Explain the importance of the high percentage of nitrogen in air

(b) Why is nitrogen used for storage of semen in artificial insemination?

5. The diagram below is used in preparation of a gas in the laboratory. Answer the questions
that follow;

Gas X

Ammonium
nitrite heat
Heat Water

(a) Name gas X …………………………………………………………………………..

(b) State one physical property which makes it possible for the gas to be collected as shown*
(c) State one commercial use of gas X

6 Study the flow charts below and use them to answer the questions that follow:

(a) Identify possible cations present in:

(i) Solution A
(ii) Solution B
(b) State and explain the observations made when a sample of dry white precipitate B is
heated in a test-tube
7. The set-up below is an arrangement showing how metals react with nitrogen (IV) oxide.
Study it and answer the questions that follow:-

Copper metal

Heat
 (a) Nitrogen (IV) oxide is passed through the combustion tube before copper is heated.
Give a reason for this
(b) State the observations that would be made at the end of the experiment in the combustion
tube
(c) Name gas N ……………………………………………………………………..
8. (a) In haber process hydrogen and nitrogen react in the presence of finely divided iron catalyst.
Explain why the catalyst is finely divided
(b) A mixture of N2, H2 and NH3 was bubbled through 0.2M hydrochloric acid solution.
The final concentration of the acid was found to be 0.1M. Give explanation

9. In an experiment, a few drops of concentrated nitric acid were added to aqueous iron II sulphate
in a test-tube. Excess ammonia solution was then added to the mixture
(a) State the observations that were made when:-
(i) Concentrated nitric acid was added to aqueous iron (II) sulphate
(ii) Excess ammonia was added to the mixture
(b) Write an ionic equation for the reaction which occurred in a (ii) above

10. The chart below shows a summary for the preparation of nitrogen gas from air

(a) What is the purpose of the sodium hydroxide?

(b) Write an equation for the reaction taking place in chamber II
(c) The nitrogen gas obtained is not pure. Explain
11. Dilute nitric acid is added to excess green solid. Effervescence occurs and a blue solution is formed.
When excess ammonia solution is added to a sample of the solution a deep blue solution is formed
(a) Identify the anion and cation in the green solid:
(b) Write an ionic equation for the reaction forming deep blue solution

12. The diagram below is a set-up for preparation and collection of a gas. Study it answer the
questions that follow:
 (i) Identify gas X ………………………………………………………….
(ii) Write an equation for the formation of gas X
(iii) What precaution should be observed when preparing gas X by the above method?
(iv) Describe the suitable drying agent for gas X
(v) How can one confirm that the gas collected is gas X?
(vi) State two physical properties of gas X
(b) The diagram below is a set-up used in preparation of ammonia solution. Study it and answer
the questions that follow

(i) What is the purpose of the filter funnel in the set-up above?
(ii) What would happen if a delivery tube was used in place of the filter funnel?
(iii) What observation would be made on litmus paper placed into the solution in the beaker
at the end of the experiment?
13. The following flow chart shows the industrial manufacture of Nitric (V) acid.
a) Identify substance B, C, E and F.
b) Describe what happens in the catalytic chamber.

c) State what takes place in chamber D.

d) 60 – 65% nitric (V) acid is produced in the absorption chamber. Describe how the acid can be
concentrated.
e) State why nitric (V) acid is stored in dark bottles.
f) Copper reacts with nitric (V) acid and not hydrochloric acid. Explain.

14. The flow chart below illustrates two industrial processes, Haber process and the Contact process:

(i) Give the name of the process by which air is seperated into oxygen and nitrogen
(ii) Apart from oxygen and nitrogen gases produced from process (a)(i) Name
 one other gas produced
(b) Name the substances represented by the letters A, B, C and E
(c) Name the catalysts used in:
(i) Haber Process ……………………………………………………………………..
(ii) Contact Process ……………………………………………………………………..
(d) Explain the role of the catalysts in both the Haber and the Contact processes
(e) Write a chemical equation for the formation of compound B
(f) Calculate the percentage by mass of the nitrogen present in compound D
(g) Give one major use of compound E

15. The diagram below represents a set-up used to obtain nitrogen from air. Study it and
answer the questions that follow:-
Nitrogen gas

HEAT

Solid Q

(i) Name solid Q ............................................................................................................

(ii) What is the purpose of sodium hydroxide
(iii) Write an equation for the reaction which took place in tube “P”
(iv) Give the name of one impurity in the nitrogen gas obtained
(v) Give a reason why liquid nitrogen is used for storage of semen for artificial insemination

(b) The set-up below was used to prepare nitric acid.

(i) Give the name of liquid ‘R’ ....................................................................................
(ii) Explain the following:-
(a) Nitric acid is stored in dark bottles
(b) The reaction between copper metal with 50% nitric acid in an open tube gives brown fumes
16. Study the flow chart below and answer the questions which follow:

(i) Give one source of the following raw materials (s)

(a) Nitrogen gas ………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Hydrogen gas …………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) State three conditions required in process I
(iii) Name: catalyst P…………………………………………………………………
Gas M……………………………………………………………………..……
(iv) Write chemical equations for;
(a) Formation of gas M
(b) The reaction in the absorption tower
(v) Give two reasons why step IV is necessary
(vi) Describe how you would test if a given liquid is a nitrate
(vii) Give three uses of nitric acid
17. The diagram below shows the apparatus for the laboratory preparation of one of the oxides
of Nitrogen

a) (i) Name the gas being produced

(ii) Write the equation for the thermal decomposition of ammonium Nitrate
(iii) The gas is being collected over hot water. Explain
(iv) State and explain the observations made when burning sulphur is lowered into a
gas jar containing the gas
(b) (i) Name the catalyst used during catalytic oxidation of ammonia
(ii) Nitrogen (IV) oxide is the final product during catalytic oxidation of ammonia.
Write a chemical equation for its formation
(iii) State two physical differences between Nitrogen (I) oxide and Nitrogen (IV) Oxide
(c) Nitric acid is prepared in the laboratory by action of concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid
on a suitable Nitrate and distilling off the Nitric acid, in all glass apparatus.
(i) Why must the apparatus be made of glass?
(ii) Hot concentrated Nitric acid reacts with sulphur in the equation below:-
S(s) + 6HNO3(aq) H2SO3(aq) + 6NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
 (I) Identify the species :-
Oxidised ………………………… Reduced …………………………………
(II) Pure nitric acid is colourless but the product during its preparation is usually pale yellow.
Explain

18. a) Describe the process by which oxygen can be obtained from air on large scale
b) The flow chart below shows the industrial manufacture of nitric (V) acid
X Y D
Purifier Catalytic Heat Absorption
chamber exchanger tower
Y Y Nitric (V)
acid
i) Identify substances X and Y
ii) Write an equation for the reaction taking place in the absorption tower
iii) The concentration of the acid obtained is about 60%. How can this concentration be increased
to about 65%?
iv) A factory uses nitric (V) acid and ammonia as the only reactants for the production of a fertilizer.
If a mass of 9600kg of fertilizer was produced, calculate the mass of ammonia gas needed
(N = 14, H = 1, O = 16)

1.9(I)

(a) Name another substance which can be used instead of sodium hydroxide
(b) What is the function of filters?
(c) Identify the substance removed at step III
(d) At what temperature does liquid oxygen distil?
(e) Identify process X
(f) Describe how process X occurs
(g) I. State one industrial use of Nitrogen
(II) Air is a mixture but not a compound. Give two reasons
20. Using chemical equations show the bleaching actions of chlorine and sulphur(IV)oxide
√
21. The diagram below represents an in complete set-up for preparation of a dry sample of gas R

a) Complete the set-up to show how a dry sample of gas R is collected

b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction that produces gas R
22. The diagram below was used to investigate the reaction between nitrogen(I)oxide and copper
turnings. Study it and answer the questions that follow:

a) What has been omitted in the set-up? (show it on the diagram)

b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction that took place in the combustion tube
c) State one use of gas P

23. When sulphur powder is heated to over 400oC the following changes are observed:-
At 113oC it melts into light brown liquid. The liquid then darkens to become reddish-brown
and very viscous at 160oC. Above 160oC the liquid becomes almost black. At the boiling point
the liquid becomes mobile. Explain these observations
24. Concentrated sodium chloride (Brine) was electrolysed using platinum electrodes.
What would be the difference in terms of products at each electrode if dilute sodium chloride
solution was used in place of brine. Explain

25. (i) Nitrogen (I) Oxide supports, combustion of burning charcoal. Write an equation
to show this reaction
(ii) Ammonium nitrate can be heated to give off nitrogen (I) Oxide. However, a mixture
 of NH4Cl and NaNO3 is preferred. Explain
(iii) Ammonia turns wet red litmus paper blue. Which ion is responsible for this reaction
26. Study the scheme below and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Name solids E and F

(b) Write down a balanced equation for the reactions that lead to formation of solid F

27. When a few drops of aqueous ammonia were added to a colourless solution X, a white
precipitate was formed. On addition of more aqueous ammonia, the white precipitate
dissolved to a colourless solution Q
(a) Name the white precipitate formed
(b) Write formula of the complex ion present in the colourless solution Q
(c) Write an ionic equation for the formation of the white precipitate
28. The first step in the industrial manufacture of nitric cid is the catalytic oxidation of ammonia
gas.
a) What is the name of the catalyst used?
b) Write the equation for the catalytic oxidation of ammonia gas.
c) Nitric acid is used to make ammonium nitrate. State one use of ammonium nitrate.
29. Explain what is observed when ammonia gas is bubbled into Copper (II) sulphate solution
till in excess.
30. (a) State the conditions under which nitrogen react with hydrogen to form ammonia during
Haber process
(b) When dry ammonia gas is passed over hot copper (II) Oxide, a shinny brown residue
and a colourless droplets are formed. Explain these two observations
31. Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow

(a) State the observation made when ammonia is passed over heated Copper (II) Oxide
(b) Identify:-
(i) Gas A ………………………………………….………
(ii) Liquid B ………………………………..…………………
Organic chemistry 1
1. Use the flow chart below to answer the questions that follow:
U H2O

Heat

Process K Process J
CH2BrCH2Br CH2CH2 CH3CH3
Nickel catalyst

Process T

H H H

C C C

H H n
H
(a) What observation would be made in process K?
(b) Name another conditions necessary for process J to take place
(c) Give the name of substance V
2. But-z-ene undergoes hydrogenation according to the equation given below

CH3CH = CHCH3 (g) + H2(g) CH3CH2CH2CH3(g)

(a) Name the product formed when but-z-ene reacts with hydrogen gas
(b) State one industrial use of hydrogenation
3. Write the structures of the following compounds:-
(a) But—2-yne
(b) 2,2-dimethylpropane
4. a)What is meant by Isomerism?
b) Draw and name two Isomers of butane.

5. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow:

Ion No. of protons No. of electrons

P3- 7 10
Q+ 19 18
R2+ 12 10

a) Write the electron arrangement of element P.

b) Give the group and period to which elements Q and R respectively.
Q ……………………………………………………
R ……………………………………………………
6. Compound W reacted with chlorine to form compound X only. The structural formula of
X is shown below:
CH3 - CH - CH - CH3

Cl Cl
(a) Give the structural formula and name of compound W
(b) Name compound X ……………………………………………………………………
7. In petrol chemical industries, long chain alkanes are broken down in to simpler substances
in a process called cracking
a) Why is cracking necessary?
b) State the two conditions required in cracking
c) Draw the structure of 1-chloro-2, 2-dimethylpropane
8. In a reaction an alcohol K was converted to hex-1-ene
a) Name reagent and condition necessary for the reaction in 6 (a) above to occur
9. (a) Give the IUPAC systematic names of compounds Q and R
Q: CH2CHClCHlCH2CH3
R: CH3CHClCH2ClCH3
(b) The organic compounds Q and R in (b) above, are formed when one mole of hydrocarbon
N reacts with two moles of hydrogen chloride gas;
(i) Structural formula of N
(ii) The IUPAC systematic name of N
10. Distinguish between the isotopes and isomers
11. Polymerisation of ethene takes place as shown in the equation below

Name the type of polymerisation undergone by ethene in the reaction above

12. (a) State Gay Lussac’s law
13. 10cm3 of methane (CH4) gas is exploded with 150cm3 of air containing 20% oxygen
and 80% nitrogen. The products were allowed to cool to room temperature. What will
be the total volume of the gases at the end of the reaction?

14. Give the open structures of:-

(i) 3-chlorohex-l-yne
(ii) CH3OH
15. A fixed mass of gas occupies 105cm3 at -14ºC and 650mmHg pressure. At what temperature in
degrees Celsius will it have a volume of 15cm3 if the pressure is adjusted to 690mmHg pressure?
16. Write an equation for the reaction that takes place between ethene and concentrated
Sulphuric (VI) acid
 17. Petroleum (crude oil) is a mixture of several compounds which are separated in a
Changamwe refinery by means of apparatus as shown below:

B
C
Crude oil D
E
F

G
(a) (i) What is the name of the apparatus above
(ii) What is the name of the process which is used in separation of crude oil

(iii) What physical property of compounds in the mixture does the separation depend
(iv) Use the letter A to G to describe where the following could be formed:.
I. The fraction that represents gases
II. The fraction that represents the largest molecules
III. The fraction that represents liquids with the lowest boiling points
(b) State the use of product produce at
G………………………………………………………………………………………
C……………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Draw apparatus for the separation of the product produce at D and water

18. Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow:-

(i) Give the name of the substance CH º CH …………………………………………

(ii) To which group of hydrocarbons does the substance in (i) above belong?
(iii) Give two reagents that can be used to prepare the substance named in (i) above
(iv) State two physical properties of the substances in (i) above
(v) Give the names to the process in step I and 2
(vi) Write an equation to show how substance A is formed
(iv) Identify substance B ……………………………………………………
19. The diagram below represents a large-scale fractional distillation plant used to separate
the components A, B, C and D in a mixture
 (a) The components have the following average relative molecular masses not necessarily in that
order; 282, 184, 44 and 128.
(a) (i) What is the physical state of B at the position marked Q?
(ii) Which component has an average relative molecular mass of 128? Explain
(iii) State with a reason whether C is pure or impure
(iv) Explain how the mixture is separated into its components
(v) Name two naturally occurring mixtures that are separated using this process
20. The diagram below represents a large-scale fractional distillation plant used to separate
the components A, B, C and D in a mixture

(a) The components have the following average relative molecular masses not necessarily in that
order; 282, 184, 44 and 128.
(a) (i) What is the physical state of B at the position marked Q?
(ii) Which component has an average relative molecular mass of 128? Explain
(iii) State with a reason whether C is pure or impure
(iv) Explain how the mixture is separated into its components
(v) Name two naturally occurring mixtures that are separated using this process
21. a) The table below gives information about the major constituents of crude oil. Study it and
answer the questions that follow:
Constituent Boiling point oC
Gases Below 40
Petrol 40-175
Kerosene 175-250
Diesel 250-350
Lubricating oil 350-400
 Bitumen Above 400
i) Which of the constituents of crude has molecules with the highest number of carbon
atoms? Explain
ii) Name the process you would use to separate a mixture of petrol and diesel and explain how
the separation takes place
iii) Explain why the constituents of crude oil do not have a sharp boiling point
iv) Name the gas that is likely to be a constituent of crude oil and write its formula
b) i) What condition could cause a poisonous gas to be formed when kerosene is burnt.
Explain
ii) Give one use of bitumen
22. (a) The set-up below was used to prepare ethyne gas

(i) Identify solid E

(ii) Complete the diagram to show how the gas can be collected
(iii) Write an equation to show how the gas is formed
(iv) Complete the equation below: )
C2H2 + 2I2
(v) What is the role of sand in the experiment?
(b) (i) Explain the meaning of esterification
(ii) Complete the equation below :
CH3COOCH3 + H2O
(iii) What type of reaction is occurring above
(c) Given the reaction:

C8H18 Solid F N + C2H4

(i) Identify substance:
F………………………………… N………………………………
(ii) Name the process represented above?
(d) Give one use of substance N
 23.

(i) Name another source of hydrogen apart from electrolysis of water

(ii) What conditions are necessary for step III to occur?
(iii) Write the equation for the formation of colourless gas Q
(iv) Give one use of nitric (V) acid
(b) State and explain the observations that would be made if a sample of copper metal is
heated with concentrated nitric (V) acid
24. (a) Give the systematic names of the following compounds:-
(i) CH2 = C – CH3 ..........................................................................

Br
(ii) CH3CH2CH2C º CH .................................................................
(b) State the observations made when buton-l-ol reacts with:-
(i) Acidified potassium dichromate (VI) solution
(ii) Potassium metal
(c) Ethanol obtained from glucose can be converted to ethene as shown below:-
C6H12O6 C2H5OH C H2 = CH2

Name and describe the processes that take place in steps I and II
(d) Compounds A and B have the same molecular formula C3H6O2. Compound A librates
Carbon (IV) Oxide on addition of aqueous sodium carbonate while compound B does not.
Compound B has a sweet smell. Draw the possible structures of:-
(e) Give two ways how the disposal of polymers such as polychloroethene by burning pollutes
the environment
25. (a) Name the following compounds (CH3)3 C CH2 CH2 CH3
Use the flow chart below to answer the questions that follow:-

(b) (i) Name the following :-

I. Gas S ……………………………………………………………….……. ()
P
II. Gas …………………………………………………………………
III. J ……………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Name the processes involved in the following steps:
I. Step I …………………………………………………………………………..
II. Step II …………………………………………………………………………….
III. Step III …………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) Write a chemical equation for the complete combustion of substance M
(iv) Name the condition and reagent in step III
Condition ……………………………………………………………………………………
Reagent …………………………………………………………………………………….
(v) Calculate the mass of salt R that would be formed by using 21.9 tonnes of N when it reacts
with excess sodium hydroxide ( C= 12.0 H= 1.0 Na = 23)
(vi) Draw the structure of polymer K
II. State one use of the above polymer
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) (i) Name the class to which the following cleansing agents belong:-
i) ……………………………………………………
R – COONa+

(ii) ……………………………………………………….

II. Which cleaning agent above is not environmental friendly? Explain

26. The molecular formula of a hydrocarbon is C6H14. The hydrocarbon can be converted into two
other hydrocarbon as shown by the equation below:
C6H14 C2H6 + X
(i) Name and draw the possible structural formula of X
(ii) State and explain the observations that would be made if a few drops of bromine water
were added to a sample of X
(iii) Write an equation for the complete combustion of C3H8

27. (a) Give the names of the following

(i) CH3CH2CH3
(ii) CH3CCCH3
(b) Ethene is used in making polyethene bag in a process called polymerization
(i) Name the type of polymer that is formed when ethane polymerise
(ii) Describe a simple chemical test that can be used to identify ethane gas in the laboratory
(c) Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow:-
No. of carbon atoms R.M.M of the Hydrocarbon
2 28
3 42
4 56
i. Write the general formula of the hydrocarbons in the table above
ii. Determine the molecular of a hydrocarbon with 5 carbon atoms and draw its structural formula
Molecular formula
Structural formula
(d) Study the scheme below and answer the questions that follow

(i) Name the reagents in

Step I ……………………………
Step II ……………………………
Step IV ………………
(ii) Write an equation for the complete combustion of CH ºCH
(iii) Give two uses of CH4
28. Give the systematic names of the following compounds;
i)CH3 = C-CH3

CH3
ii)CH3CH2CH2C≡ CH

29. Study the data given in the following table and answer the questions that follow. The letters
are not the actual symbols of elements.

Element Number of protons Melting point Bpt oC

A 11 98 890
B 12 650 1110
 C 13 60 2470
D 14 1410 2360
E 15 442 280
590
F 16 113 445
119
G 17 -101 -35
H 18 -189 -186

(i) State and explain the trend in melting point in A B C

(ii) Explain why the melting point and boiling points of element D is the highest
(iii) Explain why the element represented by letter E has two melting point values
(iv) Write down the chemical formula between element C and sulphate ions
(v) Name the chemical family in which H belong and state one use of the element
(vi) What is the nature of the oxide of the elements represented by letters C and F?

30. a) The table below gives information about the major constituents of crude oil. Study it and
answer the questions that follow:
Constituent Boiling point oC
Gases Below 40
Petrol 40-175
Kerosene 175-250
Diesel 250-350
Lubricating oil 350-400
Bitumen Above 400
i) Which of the constituents of crude has molecules with the highest number of carbon
atoms? Explain
ii) Name the process you would use to separate a mixture of petrol and diesel and explain how
the separation takes place
iii) Explain why the constituents of crude oil do not have a sharp boiling point
iv) Name the gas that is likely to be a constituent of crude oil and write its formula
b) i) What condition could cause a poisonous gas to be formed when kerosene is burnt.
Explain
ii) Give one use of bitumen
31. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow
Number of carbon atoms per molecule Relative molecular mass of the hydrocarbon
2 28
3 42
4 56
i) Write the general formula of the hydrocarbons in the table
ii) Predict the relative atomic mass of the hydrocarbons with 5 carbon atoms
iii) Determine the relative atomic mass of the hydrocarbon in (ii) above and draw its
structural formula (H=1.0, C=12.0)
32. Substance “M” with a general formula C2Hy burnt in chlorine gas with a red flame producing
a cloud of black specks and colourless gas G.
(a) State the collective name for compounds which ‘M’ belongs
(b) With reason, state the identity of the black specks and colour gas “G”.

33. 2.63g of a solution of sodium chloride at 20.0oC was reacted with silver nitrate. After filtration,
washing and drying, 2.36g of silver chloride was obtained. Determine the solubility of sodium
chloride at 20.0oC . (Na=23, Cl= 35.5, Ag = 108)
(b) Determine the number of moles of carbon (IV) Oxide gas produced when sodium
 carbonate reacted with dilute sulphuric (VI) acid (Molar gas volume =24dm3)
34. Write down all the isomers of but-z-ene and give their IUPAC names
35. (a) A hydrocarbon compound Z decolourizes bromine liquid in the presence of light but
does not decolourize acidified potassium manganate (VII). Name and draw the structural
formula of the eighth member of this homologous series
36. (a) What is meant by isomerism?
(b) Draw and name two isomers of Butyne
Sulphur and its compounds
1. Sulphur is extracted from underground deposits by a process in which three concentric pipes are
sunk down to the deposits as shown below

(a) Name the process represented above

(b) What is passed down through pipe J?

(c) Name the two allotropes of sulphur

2. Commercial sulphuric acid has a density of 1.8gcm3.

(a) Calculate the molarity of this acid
(b) Determine the volume of commercial acid in (a) above that can be used to prepare
500cm3 of 0.2M H2SO4 solution
3. Oleum (H2S2O7) is an intermediate product in the industrial manufacture of sulphuric acid
(a) How is oleum converted into sulphuric (IV) acid?
(b) Give one use of sulphuric acid
4. Differentiate between the bleaching action of chloride and sulphur (IV) oxide gas.

5. (i) Is concentrated sulphuric acid a weak acid or a strong acid?

(ii) Explain your answer in (i) above.
6. In the manufacture of sulphuric acid, sulphur (IV) oxide is oxidized to sulphur (VI) oxide.
a) Name the catalyst used
b) Write the equation representing the conversion of sulphur (IV) oxide to sulphur(VI)oxide
c) Explain using equations how dilute sulphuric acid is finally obtained from sulphur (VI) oxide
7. When a mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid and copper turnings is strongly heated,
a colourless gas and solid mixture of white and black solids are formed. When this solid
mixture is treated with distilled water, and filtered, a blue solution and black solid residue
are collected. Explain the observations on the solid mixture formed in the above experiment
8. The set-up below is used to prepare dry sulphur (IV) Oxide in the laboratory. Answer questions
that follow: dilute H2SO4
Gas jar

Sodium
Sulphite Conc.H2SO4

(a) Identify the mistake in the set-up

(b) Write an equation for the reaction in the set-up
 (c) State how the polluting effects of the gas on the environment can be controlled
9. (a) State the observation made at the end of the experiment when a mixture of iron
powder and sulphur are heated in a test-tube
(b) Write an equation for the reaction between the product in (a) above and dilute
hydrochloric acid
(c) When a mixture of iron powder and sulphur is heated it glows more brightly than
that of iron fillings and sulphur. Explain this observation
10. (a) Name one reagent that can be reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce
Sulphur (IV) oxide
(b) What would be observed if moist blue litmus paper is dropped into a gas jar of
sulphur (IV) oxide? Explain your answer with an equation
11. (a) State two properties that vulcanized rubber posses as a result of vulcanization
(b) During Frasch process molten sulphur flows out through the middle pipe but not
through the outer pipe. Give a reason
12. (a) Give two reasons why during the manufacture of sulphuric (VI) acid, sulphur (VI) Oxide,
is dissolved in concentrated Sulphuric (VI ) acid instead of dissolving in water
b) State one use of sulphuric (VI) acid
13. The diagram below may be used to react hydrogen sulphide and sulphur (IV) oxide.
Study it and answer the questions that follow:-

(a) What is observed in the jars

(b) Write an equation for the reaction
(c) What is the role of sulphur (IV) oxide in the reaction
1 4. The diagram below shows the extraction of sulphur by Frasch process.

a) State the uses of pipes A, B and C.

b) Give two crystalliric allotropes of sulphur.
c) Write an equation for the combustion of sulphur.
d) Name the product formed when a mixture of sulphur and Iron is heated.
e) Give two uses of sulphur.
f) 6.0 dm3 of sulphur (IV) oxide were oxidized by oxygen to sulphur (VI) oxide.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction.
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of sulphur (IV) oxide and oxygen used at R.T.P.
(iii) Determine the volume of oxygen used.
(Molar volume of a gas at R.T.P. is 24.0 dm3)
15. The diagrams below represent two allotropes of Sulphur. Study them and answer the questions
which follow:-

(i) Name the two allotropes labelled X and Y

(ii) (I) Explain why a piece of burning magnesium continues to burn in a gas jar of Sulphur
(IV) Oxide
(II) Explain how one of the products formed in (I) above can be obtained from the mixture
16. (a) (i) Name the two crystalline forms of sulphur
(ii) Briefly explain how plastic sulphur is formed
(b) The scheme below represents the steps followed in the contact process. Study it and answer
the questions that follow:-

(a) Name two possible identities of solid A

(b) Name one impurities removed by the purifier
(c) Why is it necessary to remove impurities?
(d) Write down the equation of the reaction taking place in the converter
(e) (I) Name the two catalysts that can be used in the converter
(II) What is the function of heat exchanger?
(f) Sulphuric (VI) Oxide is not dissolved directly into water? Explain
(g) (I) Name the main pollutant in the contact process.
(II) How can the pollution in (g) (I) above be controlled?
(h) Give one use of sulphuric (VI) acid
17. The set-up below was used to prepare dry sample of hydrogen sulphide gas

(a) (i) Complete the diagram to show how the gas was collected
(ii) Identify the following:-
I. Solid H ………………………………………………………………………………
II. Solid I ……………………………………………………………………………..
(iii) Write an equation for the reaction that occurred in the flask between solid H and dilute
Hydrochloric acid
(b) When hydrogen sulphide gas was passed through a solution of Iron (III) chloride, the following
observations were made:-
(i) the colour of the solution changed from reddish-brown to green and
(ii) a yellow solid was deposited
Explain the observation
(c) In the manufacture of Sulphuric (VI) acid by contact process sulphur (IV) oxide is made to
react with air to form sulphur (VI) oxide as shown:-
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) DH = -196KJ
(i) Name the catalyst in this reaction
(ii) State and explain the effect of the following changes on the yield of sulphur (VI) oxide
I. Increasing the pressure
II. Using a catalyst
(iii) Explain why sulphur (VI) oxide gas is absorbed in concentrated sulphur (VI) acid before
dilution

18. The flow chart below shows a sequence of chemical reactions starting with sulphur.
Study it and answer the questions that follow:-
Step2 Step3
Step1 Solution A CuO(s) Cu2+(aq) Cu(OH)2(s) CuO(s)
S(s) + gas C NaOH(aq) Heat
Hot
nitric acid Step 4 Hcl(aq)

Step 5
Cu(s) Cu+2
Metal Q
 (a) (i) State one observation made when the reaction in step 1 was in progress
(ii) Explain why dilute hydrochloric acid cannot be used in step 1
(iii) Write the equation for the reaction that took place in step 1
(iv) Name the reactions that took place in step 4
(v) Name solution A ……………………………………………………………….
(vi) State and explain the harmful effects on the environment of the gas C produced in step 1

19 a) Sulphur occurs naturally in two different forms called allotropes;

i) What are allotropes
ii) the two allotropes of sulphur are stable at different temperatures, as shown in the
equations below.

Rhombic sulphur monoclinic sulphur

Give the name to the temperature 95.5ºC

b) below is a flow diagram for the contact process for manufacture of sulphuric acid(VI)

i) Give the name of the chambers labelled

(1½mks)
ii) State the three conditions in the converter
(1½mks)
iii) Explain why the gases are passed though:
I. The dust precipitator and drying power
II. The chamber labeled Y
(iv) Write the balanced equations for the reactions in : Step 2

Step 3
Step 4
20. Study the figure below:

KMnO4(aq)
 KMnO4(aq)
and conc. H2SO4

State and explain the observations made in:

Test tube L ………………………………………………………………..
Test tube K ………………………………………………………………………..
21. The set-up below was used to prepare and collect hydrogen sulphide gas. Study it and answer
the questions that follow:-

(a) Name solid V

(b) Give a reason why warm water is used in the set-up

22. Sulphur (IV) oxide and nitrogen (II) oxide are some of the gases released from internal
combustion engines. State how these gases affect the environment

23. When hydrogen sulphide gas was bubbled into an aqueous solution of Iron (III) chloride, a
yellow precipitate was formed.
a) State another observation that was made.
b) Write an equation for the reaction that took place.
c) What type of reaction was undergone by hydrogen sulphide in this reaction?

24. In an attempt to prepare Sulphur (IV) Oxide gas, dilute Sulphuric acid was reacted
with barium carbonate. The yield of Sulphur dioxide was found to be negligible.
Explain
The mole
1. In an experiment magnesium ribbon was heated in air. The product formed was found to be
heavier than the original ribbon. Potassium manganate (VII) was on the other hand, heated in
air and product formed was found to be lighter. Explain the differences on the observation made
2. In a filtration experiment 25cm3 of a solution of Sodium Hydroxide containing 8g per
litre was required for complete neutralization of 0.245g of a dibasic acid. Calculate
the relative molecular mass of the acid (Na = 23.0, O = 16, H= 1)
3. D grams of Potassium hydroxide were dissolved is distilled water to make 100cm3 of solution.
50cm3 of the solution required 50cm3 of 2.0M nitric acid for complete neutralization.
Calculate the mass D of Potassium hydroxide (RFM of KOH = 56)
KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
4. When excess dilute hydrochloric acid was added to sodium sulphite, 960cm3 of sulphuric
(IV) Oxide gas was produced. Calculate the mass of sodium sulphate that was used.
(Molar gas volume = 24000cm3 and Molar mass of sulphite = 126g)
5. The equation of the formation of iron (III) chloride is
2Fe(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2FeCl3
Calculate the volume of chlorine which will react with iron to form 0.5g of Iron (III) chloride.
(Fe = 56 Cl=35.5). Molar gas volume at 298K = 24dm3)
6. 15.0cm3 of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) was dissolved in water to make 500cm3 of solution.
Calculate the concentration of the solution in moles per litre
[C=12, H = 1, O = 16, density of ethanoic acid is 1.05g/cm3]
7. When 1.675g of hydrated sodium carbonate was reacted with excess hydrochloric acid,
the volume carbon (IV) oxide gas obtained at room temperature and pressure was 150cm3.
Calculate the number of moles of water of crystallization in one mole of hydrated sodium
carbonate:- (Na=23, H =1, C=12, O=16, MGV at R.T.P = 24000cm3)
8. How many chloride ions are present in 1.7g of magnesium chloride crystals?
(Avogadro’s constant = 6.0 x 1023, Mg = 24, Cl = 35.5)

9. 0.84g of aluminium reacted completely with chlorine gas. Calculate the volume of chlorine
gas used (Molar gas volume is 24dm3, Al = 27)

10. 6.4g of a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium chloride was dissolved in water to make
50cm3 solution. 25cm3 of the solution was neutralized by 40cm3 of 0.1M HCl(aq). What is
he percentage of sodium chloride in the solid mixture?
11 An unknown mass, x, of anhydrous potassium carbonate was dissolved in water and the solution
made up to 200cm3. 25cm3 of this solution required 18cm3 of 0.22M nitric (V) acid for complete
neutralization. Determine the value of x. (K=39.0, C =12.0, O =16.0)

12. Calculate the volume of oxygen gas used during the burning of magnesium (O = 16, molar
gas volume = 24,000cm3 at room temperature)
f) Mass of O2 = (40 – 24)= 16g
Moles of O2 = 16/16 = 01

If 1 mol O2 ________ 24000cm3

01 Mol Mg = 05 mol O2 = 1200cm3

OR
2mg : O2
2(24) 24000
24/ = /240000
x
2(24)
X = 24 x 24000 = 1200cm3
2(24)
13. A hydrated salt has the following composition by mass. Iron 20.2 %, oxygen 23.0%,
sulphur 11.5%, water 45.3%
i) Determine the formula of the hydrated salt (Fe=56, S=32, O=16, H=11)
ii) 6.95g of the hydrated salt in c(i) above were dissolved in distilled water and the total

volume made to 250cm3 of solution. Calculate the concentration of the resulting salt solution
in moles per litre. (Given that the molecula mass of the salt is 278)
13 i) Fe S O H2O
202/ 115/ 230/ 453/
56 32 16 18

036/ 036/ 144/ 252/

036 036 036 036
1 1 4 7
Empirical formula: FeSO4 + H2O

ii) 695g = 695/278 = 0025

\ 005 moles in 250cm3 = 0025 x 1000/250 = 01

14. (i) Lead (II) ions react with iodide ions according to the equation;
Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq) PbI2(s)
300cm3 of a 0.1m solution of iodide ions was added to a solution containing excess lead II ions.
Calculate the mass in grams of lead II iodide formed
(ii) Identify the colour of the product formed in (d) (i)

14 RFM of pbI2 = 207 + (127X2) = 461

2 moles of I-ions produces I mole of pbI2
Moles of I-ions = 01 X 300 = 003 mole
1000
Mole ratio PbI2: I- mole of PbI2 formed = 003 = 005
I :2 2
Mass of pbI2 formed = 0015 mole X 461
= 6915 g

Flow of elctrons
d(i) Yellow precipitate

15. a) The diagram below represents part of the structure of sodium chloride crystal

The position of one of the sodium ions in the crystal is shown as;
i) On the diagram, mark the positions of the other three sodium ions
ii) The melting and boiling points of sodium chloride are 801C and 1413C respectively. Explain
why sodium chloride does not conduct electricity at 25C, but does not at temperatures
between 801C and 1413C
b) Give a reason why ammonia gas is highly soluble in water
 c) The structure of ammonium ion is shown below;

Name the type of bond represented in the diagram by N H

d) Carbon exists in different crystalline forms. Some of these forms were recently discovered
in soot and are called fullerenes
i) What name is given to different crystalline forms of the same element
ii) Fullerenes dissolve in methylbenzene while the other forms of carbon do not. Given that soot is
a mixture of fullerenes and other solid forms of carbon, describe how crystals of fullerenes can
be obtained from soot
iii) The relative molecular mass of one of the fullerenes is 720. What is the molecular mass of
this fullerene
15 a) i)
ii) At 25C, sodium chloride is in solid form Ions cannot move Between 801 and
1413C sodium chloride is in liquid state, ions are mobile

b) Both ammonia and water are polar moleculer and hydrogen bonds are formed

c) N _________ H // co-ordinate bond / Dative bond

d) i) Allotrope

ii) Add methylbenzene to soot in a beaker Shake and filter Warm the filtrate to
concentrate it Allow the concentrate to cool for crystals to form Filter to obtain
crystals of fullerene

iii) 720/12 = 60
16. Calculate the volume of oxygen gas used during the burning of magnesium (O = 16, molar
gas volume = 24,000cm3 at room temperature)
16 Mass of O2 = (40 – 24)= 16g
Moles of O2 = 16/16 = 01

If 1 mol O2 ________ 24000cm3

01 Mol Mg = 05 mol O2 = 1200cm3
OR
2mg : O2
2(24) 24000
24/ = /240000
x
2(24)

X = 24 x 24000 = 1200cm3
2(24)
17. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow
Number of carbon atoms per molecule Relative molecular mass of the hydrocarbon
2 28
3 42
4 56
 i) Write the general formula of the hydrocarbons in the table
ii) Predict the relative atomic mass of the hydrocarbons with 5 carbon atoms
iii) Determine the relative atomic mass of the hydrocarbon in (ii) above and draw its
structural formula (H=1.0, C=12.0)
17 i) CnH2n, where n = No of carbon atoms
ii) 70
iii) CsH10, CH3CH=CHCH2CH3
OR CH3CH2CHCH2= CH2
18. A hydrated salt has the following composition by mass. Iron 20.2 %, oxygen 23.0%,
sulphur 11.5%, water 45.3%
i) Determine the formula of the hydrated salt (Fe=56, S=32, O=16, H=11) (3 mks)
ii) 6.95g of the hydrated salt in c(i) above were dissolved in distilled water and the total
volume made to 250cm3 of solution. Calculate the concentration of the resulting salt solution
in moles per litre. (Given that the molecula mass of the salt is 278)
18 i) Fe S O H2O
202/ 115/ 230/ 453/
56 32 16 18
036/ 036/ 144/ 252/
036 036 036 036
1 1 4 7

Empirical formula: FeSO4 + H2O

ii) 695g = 695/278 = 0025

\ 005 moles in 250cm3 = 0025 x 1000/250 = 01
Concentration = 695/278 x 1000/250 = 01

19. a) Galvanized iron sheets are made by dipping the sheets in molten Zinc.
i) Explain how zinc protects iron from rusting
ii) Name the process applied in galvanization of iron with zinc
20. Calculate the percentage of copper in 1.0g of the alloy
(Cu = 63.5 Mg = 24)
21. A factory uses nitric acid and ammonia gas as the only reactant for the preparation of the
fertilizer if the daily production of the fertilizer is 4800kg. Calculate the mass of ammonia
gas used daily
(N = 14.0, O= 16.0, H = 1.0)
22. Calculate the volume of sulphur (VI) oxide gas that would be required to produce 178kg of
oleum in step 3 molar gas volume at s.t.p = 22.4 litres H = 1 O = 16 S = 32

23. Using the answer in d (ii) above, determine:

i) The volume of 1M nitric acid that would react completely with one mole of copper
(Cu = 63.5)
ii) The volume of Nitrogen (IV) oxide gas produced when one mole of copper reacts
with excess 1M nitric acid at room temperature
24. A sample of biogas contains 35.2% by mass of methane. A biogas cylinder contains 5.0kg
of the gas. Calculate:
(i) Number of moles of methane in the cylinder (Molar mass of methane = 16)
(ii) Total volume of carbon (IV) oxide produced by the combustion of methane in the cylinder
(Molar gas volume = 24.0dm3 at room temperature and pressure)
25. 0.84g of aluminium were reacted completely with chlorine gas. Calculate the volume
of chlorine gas used. (Molar gas volume is 24dm3, Al = 27)
26. 3.52g of Carbon (IV) Oxide and 1.40g of water are produced when a mass of a hydrocarbon
is completely burnt in oxygen. Determine the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon;
(H = 1 , C= 12, O = 16)
27. Calculate the number of water molecules when 34.8g Na2CO3 xH2O is heated and 15.9g of
anhydrous Na2CO3 obtained (H=1, O=16, Na= 23, C = 12)
28. A weighed sample of crystallined sodium carbonate (Na2CO3nH2O) was heated in a crucible
until there was no further change in mass. The mass of the sample reduced by 14.5%. Calculate
the number of moles (n) of water of crystallization (Na = 23, O = 16, C = 12, H = 1)
29. In a reaction 20cm3 of 0.1 M Sodium Carbonate completely reacted with 13cm3 of dilute
sulphuric acid. Find the molarity of the sulphuric acid used.
30. An organic compound P contains 68.9% carbon, 13.5% hydrogen and 21.6% oxygen.
The relative formula mass of p is 74. Determine its molecular formula. [C=12, H=1, 0=16]
31. Campers GAZ cylinder contains about 1.12dm3 of butane measured at 0o and 1atm. Given that
25% of heat is lost, what is the maximum volume of water at room temperature which can be
boiled to 100oC in order to make some coffee?
C4H10(g) + 6 ½ O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l); DHq = -3,000KJmol-1
(Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2J g-1C-0c, density of water 1gcm-3 Molar gas volume 22.41 at s.t.p)
32. An aqueous solution containing anhydrous sodium carbonate was prepared by dissolving
19.6g of the salt in 250cm3 of distilled. Calculate the volume of 2M of magnesium chloride
solution required to precipitate all the carbonate ions in the solution.
(Na=23, C= 12; O = 16; Mg = 24; Cl =35.5)

33. 10.08g of ethanedioic acid (H2C2O4.xH2O) crystals were dissolved in water and made to
1dm3 solution. 25.0cm3 of this solution was completely neutralized by 20cm3 of 0.2M
sodium hydroxide solution.
Calculate
i) Molarity of the acid
ii)the value of x in H2C2O4xH2O acid
34. 1.6g of magnesium metal is reacted with excess hydrochloric acid. Calculate the volume
of hydrogen gas produced
(Molar gas volume at stp = 22.4dm3 Mg=24)
35. 60 litres of sulphur(IV) oxide were made to react with 40 litres of oxygen.
a) Which reactant was in excess and by how much?
b) What is the volume of the product?

36. During welding of cracked railway lines by thermite 12.0g of oxide of iron is reduced by
aluminium to 8.40g of iron. Determine the empirical formula of the oxide
(Fe= 56.0, O= 16.0)
 FORM 4 WORK
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18.0.0 ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS Q

For Examiners use only.

Question Maximum Score Candidates Score

1 – 14 46

This paper consists of [ Please insert number of pages ] Printed pages.

Candidates should check the question paper to ensure that all the
Papers are printed as indicated and no questions are missing
1.
(i) Aluminium oxide is an amphoteric oxide. State the meaning of the term
amphoteric.

…………………………………………………………………………………
(1)

(ii) Write two ionic equations which illustrate the amphoteric behaviour of
aluminium oxide.

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………
(2)

2.
The table below shows pH values of some acids.
Acid A B C D

pH Value 6.5 6.0 5.0 4.0

a) Identify the acid with highest concentration of hydrogen ions.

(1 mk)

b) Distinguish between a strong acid and concentrated acid.

(2 mks)

3.
Explain why the PH of 1.0M Hydrochloric acid is 1.0 while that of 1.0 M ethanoic acid is 5.0.
(2marks)

[2m]

4.
(a) Sodium hydroxide solution gives a pale blue precipitate with copper (II) nitrate usually
described as copper (II) hydroxide. Write an ionic equation for this reaction.
 [1m]

(b) Ammonia solution initially gives a blue precipitate as for sodium hydroxide. Further
addition of ammonia gives deep blue soluble cuprammine complexes. Write an ionic equation for this
reaction.

[1m]

[Total 2m]

5.
A student reacted excess iron powder with sulfuric acid to prepare a solution of iron (II)
sulphate. The diagram shows the procedure followed in three stages.

Complete the boxes to identify the pieces of apparatus labelled. [2]

(b) How would the student know when all of the sulfuric acid had reacted? Give two reasons.
 [2]
(c) Describe the effect of boiling the solution of iron (II) sulfate for several minutes.

[3]
[Total: 7]

6.

Iron(III) oxide is a basic oxide. What type of oxide is:

(i) aluminium oxide;

.........………………......................................................................
(1)

(ii) silicon dioxide.

…............................................................………………...................
(1)
(Total 2 marks)

7.
Name the process which takes place when
a) Iodine changes directly from solid to gas [1m]

b) Fe2+ (aq) changes to Fe3+ (aq) [1m]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………

c) White sugar changes to black solid when mixed with excess conc. sulphuric acid. [1m]
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………

[3m]

8.
When hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in water, the solution formed turns blue litmus paper
red but there is no effect on blue litmus paper, when the gas is dissolved in carbon tetra chloride
(CCl4)(2mks)

[Total 2m]

9.
An experiment was carried out to determine the solubility of potassium chlorate at different
temperatures. The solubility is the mass of potassium chlorate that dissolves in 100 g of water.
The results obtained are shown in the table below.

temperature / ‹C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

solubility in g / 100 g 14 17 20 24 29 34 40
water
(b) Use your graph to determine the solubility of potassium chlorate at 70 ‹C. Show clearly on the
graph how you obtained your answer.

[2]
(c) What would be the effect of cooling a saturated solution of potassium chlorate from 60 ‹C to 20 ‹C?
 [2]
[Total: 8]

10. ⇌
Name the species acting as the base in the equation below and explain your answer.
H2O (aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + H2O2- (l)

(1mk)

11.
Zinc oxide is an amphoteric oxide

(a) Explain what you understand by the term amphoteric.

[2m]

(b) Write an equation for the reaction between:

(i) Zinc oxide and dilute hydrochloric acid

[1m]

(ii) Zinc oxide and dilute sodium hydroxide

[1m]

(iii) Give an example of a neutral oxide

 [1m]

[Total 5m]

12.
a) Write an Ionic equation to show how washing removes permanent hardness in
water. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

b) Give one advantage of drinking hard water by humans (1mk)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

13.
a) Write an Ionic equation to show how washing removes permanent hardness in
water. (1mk)

b) Give one advantage of drinking hard water by humans

(1mk)

[2m]

14.
(a) What is hard water?(1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Write the formulae of the two cations responsible for water hardness.(1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Given that the formula of an ion exchange resin which softens water is Na2X. Write
any one ionic equation to show how the
cations in (b) above are removed during water softening. (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Electrochemistry
1. The setup below was used to carry out the electrolysis of Magnesium sulphate solution using
inert electrodes.

(i) Name a suitable pair of electrode that can be used in the above process.
(ii) State and explain the changes on the concentration of magnesium sulphate solution as
the process proceeds.
2. During purification of copper by electrolysis, 1.48g of copper were deposited when a
current was passed through aqueous copper (II) sulphate for 2 ½ hours. Calculate the
amount of current passed.
(Cu = 63.5 1Faraday = 96500C)
3 The diagram below represents a set-up that can be used for the electrolysis of dilute sulphuric acid

(a) Name the electrodes A and B

(b) Write an equation for the reaction taking place at electrode B
(c) What happens to the concentration dilute sulphuric acid as the reaction continues?

4. In an electrolysis, a current of 200A was passed through molten oxide of metal Q

for 58 minutes and 64.8g of the metal deposited. Determine;
i) Charge on metal Q
ii) The volume of oxygen gas produced at standard temperature and pressure
Q = 27 IF = 96500C, molar gas volume stp =22.4dm3
5. Consider the reduction potentials below.
Pb2+(aq) + 2e Pb(s) = -O.13V
Mg2+(aq) + 2e Mg(s) = -O.76V
a) Write the overall Redox reaction that takes place when the above half cells are connected.
b) Determine the Eq value of the above cell.
 (c) Calculate which group of the periodic table is element F?

6. An oxide of element F has the following formula:- F2O5

(a) Determine the oxidation state of F

Element Sodium Magnesium Aluminium

Atomic number 11 12 13

7. The table below gives elements and their atomic numbers. Answer the questions that follow:
Compare the electrical conductivity of sodium and aluminium. Explain
8. What mass of Zinc will be deposited from a solution of Zinc (II) Chloride when a current
of 3A is passed through the Zinc (II) Chloride solution during electrolysis for 50minutes?
(Zn= 65, 1 Faraday = 96500C)
9. Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Name gas Q …………………………………………………………… .

(b) With the help of diagram, describe how step (V) is carried out
10. Nitrogen and hydrogen react reversibly according to the equation:-
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g); DH = -92kjmol-1
The energy level diagram for the above reaction is shown below:-

(a) How would the yield of ammonia be affected by:

(i) A decrease in temperature
(ii) An increase in pressure
(b) How does a catalyst affect reversible reaction already in equilibrium?
 (c) On the above diagram, sketch the energy level diagram that would be obtained when
iron catalyst is added to the reaction

11. Study the electrode potentials in the table below and answer the question that follow:
(Letters are not the actual symbols of elements)
(Eq /Volts)
H (aq) + 2 e
2+ - H(s) +0.34
Z (aq) + 2e
2+ - Z(s) -2.38
G+(aq) + e- G (s) +0.80
T + 2e
2+ - T(s) - 2.87
(a) Which one is the strongest reducing agent?
(b) Write the ionic equation for the reaction that takes place when Z is dipped in a solution
of G+ ions
(c) Calculate the Eq cell value of the reaction in 22.(b) above
12. When a hydrocarbon was completely burnt in oxygen, 4.2g of Carbon (IV) oxide and 1.71g
of water were formed. Determine the empirical of the hydrocarbon. (H=10 C=12.0 O=16.0)
13. During electrolysis of aqueous copper (II) sulphate 144,750 coulombs of electricity were used.
Calculate the mass of copper metal that was obtained (Cu =64 1Faraday = 96,5000 coulombs)
14. Sodium metal reacts with oxygen according to the following equation:-
6Na(s) + 2O2(g) HeatNa2O2(s) + 2Na2O(s)
State one physical and one chemical difference between Na2O2 and Na2O
Physical difference ……………………………………………
Chemical difference……………………………………

15. The diagram below shows an electrochemical cell:

(a) Give the formula of the possible salt L

(b) On the diagram show the direction of movement of electrons
(c) Write the cell representation

6. The reaction blow is a redox reaction

MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq) )
(a) Identify the species reduced. Explain
(b) Write the equation for the oxidation reaction
17. Consider the cell diagram below
Cr(s)/Cr3+(aq) // Fe2+(aq)/Fe(s) Eθ = + 0.30V
i) Write the overall cell reaction for the above electrochemical cell
ii) Given that Eθ value for Fe2+(aq) /Fe(s) is -0.40V,calculate the Eθ value for Cr3+(aq)/Cr(s)
18. (a) Describe the process by which Trichloro fluoromethane Nitrogen is obtained from
air on a large scale
 (b) Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow

(i) Identify gas J

(ii) Using oxidation numbers, show that ammonia is the reducing agent in step VI
(iii) Write the equation that occurs in step V
(iv) Give one use of ammonium nitrate
(c) The table below shows the observations made when aqueous ammonia was added to
cations of elements E, F and G until in excess

Cation of Addition of a few drops of Addition of excess

aqueous ammonia aqueous ammonia
E White precipitate Insoluble
F No precipitate No precipitate
G White precipitate Dissolves

(i) Select the cation that is likely to be Zn2+ ………………………………

(ii) Given that the formula of the cation of element E is E2+, write the ionic equation for the
reaction between E2+ and aqueous ammonia

19. a) Study the standard electrode potential for the half-cells given below and answer the questions
that follow.(The letter do not represent the actual symbols of the elements)
Eθ Volts
N+(aq) +e- N(s) ; -2.92
J+(aq) + e- J(s) ; +0.52
K+(aq) + e- ½ K2(g) ; 0.00
½ G2(g) + e- G-(aq) ; +1.36
M2+(aq) + 2e- M(s) ; -0.44
i) Identify the strongest oxidizing agents. Give a reason for your answer
ii) Which two half-cells would produce the highest potential difference when combined?
iii) In the space below draw a complete electro chemical cell of the two-half cells mentioned
in (ii) above
20. Below is a simplified diagram of the Down’s cell for the extraction of sodium. Study it
and answer the question that follow:-

Sodium
Molten
NaCl + CaCl2

(i) From which substances are the electrodes made?

thode…………………………………………………………….
Anode……………………………………………………………………
(ii) State and explain why sodium chloride is mixed with calcium chloride
(iii) What is the role of the iron gauze
(iv) Write equations for the reaction at :-
cathode
anode
(v) Which property of sodium makes it possible to collect it as shown?

(b) When a current of 6.42 A was passed through an electrolyte Y2+ ions for 10minutes,
2.74 of Y were deposited
(i) Calculate the quantity of electricity passed in the experiment
(ii) Determine the relative atomic mass of Y (1Faraday = 96000 coulombs)

21. (a) The table gives the standard redox potentials for a number of half reactions. Use it to answer
the questions that follow:-
(Eq/Volts)
Zn2+ (aq) + 2e- Zn(s) -0.76
Fe (aq) + 2e
2+ - Fe(s) -0.44
I2+ (l) + 2e- 2I- (aq) +0.54
Fe (aq) + e
3+ - Fe (aq)
2+ +0.77
Ag+ + e- Ag(s) +0.88

(i) Relative to which half-cell reaction are the above electrode potentials expressed?
(ii) Calculate the e.m.f of the cell made up by combining the I2(l) /2I-(aq) electrode and
Zn2+(aq)/Zn(s) electrode
(ii) Which of the substances listed in the above table is :-
I. The strongest oxidising agent
II. The strongest reducing agent
(iv) Which substances could be used to convert iodide ions to iodine? Write balanced equations
for any possible conversions

22. a) The standard electrode potential for the elements chlorine and magnesium are:-
Cl2(g) + 2e- 2Cl-(aq) Eθ + 1.36V
 Mg2+(aq) + 2e- Mg(s) Eθ - 2.36V
i) Which one of the two elements will act as an oxidizing agent? Explain.
ii) Calculate the electromotive force of a cell where the overall reaction is:-
Cl2(g) + Mg(s) MgCl2(s)
b) The table below gives the reduction standard electrode potentials for divalent metals.
The letters are not their actual symbols. Use them to answer the questions that follow:-
Metal Eθ
(volts)
P +1.50
Q - 0.44
R +0.34
S +0.76
i) Select two metals whose half cells can produce the highest voltage when connected.
ii) Draw a well labelled diagram of electrochemical cell formed by half-cells of metals P and Q
iii) Calculate the voltage produced by the cell in (ii) above
c) When nitrate solution of a certain metal X was electrolysed, 1.174g of metal X was
deposited by a current of 4 amperes flowing for 16minutes. Determine the formula of
the metal nitrate. (1F= 96,500, R.A.M of X= 59)

23. Study carefully the information given below and answer the questions that follow:-
Substance Physical Solubility in Other information
state at e.t.p water
A Solid - Soluble - solution conducts electricity forming two
- Blue solution products B and C
- B is solid and C is a greenish –yellow gas
D Gas - Soluble - Solution forms pale blue precipitate with A
- Colourless and then deep blue solution in excess
solution
E Solid - Insoluble - With a solution of A forms B and a
colourless solution at E2+ions
(a) Identify the substances represented by the letters
(b) Give equations for the reactions in which:-
(i) Substance B is formed from the solution of A on electrolysis
(ii) Substance B is formed from solution A when reacted with E
(c) Give one use of gas C
(d) Name the ion responsible for the deep blue solution
24. (a) Study the standard electrode potentials for the elements given below and answer the questions
that follow. The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements
Eq
Q 2(g) + 2e- 2Q- (aq) +2.87
R2(g) + 2e- 2R-(aq) +1.36
S2+ (aq) + 2e- S (s) + 1.23
2T+(aq) + 2e- T2(g) 0.00
U (aq) + 2e
2+ - U(s) -0.13
V2+(aq) + 2e- V(s) -0.76
q
(i) What is the E value of the weakest reducing agent? *
(ii) Which element is likely to be hydrogen? Give a reason for your answer *
(iii) Draw a diagram for the cell that would be obtained when the half cell of elements
S and V are combined *
(iv) Calculate the e.m.f of the electrochemical cell in a (iii) above *
(b) The diagram below represents the electrolysis of dilute sulphuric (VI) acid
 (i) Name the gases X and Y *
(ii) Write ionic equation for the formation of gas X *
(iii) At what electrode does reduction take place? Explain your answer *
(iv) Name the most suitable electrodes for this experiment. Explain your answer *

25. The flow chart below shows an analysis of mixture R that contains two salts. Study it
and answer the questions that follow:-

Residue

(i) Write two ionic equations for the reactions between the cation in filtrate X and aqueous
ammonia (Ammonium hydroxide)until in excess
(ii) What conclusion can be drawn from Step IV only? Explain
(iii) What observation would indicate the presence of a NO3- ion in step I?
(iv) Write the formula of the anion in residue V. Explain
(v) Suggest the identity of the cation present in solution Z
(vi) Name the two salts present in mixture R

26. (a) The set-up below was used in the electrolysis of copper II nitrate solution:
 (i) What is electrolysis?
(ii) Show the anode and cathode on the diagram
(iii) Explain how you would confirm gas P
(iv) Write the equation for the reaction occurring at
(a) Anode
(b) Cathode
(v) State two changes that occur on the electrolyte after the experiment
(b) Below are the standard electrode potentials for electrodes B and D

B2t(aq) + 2e- B(s) – 2.92V

D2t(aq) + 2e- D(s) + 0.34V

(i) Identify the electrode which is ;

(a) The least reducing agent
(b) The strongest oxidizing agent
(ii) Calculate the e.m.f of the cell formed when the two electrodes are connected
(iii) Write a cell representative for the cell above
27. A typical electrolysis cell uses a current of 40,000 amperes. Calculate the mass (in Kg of aluminium
produced in one hour). (Al = 27) (Faraday = 96500Coloumbs )

28. A strip of copper metal was immersed into a nitrate solution of metal Q overnight. Use the
information below to answer questions that follow
Eq (Volts)
Q(aq) + e- Q(s) +0.80

Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- Cu(s) + 0.34

(a) State the observations made at the end of the experiment

(b) Give a reason for the observations made in (a) above
(c) Calculate the e.m.f of the cell above
29. (a) Excess marble chips (Calcium carbonate) was put in a beaker containing 150cm3
of dilute hydrochloric acid. The beaker was put on a weighing balance and the total
loss in mass recorded after every two minutes as shown in the table below:
Time (min) 0 2 4 6 8 10
Total loss in mass (g) 0 1.8 2.45 2.95 3.2 3.3

(i) Why was there a loss in mass?

(ii) The average rate of reaction was faster between 0 and 2 minutes than between
6 and 8 minutes. Explain why
(iii) State one way in which the rate of reaction can be increased
(iv) When aqueous sodium sulphate was added to contents of the beaker, a white precipitate
was formed;
 (I) Identify the white precipitate ………………………………………………………
(II) Name one use of the substance named in (iv) (I) above
b) A student performed the following experiment with an intention to extract calcium metal

(i) The student was surprised that no calcium was produced in the experiment. Explain
why no calcium was produced
(ii) Write the equation for the reaction that occurred at the anode if the solution was concentrated
(iii) The electrolysis involved passing an electric current of 4A for one hour. Calculate the mass of
the product at the anode. (1Faraday = 96500C, Cl =35.5, H = 1.0, O =16, Ca = 40)

30. Cheptoo set-up some apparatus as shown in the diagram below:-

At the start of the experiment, the bulb did not light:-

(a) State and explain the observation made when the tap was opened to allow the hydrogen
chloride gas through the water for about 20 minutes
(b) Write the chemical equation for the reaction that took place at the cathode

31. Metals K and N were connected to form a cell as shown in the diagram below. Their reduction
potentials are as shown below:
K+(aq) / K(s) º - 0.17V
N+(aq) / N(s) = + 1.1 6V
 I. Write the equation for the half-cell reaction that occurs at
Metal K electrode
Metal N electrode
II Identify P and state its role in the above setup
(i). Identity of P
(ii) . Role of P in the setup.
III. On the diagram, show the flow of
I. Electrons
II. Current.
IV Calculate cell potential (E) for the cell represented in the setup above
32. (a) The diagram below shows a Zinc –copper cell.

(i) Given the standard electrode potential of Zinc is -0.76V and that of copper is +0.34V, suggest;
(i)The identity of W …………………………………………………………………....
(ii) The identity of X …………………………………………………………………… .
(iii) The equation for the overall cell reaction
(iv) The reading on the voltmeter

(b) Sodium hydroxide may be manufactured by the electrolysis of brine as in the diagram below:-

(i) State the chemical name of brine

(ii) Write the equations for the reactions are the electrodes
Anode
Cathode
(iii) Explain how sodium hydroxide is obtained from the product of this process

33. A typical electrolysis cell uses a current of 40,000 amperes. Calculate the mass (in kilograms)
of aluminium produced in one hour (Al=27, 1Faraday=96,500 coulombs)
34. The reaction between ammonia and oxygen to form Nitrogen (II) oxide is highly exothermic
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
The reaction is carried out in presence of platinium-rhodium catalyst at 1173k and a pressure
of 911.952k pa.
i) Explain how each of the following would affect the yield of Nitrogen(II) oxide gas:
a) Reduction in pressure
b) Using a more efficient catalyst
35. The following table shows the standard reduction potentials of some half cells. Study the
 table and refer to it to answer the questions that follow;
Half reaction Eθ volts
P (aq) + e
4+ - P (aq)
3+ +0.61

Q3+(aq) + e- Q2+(aq) +0.77

R2(g) + 2e- 2R-(aq) +0.54

S2+(aq) + 2e- S(s) -0.44

T2+(aq) + 2e- T(s) -0.74

a) Identify the strongest oxidizing agent

b) Which substance would be used to oxidize R- ion to the atom R
c) Study the cell represented below;
T(s) / T2+(aq)// S2+(aq)/ S(s)
i) Identify the electrodes
ii) Write equations for the reaction taking place in each half- cell
iii) Determine the cell equation and the electromotive force (e.m.f) of the cell represented in
(c) above
iv) In which direction does the electrons flow in the external circuit of the cell whose e.m.f
is determined in (iii) above
d) A steady current of 2.5A was passed for 15 minutes through a cell containing divalent ions
M2+. During this process 0.74g of metal M was deposited (IF = 96500C)
i) Calculate the quantity of electricity passed in this cell
ii) Determine the relative atomic mass of M
36. The following table shows the standard reduction potentials of some half cells.
Study the table and refer to it to answer the questions that follow;
Half reaction Eθ volts
P (aq) + e
4+ - P (aq)
3+ +0.61

Q3+(aq) + e- Q2+(aq) +0.77

R2(g) + 2e- 2R-(aq) +0.54

S2+(aq) + 2e- S(s) -0.44

T2+(aq) + 2e- T(s) -0.74

a) Identify the strongest oxidizing agent

b) Which substance would be used to oxidize R- ion to the atom R
c) Study the cell represented below;
T(s) / T2+(aq)// S2+(aq)/ S(s)
i) Identify the electrodes
ii) Write equations for the reaction taking place in each half- cell (2 mks
iii) Determine the cell equation and the electromotive force (e.m.f) of the cell represented
in (c) above
iv) In which direction does the electrons flow in the external circuit of the cell whose e.m.f
is determined in (iii) above
d) A steady current of 2.5A was passed for 15 minutes through a cell containing divalent ions
M2+. During this process 0.74g of metal M was deposited (IF = 96500C)
i) Calculate the quantity of electricity passed in this cell
 ii) Determine the relative atomic mass of M
37. In the equation below identify the reagent that acts as an acid in the forward reaction.
Give a reason for your answer.
NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)
38. A student set up the experiment shown below. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

a) State any two observations the student made during the experiment
b) Explain what happens to the pH of the resultant solution at the end of the experiment
39. Copper (II) sulphate solution was electrolysed using copper electrode. A Current of 0.5A was
passed for 64.3 minutes and a mass of 0.64g of copper was deposited. (Cu = 63.5)
Substance Water Concentrated sulphuric(VI)acid Concentrated
sodium hydroxide
Ethene Slightly soluble Soluble Insoluble
Ammonia Very soluble Very soluble Very soluble
Hydrogen Slightly soluble Insoluble Insoluble
a) Which electrode decreased in mass during electrolysis? Explain
b) Calculate the quantity of charge needed to deposits 1 mole of copper
40. State and explain what is observed when crystals of iodine are heated gently
41. (a) State Faradays First Law of Electrolysis
(b) Calculate the volume at s.t.p of hydrogen evolved when 2A of electricity are passed
through dilute sulphuric acid for 2hours.
(Molar gas volume at s.t.p = 22.4dm3, one Faraday= 96500coulombs)
42. The following is an equation for the reaction between ammonia and water
NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH+4(aq) + OH-(aq)
(a) Name the base in the backward reaction
43. The common ores of Zinc are zinc blende and calamine:-
(i) Give the chemical formula of Zinc blende
(ii) Explain how the pollution caused by large scale extraction of Zinc can be reduced by
having a fertilizer plant close to it
44. The oxides of calcium and phosphorous react as shown below:-
6CaO(s) + P4O10(s) 2Ca3(PO4)2(s)
(i) Give a reason why these substances react and yet both are oxides
(ii) Work out the oxidation state of phosphorous in P4O10
(iii) State one use of Ca3(PO4)2
45. The standard hydrogen electrode is used as the reference electrode. Some of the difficulties in
using hydrogen gas as an electrode are:
- Hydrogen is a gas at 25oC
- Hydrogen does not conduct electricity
-The half-cell reaction, 2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g) is slow and takes long to reach equilibrium.
Explain how these difficulties are solved in the standard hydrogen electrode
46. The following are electrode potentials of the half cells
Half cell Eθ volts
M(aq) /M(s)
2+ -0.76
C2+(aq) / C(s) – 0.34
(a) Calculate the potential difference of the following cell.
M(s)/M2t(aq) // C2t(aq)/C(s)
47. (a) Name two types of isotopes of phosphorous
(b) Explain why phosphorus is stored in water and not in oil like sodium
48. Use the cell representation below to answer the questions that follow:-
X(s) /X3+(aq) //W2+(aq) /W(s)
(a) Write the equation for the cell reaction above
(b) If the e.m.f of the cell is 0.30V and Eq value for W2+/W is -0.44volts, calculate
the Eq for X3+(aq) /X(s)

49. The following diagram represents the electrolysis of dilute sodium chloride solution using inert
electrodes

Dilute sodium
chloride

Determine the electrode at which different electrolytic products would be produced if the
solution is electrolysed for several hours. Explain

50. Complete the following redox equations by adding the correct number of electrons on either
reactant or product side of the redox equations:-
(a) ClO-3(aq) + 6H+(aq) Cl2(g) + 3H2(l)
(b) NO-2(aq) + H2O(l) NO-3(aq) + 2H+(aq)

51. The following are standard reduction potentials;

Half-cell Eq/Volts Using iron
Al(s) / Al3+(aq) -1.66
Zn(s) / Zn aq)
2+ -0.76
Fe(s) / Fe2+(aq) 0.44
Ni(s) / Ni (aq)
2+ 0.25

Rewrite the Eq values of the above half-cells using iron as a reference electrode

52. Calculate the mass of metal J that would be dissolved at the anode when a solution of J (III)
nitrite is electrolysed using a current of 1.5amperes for 15minutes (1 Faraday = 96,500C; J = 52)

53. Consider the following standard electrode potentials:

Sn2+(aq) + 2e- Sn(s) +0.144v
Fe (aq) + 2e-
2+ Fe(s) - 0.44v
Zn2+(aq) + 2e- Zn(s) - 0.76v

Some modern cars are made from steel coated with other metals. Using this data above state
and explain the best suited metal for coating steel
Energy changes in chemical and physical processes
1. 6g of Potassium nitrate solid was added to 120cm3 of water in a plastic beaker.
The mixture was stirred gently and the following results were obtained.
Initial temperature = 21.5oC
Final temperature = 17.0 oC
(a) Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction
(Density =1g/cm3, C= 4.2jg-1K-1)
(b) Calculate the molar enthalpy change for the dissolution of potassium nitrate
(K=39, N= 14, O =16)

2. (a) The heat of combustion of ethanol, C2H5OH is 1370KJ/mole.

(i) What is meant by heat of combustion?
(ii) Calculate the heating value of ethanol
(H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0)
3. Use the information below to answer the questions that follow:-
Ca(s) + ½ O2(g) CaO(s) DH =-635KJ/mol
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) DH= -394KJ/mol
Ca(s) + C(s) + 3/2O2(g) CaCO3 DH = -1207KJ/mol
Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction:
Ca(s) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s)
4. 0.92g of ethanol were found to burn in excess air producing a temperature rise of 32.5ºC
in 200cm3 of water.
C=12.0 H=1.0 O=16.0
Density of water 1g/cm3
Specific heat capacity of water 4.2kj kg-1k-1
a) Write the equation for combustion of ethanol
b) Determine the molar heat of combustion of ethanol
5. Study the information in the following table and answer the questions that follow. The letters
do not represent the actual chemical symbols of the elements.
ELEMENT U V W X Y Z
NUMBER OF PROTONS 18 20 6 16 19 17
NUMBER OF NEUTRONS 22 20 8 16 20 20
Which of the above elements are:
(i) Likely to be radioactive?
(ii) Able to form a compound with the highest ionic character?

6. The diagram below shows energy levels for the reaction

½ H2(g) + ½ F2(g) HF(g)

(a) Work out the activation energy for the reaction

 (b) Calculate the heat of formation of HF
(c) Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic?
7. Using the heats of combustion of the following substances, calculate the heat of formation
of ethanol
C(s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g); DH = -393KJmol-1
H2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) H2O(l);DH = -286KJmol-1
CH3CH2OH(l) + O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (l) ;DH = 1386KJmol-1

8. Nitrogen and hydrogen react reversibly according to the equation:-

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g); DH = -92kjmol-1
The energy level diagram for the above reaction is shown below:-

(a) How would the yield of ammonia be affected by:

(i) A decrease in temperature
(ii) An increase in pressure
(b) How does a catalyst affect reversible reaction already in equilibrium?
(c) On the above diagram, sketch the energy level diagram that would be obtained when
iron catalyst is added to the reaction

9. Study the table below and answer the questions that follow
Bond type bond energy kJmol-1
C-C 346
C=C 610
C-H 413
C-Br 280
Br-Br 193
a) Calculate the enthalpy change for the following reaction
C2H4(g) + Br2(g) C2H4Br2(g)
b) Name the type of reaction that took place in (a) above

1 mark
10. Bond energies for some bonds are tabulated below:-
BOND BOND ENERGY KJ/mol
H–H 436
C=C 610
C- H 410
C-C 345
 Use the bond energies to estimate the enthalpy for the reaction
C2H4(g) + H2(g) C2H6(g)

11. The able shows the results obtained when 20.2g of potassium nitrate was added in
50cm3 of water.
Time in (min) 0.0 0.3 1.0 1.3 2.0 2.3 3.0 3.3 4.0
Temperature ( C ) 25.0 25.0 25.0
o 25.0 17.0 17.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
(i) Draw the graph of temperature against time
(ii) Using the graph, determine the temperature change
(iii) Calculate the heat change
(iv) Find the molar heat of solution of potassium nitrate
12. When 1.6g of ammonium nitrate were dissolved in 100cm3 of water, the temperature
dropped by 6ºC. Calculate its enthalpy change. (Density of water = 1g/cm3,
specific heat capacity is 4.2kJ kg-1K-1)

13. Sodium hydrogen carbonate was strongly heated.

a) Write an equation for the reaction
b) The grid below shows part of the periodic table. Use it to answer the questions that follow. The
letters are not the actual symbols.

i) Write the equation for the reaction that occurs between elements L and D
ii) The oxide of G reacts with both hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. What is the nature of
the oxide of G?
iii) Explain why elements H has a higher boiling points than element D.
iv) State one use of element E
v) Compare and explain the atomic radius of B and C
vi) 11.5g of L was completely burnt in oxygen .Calculate the volume of gas that was used.
(L = 23, molar gas volume at room temperature is 24dm3)
14. A student has been provided with sodium hydroxide solution of 2M and hydrobromic acid
of 4M. He was asked to investigate the equation for the reaction between these two substances and
hence determine the molar enthalpy of neutralization. He carried out the reaction and obtained the
following results:-
Vol. of 4M Hydrobromic acid added to 20cm3 Temperature of the mixture
of 2M NaOH (oC)
4.0 26.8
6.0 30.0
8.0 33.2
10.0 36.0
12.0 35.2
14.0 34.4
20.0 30.8

(a) Draw a graph of the temperature of the mixture (vertical axis against the volume of the
 acid added) *
(b) Using the graph estimate the temperature of the mixture when 17cm of the acid was added
3

(c) Both solutions were at room temperature at the start of the experiment. Use your graph to
estimate the room temperature (½mk)
(d) What is the significance of the highest temperature of the solution mixture? *
(e) The temperature of the mixture increased during the first additions of the acid. Why did the
temperature increase? *
(f) Suggest a reason why the temperature decreased during the latter part of the experiment
(g) Use your graph to determine the volume of 4M Hydrobromic acid which just neutralize
20cm3 of 2M NaOH *
(h) How many moles of Hydrobromic acid are present in your answer in (g) above? *
(i) How many moles of NaOH are present in 20cm of 2M of NaOH solution?
3 *
(j) Use your answers in (h) and (i) above to write an equation of the reaction taking place
in the experiment. Explain clearly how you have used your answers (1½mks)
(k) Determine the molar enthalpy of neutralization of hydrobromic acid
(1½mks)

15. (a) The following results were obtained in an experiment to determine the enthalpy of solution
of sodium hydroxide
Mass of plastic beaker = 8.0g
Mass of plastic beaker + distilled water = 108.15g
Mass of plastic beaker + distilled water + sodium hydroxide = 114.35g
The table below shows the temperature at fixed times after mixing
Time/seconds 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Temperature ( C) o
15 21 29 28 27 26 26 25
(i) Plot a graph of temperature (y-axis) against time (x-axis)
(ii) From your graph, determine the maximum temperature attained
(iii) Determine the temperature change of the reaction
(iv) Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide used in the experiment
(Na = 11, H = 1, O = 16)
(v) Use your results to determine the molar enthalpy solution of sodium hydroxide. (Density of
solution is 1g cm-3 , specific heat capacity of solution = 4.18 KJ-1K-1)
(b) Below is an energy level diagram of the exothermic reaction
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) DH = -890KJ
Examine the energy level diagram below and use it to answer the questions that follow

(b) (i) Which DH values will have negative sign?

(ii) What physical change is being represented where enthalpy change DH4 is involved? ( ½mk)
(iii) In terms of DH1, DH2, DH3 and DH4, give the overall enthalpy change for the reaction:-
H2(g) + ½ O2(g) H2O(l)
(iv) Is the reaction in (iii) above exothermic or endothermic?
16. (I) Study the graph below and answer the questions which follow:

E B
ne A
rg
y D
– E
K C
J/
m
ol
) Time

(a) Distinguish between molar latent heat of fusion and molar latent heat of vaporization
(b) (i) Explain the changes occurring between points
BC ………………………………………… CD ………………………
(ii) In an experiment to determine molar enthalpy of neutralization of hydrochloric acid using
potassium hydroxide, the data below was obtained. The concentration of potassium hydroxide
used was 0.5M
Volume of 0.5M KOH (cm3) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Total volume of acid + Base 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Temperature ( C)
o 24 26 27 28 29 29 28 27
(i) Plot a graph of temperature (y-axis) against volume of potassium hydroxide used

(ii) From your graph:

(a) Determine the temperature change
(b) Find the volume of potassium hydroxide which completely neutralized 20cm3 of the acid
(iii) Calculate the heat change for the reaction (C = 4.2Jg-1K-1 density of solution = 1g/dm3)
(iv) Calculate the molar enthalpy of neutralization of hydrochloric acid with potassium hydroxide
 17. A typical electrolysis cell uses a current of 40,000 amperes. Calculate the mass
(in Kg of aluminium produced in one hour). (Al = 27) (Faraday = 96500Coloumbs )
18. (a) Biogas is a mixture of mainly Carbon (IV) Oxide and methane.
(i) Give a reason why biogas can be used as a fuel
(ii) Other than fractional distillation, describe a method that can be used to determine the
percentage of methane in biogas
19. Consider the following equilibrium reaction.
H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g) DH= -74.4KJ
a) State and explain the effect of formation of hydrogen chloride if pressure was increased
in the equation above

20. Turning of fossil fuels has adverse environmental effects:-

a) Name two pollutants from the burning of petroleum products
b) Give one precaution taken to minimise the pollution by fossil fuels

21. (a) Define molar heat of neutralization

(b) The rise in temperature when 50cm3 of sodium hydroxide is reacted with two acids is given
in the table below:-
Acid 50cm3 of HCl 50cm of Oxalic acid
Temp rise ( C) 7
o 4
(i) Explain the difference in the temperature.
22. Calculate the latent heat of vaporization of water
H2O(l) H2O(g)
Given the following thermo chemical equations:-
H2(g) + ½O2(g) H2O(g) DHq= -242KJ/Mol
H2(g) + ½O2(g) H2O(l) DHq= -286KJ/Mol

23. (a) Define the term fuel

(b) State four reasons why wood fuel is chosen for domestic cooking

24. The setup bellow was used to investigate the changes that take place when sodium hydroxide
pellets dissolve in water.

a) Why is a plastic beaker used instead of a metallic beaker?

b) State and explain the observations made in the above reaction
25. (a) What is a fuel? (1mark)
(b)Other than the cost, state two other factors to consider when choosing a fuel.

26. The equation below represents changes in the physical state of ions metal:
Fe(s) Fe(l) DH= + 15.4kjmol-1
Fe(l) Fe(g) DH=+354kjmol-1
a) Calculate the amount of heat energy required to change 10kg of solid iron to gaseous iron
Fe = 56
b) Iodine can react with chlorine as shown below:-
I2(g) + Cl(g) 2lcl(s) DH= -68kJ
Determine the molar enthalpy change for this reaction
c) Draw an energy level diagram for the reaction in (b) above
27. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow:

Reaction Co-ordinate

a) What do ∆H1 and ∆H2 represent?

∆H1 …………………………………………………………………….
∆H2 ……………………………………………………………………..
b) Write an expression to show the relationship between ∆H1, ∆H2 and ∆H3.
Metals
1. The following diagram represents extraction of sodium by the Down’s cell

(a) Why is the anode made of graphite in this case instead of steel which is a better conductor
of electricity?
(b) How are the electrolytic products separated from reacting?
(c) Give reasons why large quantities of electricity is required for this process
2. a) Give one environmental hazard associated with the extraction of zinc metal
b) Suggest one manufacturing plant that can be set up near zinc extraction plant. Give
reasons for your answer
c) What properties of aluminium and its alloys make it suitable for use in making aircraft parts
3. Aluminium is used in making overhead cables. State two properties of aluminium that
makes it suitable for this use
4. The stages shown in the following diagram can be used to extract zinc from its oxide:-
Name the stage and the process taking place in it:-

Name each sage and the process taking place in it:

Stage 1............................................................................................................................
Stage 2............................................................................................................................
Stage 3...................................................................................................................................

5. Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow:
 (a) Name gas Q …………………………………………………………… .
(b) With the help of diagram, describe how step (V) is carried out

6. Name the following compounds using IUPAC system

(i) CCl4
(ii) HOCl
7. Study the information provided:-
Element Atomic radius (nm) Ionic radius (nm) Melting point of oxide (oC )
W 0.381 0.418 -117
Y 0.733 0.669 849
Z 0.544 0.489 1399

(a) Explain why the melting point of the oxide of W is lower than that of the oxide of Z
8. The flow chart below shows steps used in the extraction of zinc from one of its ores.

(a) Name the process that is used in step 2 to concentrate the ore
(b) Write an equation for the reaction which takes place in step 3
(c) Name one use of lead
9. Name the chief ores from which the following metals are extracted
a)Aluminium ……………………………………………………………………
b) Copper ………………………………………………………………………
10. The diagram below represents the second stage in extraction of aluminium metal

i) On the diagram label the: Anode, cathode and the electrolyte region (s)
ii) The melting point of aluminium oxide is 2054ºC, but the electrolysis is carried out at between
800-900ºC
a) Why is the electrolysis not carried out at 2054ºC
 b) What is done to lower the temperature?
iii) The aluminium which is produced is tapped off as a liquid .What does this suggest about its
melting points?
 11. The extraction of aluminium from its ore takes place in 2 stages. Purification stage and
electrolysis stage. Below is set-up for the electrolysis stage:-

(a) (i) Name the chief ore from which aluminium is extracted
(ii) Name one impurity which is removed at the purification stage
(b) (i) Label on the diagram each of the following:-
I – Anode
II- Cathode
III- Region containing electrolyte

(ii) The melting point of aluminium oxide is 2054oC but the electrolysis is carried out at between
80oC and 900oC
I. Why is not carried out at 2050oC
II. What is done to lower the temperature
12. Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the earth crust and it is widely extracted for
its wide range of uses.
(i) Name one major ore of aluminium and give its formula
(ii) Name two main impurities found in the ore
(iii)Aluminium oxide is heated first before it is electrolysed. Explain
(iv) Electrolysis of aluminium oxide is done as shown below:

Molten aluminium
oxide with cryolite

(a) Identify the anode and cathode on the diagram

(b) What is the role of electrolyte in the extraction ?
(c) Write half equations for the reactions that occur at the anode and cathode
(d) State two uses of aluminium
13. The diagram below is a flow chart for the extraction of copper. Study it and answer the questions
that follow:

SO2

(a) Write the formula of the major ore of copper metal

(b) Name process II
(c) Give an equation for the reaction that occurs in stage III
(d) Explain what happens in stage IV
(e) Write half cell equations occurring at the anode and cathode in stage VII
(f) Draw a simple diagram showing the set-up that is used in electrolytic purification
of copper
(g) A green rocky materials suspected to be the ore malachite CuCO3. Cu (OH)2.
14. The flow chart below illustrates the extraction of Zinc. Study it and answer the questions that follow:

a) Name:-
i) Gas Q .............................................................................
ii) Liquid R .....................................................................................................................
(iii) Residues S ..............................................................................................................
b) Name the sulphide ore used
c) Before the ore is roasted, it is first concentrated;
(i) Explain why it is necessary to concentrate the ore
(ii) Explain briefly the process of concentrating the ore
d) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place in the:-
(i) Roaster
(ii) Reaction chamber
(e) (i) Name one major impurity present in the sulphide ore used
(ii) Write an equation to show how the impurity in (e)(i) above is removed
f) Given that the sulphide ore contains only 45% Zinc sulphide by mass, calculate :
 (i) The mass in grams of Zinc sulphide that would be obtained from 250kg of the ore.
(ii) The volume of Sulphur (IV) oxide that would be obtained from the mass of sulphide
ore at room temperature and pressure
(Zn = 65.4, S = 32.0, O= 16.0, I mole of gas occupies 24.0 liters at r.t.p)
15. The flow chart below represents the extraction of zinc from its ore and a by-product used in the
manufacture of sulphuric (VI)acid. Study it and use it to answer the questions that follow:-

a) Name;
i) The suitable zinc ore used.
ii) The main impurity in the ore
b) Describe how zinc ore is concentrated
c) Write an equation for the reaction taking place in the roasting furnace
d) Describe what happens in the reduction chamber
e) Identify substances:-
W…………………………………(½mk) M………………… (½mk)
f) Write the equation for the reaction that occurs in chamber N.
g) Explain why sulphur (VI) oxide is not dissolved directly in water
h) Explain the danger caused by this process to the environment
(2 marks)

16. The diagram below is for extraction of Aluminium from its ore. It takes place in stages.
Use it to answer the questions that follow:-
 (a) Name the two stages mentioned above *
(b) Name:-
(i) The ore from which Aluminium is extracted
(ii) The impurities removed during the extraction of Aluminium *
(c) On the diagram label:-
(i) The electrodes *
(ii) The region containing the electrolyte *
(d) Molten cryolite is added to Aluminium Oxide during extraction. Explain *

17. A current of 3A was passed through fused aluminium oxide for 10minutes. Calculate
the mass of Aluminium obtained at one electrode (Al = 27.0, IF = 96500C) *

18. (a) Name one ore that can be used to commercially extract Zinc metal
(b) The flow chart below illustrates the extraction of zinc and preparation of zinc sulphate
crystals.

Zn(s)

(i) Name :
(1) Gas P …………………………………………………………………………………..
(11) Liquid R ………………………………………………………………………………..
(III) Residue S ………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) What is the role of coke in the above process?
(iii)Name the main impurity removed in the separation chamber
(iv) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place in ;
(1). Roaster

(11). Reaction chamber II

(v) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place between Zinc metal and liquid R
(vi) Given that zinc Suiphide ore contains only 45% of zinc Suiphide by mass, calculate
the mass in grams of zinc Sulphide that would be obtained from 250kg of the ore .
(vii) Give one commercial use of Zinc metal
19. The flow chart below shows a sequence of chemical reactions starting with Zinc.
Study it and answer the questions that follow:-

a) In step 1, excess 3M hydrochloric acid was added to 0.5g of Zinc powder

i) State two observations which were made when the reaction was in progress
ii) Explain why hydrogen gas is not liberated when dilute nitric acid is used in step 1
iii) a) Write the equation for the reaction that took place in step 1

b) Calculate the volume of 3M hydrochloric acid that was needed to react completely with
0.5g of Zinc powder (Zn = 65.0)

20. The diagram below is a simplified apparatus for extraction of sodium. Study it and answer the
equations that follow:-

(a) Which substances come out at:- P & Q

(b) What is the role of the diaphragm
(c) Write the equation of the reaction forming sodium
21. The set-up below was used to investigate electrolysis of a certain molten compound;-

(a) Complete the circuit by drawing the cell in the gap left in the diagram
 (b) Write half-cell equation to show what happens at the cathode
(c) Using an arrow show the direction of electron flow in the diagram above

22. (a) Name two ores from which Zinc metal is mostly extracted
(b) One of the steps in the extraction of Zinc metal from its ore is roasting of the ore in excess
oxygen. Write equations for the reactions that take place when the ore in (a) above is roasted

23. Aluminum metal is mainly extruded from molten Bauxite by electrolysis.

a) Name the main impurity in this ore.
b) Briefly describe how the impurity is removed from the ore before electrolysis process. (2 mks)
24. (a) In the extraction of aluminium form its ore by the use of electrolysis, explain the
following observations:-
(i) the graphite anode is replaced from time to time
(ii) the steel tank which can also serve as an electrode is also lined with graphite cathode
(b) Sodium and aluminium metals both conduct electricity, but aluminium is a better
conductor of electricity than sodium. Explain
Organic chemistry II (alkanoic acids and alkanols)
1. A student mixed equal volumes of Ethanol and butanoic acid. He added a few drops of
concentrated Sulphuric (VI) acid and warmed the mixture
(i) Name and write the formula of the main products
Name………………………………….
Formula……………………………………..
(ii) Which homologous series does the product named in (i) above belong?

2. The structure of the monomer phenyl ethene is given below:-

a) Give the structure of the polymer formed when four of the monomers are added together
b) Give the name of the polymer formed in (a) above
3. Explain the environmental effects of burning plastics in air as a disposal method
4. Write chemical equation to represent the effect of heat on ammonium carbonate
5. Sodium octadecanoate has a chemical formula CH3(CH2)6 COO-Na+, which is used as soap.
Explain why a lot of soap is needed when washing with hard water
6. A natural polymer is made up of the monomer:

(a) Write the structural formula of the repeat unit of the polymer
(b) When 5.0 x 10-5 moles of the polymer were hydrolysed, 0.515g of the monomer
were obtained.
Determine the number of the monomer molecules in this polymer.
(C = 12; H = 1; N = 14; O =16)
7. The formula below represents active ingredients of two cleansing agents A and B

Which one of the cleansing agents would be suitable to be used in water containing magnesium
hydrogen carbonate? Explain
8. Study the polymer below and use it to answer the questions that follow:

(a) Give the name of the monomer and draw its structures
(b) Identify the type of polymerization that takes place
(c) State one advantage of synthetic polymers
9. Ethanol and Pentane are miscible liquids. Explain how water can be used to separate a mixture
of ethanol and pentane

10.

(a) What is absolute ethanol?

(b) State two conditions required for process G to take place efficiently

11. (a) (i) The table below shows the volume of oxygen obtained per unit time when hydrogen
peroxide was decomposed in the presence of manganese (IV) Oxide. Use it to answer
the questions that follow:-
Time in seconds Volume of Oxygen evolved
(cm3)
0 0
30 10
60 19
90 27
120 34
150 38
180 43
210 45
240 45
270 45
300 45
(i) Plot a graph of volume of oxygen gas against time
(ii) Determine the rate of reaction at time 156 seconds
(iii) From the graph, find the time taken for 18cm3 of oxygen to be produced
(iv) Write a chemical equation to show how hydrogen peroxide decomposes in the presence
of manganese (IV) Oxide
(b) The diagram below shows how a Le’clanche (Dry cell) appears:-
(i) What is the function of MnO2 in the cell above?
(ii) Write the equation of a reaction that occurs at the cathode
(iii) Calculate the mass of Zinc that is consumed when a current of 0.1amperes flows
through the above cell for 30minutes (1F =96500c Zn =65)
12. (a) Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:
(i) CH3COOCH2CH3 *

(ii)

(b) The structure below shows some reactions starting with ethanol. Study it and answer
the questions that follow:

(i) Write the formula of the organic compounds P and S *

(ii) Name the type of reaction, the reagent(s) and condition for the reactions in the following steps
:-
(I) Step I *
(II) Step II *
(III) Step III *
(iii) Name reagent R …………………………………………………………… *
(iv) Draw the structural formula of T and give its name *
(v) (I) Name compound U………………………………………………………..
(II) If the relative molecular mass of U is 42000, determine the value of n (C=12, H=1)
(c) State why C2H4 burns with a more smoky flame than C2H6 *
13. a) State two factors that affect the properties of a polymer
b) Name the compound with the formula below :
CH3CH2CH2ONa
c) Study the scheme below and use it to answer the questions that follow:-
 i) Name the following compounds:-
I. Product T ………………………… II. K ………
ii) State one common physical property of substance G
iii) State the type of reaction that occurred in step J
iv) Give one use of substance K
v) Write an equation for the combustion of compound P
vi) Explain how compounds CH3CH2COOH and CH3CH2CH2OH can be distinguished chemically
vii) If a polymer K has relative molecular mass of 12,600, calculate the value of n (H=1 C =12)
14. Study the scheme given below and answer the questions that follow:-

(a) (i) Name compound P ……………………………………………………………………

(ii) Write an equation for the reaction between CH3CH2COOH and Na2CO3
(b) State one use of polymer Q
(c) Name one oxidising agent that can be used in step II …………………………………..
(d) A sample of polymer Q is found to have a molecular mass of 4200. Determine the number of
monomers in the polymer (H = 1, C = 12)
(e) Name the type of reaction in step I …………………………………………………………..
(f) State one industrial application of step III
(g)State how burning can be used to distinguish between propane and propyne. Explain your
answer
(h) 1000cm3 of ethene (C2H4) burnt in oxygen to produce Carbon (II) Oxide and water vapour.
Calculate the minimum volume of air needed for the complete combustion of ethene
(Air contains 20% by volume of oxygen)
15. (a) Study the schematic diagram below and answer the questions that follow:-
 (i) Identify the following:
Substance Q ..............................................................................................................
Substance R...............................................................................................................
Gas P..........................................................................................................................
(ii) Name:
Step 1.................................................................................................
Step 4.................................................................................................
(iii) Draw the structural formula of the major product of step 5
(iv) State the condition and reagent in step 3
16. Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow
M
CO2 (g)
KMnO4/H+
Ni/H2(g)
CH2CH2 J
Step 4

STEP 2 Reagent P K
Ethyl CH2CH2OH KMnO4/H+(aq)
Reagent Q
Ethanoate Step 3 L

(a) (i) Name the following organic compounds:

M……………………………………………………………..……..
L…………………………………………………………………..
(ii) Name the process in step:
Step 2 ………………………………………………………….….
Step 4 ………………………………………………………….…
(iii) Identify the reagent P and Q
(iv) Write an equation for the reaction between CH3CH2CH2OH and sodium

17. a) Give the names of the following compounds:

i) CH3CH2CH2CH2OH ……………………………………………………………………
ii) CH3CH2COOH …………………………………………………………………
iii) CH3C – O- CH2CH3 ……………………………………………………………………

18. Study the scheme given below and answer the questions that follow;
Step V Step I
Products CH ºCH C2H5COONa
Complete combustion Step II Step IV + Heat
CH2 = CH2
Step III C2H6

CH2 = CHCl n
 i) Name the reagents used in:
Step I: ………………………………………………………………………
Step II ……………………………………………………………………
Step III ………………………………………………………………………
ii) Write an equation to show products formed for the complete combustion of CH = CH
iii) Explain one disadvantage of continued use of items made form the compound formed
in step III
19. A hydrated salt has the following composition by mass. Iron 20.2 %, oxygen 23.0%,
sulphur 11.5%, water 45.3%
i) Determine the formula of the hydrated salt (Fe=56, S=32, O=16, H=11)
ii) 6.95g of the hydrated salt in c(i) above were dissolved in distilled water and the total
volume made to 250cm3 of solution. Calculate the concentration of the resulting salt solution
in moles per litre. (Given that the molecula mass of the salt is 278)
20. Write an equation to show products formed for the complete combustion of CH = CH
iii) Explain one disadvantage of continued use of items made form the compound formed
in step III
21. Give the IUPAC name for each of the following organic compounds;
i) CH3 - CH - CH2 - CH3

OH
ii)CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH2 - CH3

C2H5
iii)CH3COOCH2CH2CH3

22. The structure below represents a cleansing agent.

O

R – S – O-Na+

O
a) State the type of cleansing agent represented above
b) State one advantage and one disadvantage of using the above cleansing agent.

23. The structure below shows part of polymer .Use it to answer the questions that follow.
CH3 CH3 CH3
ï ï ï
― CH - CH2 – CH- CH2 - CH – CH2 ―
a) Derive the structure of the monomer
b) Name the type of polymerization represented above
24. The flow chart below represents a series of reactions starting with ethanoic acid:-

(a) Identify substances A and B

(b) Name the process I

25. a) Write an equation showing how ammonium nitrate may be prepared starting with
ammonia gas
(b) Calculate the maximum mass of ammonium nitrate that can be prepared using 5.3kg of
ammonia (H=1, N=14, O=16)

26. (a) What is meant by the term, esterification?

(b) Draw the structural formulae of two compounds that may be reacted to form ethylpropanoate

27. (a) Draw the structure of pentanoic acid

(b) Draw the structure and give the name of the organic compound formed when ethanol
reacts with pentanoic acid in presence of concentrated sulphuric acid
28. The scheme below shows some reactions starting with ethanol. Study it and answer the questions
that follow:-

(i) Name and draw the structure of substance Q

(ii) Give the names of the reactions that take place in steps 2 and 4
(iii) What reagent is necessary for reaction that takes place in step 3
29. Substances A and B are represented by the formulae ROH and RCOOH respectively.
They belong to two different homologous series of organic compounds. If both A and B
react with potassium metal:
(a) Name the common product produced by both
(b) State the observation made when each of the samples A and B are reacted with sodium
hydrogen carbonate
(i) A
(ii) B
30. Below are structures of particles. Use it to answer questions that follow. In each case only
electrons in the outermost energy level are shown
key
P = Proton
N = Neutron
X = Electron

(a) Identify the particle which is an anion

31. Plastics and rubber are extensively used to cover electrical wires.
(a) What term is used to describe plastic and rubbers used in this way?
(b) Explain why plastics and rubbers are used this way
32. The scheme below represents the manufacture of a cleaning agent X

(a) Draw the structure of X and state the type of cleaning agent to which X belong
(b) State one disadvantage of using X as a cleaning agent
33. Y grams of a radioactive isotope take 120days to decay to 3.5grams. The half-life period
of the isotope is 20days
(a) Find the initial mass of the isotope
(b) Give one application of radioactivity in agriculture
34. The structure below represents a polymer. Study and answer the questions that follow:-

(i) Name the polymer above..................................................................................

(ii) Determine the value of n if giant molecule had relative molecular mass of 4956
35. RCOO-Na+ and RCH2OSO3-Na+ are two types of cleansing agents;
i) Name the class of cleansing agents to which each belongs
ii) Which one of these agents in (i) above would be more suitable when washing with water
from the Indian ocean. Explain
iii) Both sulphur (IV) oxide and chlorine are used bleaching agents. Explain the difference
in their bleaching properties

36. The formula given below represents a portion of a polymer

(a) Give the name of the polymer

(b) Draw the structure of the monomer used to manufacture the polymer
Radioactivity
1. Complete the following equation by determining the values of U and V.

Th Pa + e

U……… V……………..

2. (a) Distinguish between nuclear fusion and fission

(b) Compete the nuclear equation below:-

3. Uranium -238 disintegrates by emitting an alpha particle to form substance Y.

Nuclide Y emits a beta particle to form substance Z. Write down nuclear equations to show how
substance Y and Z are formed (U=At No. 92)

4. (a) What is a nuclide?

(b) The graph below shows the radioactive decay of a certain nuclide. Determine the
half-life of the nuclide

(e) What effect do excessful exposures of radiation have on metals?

5. (a) State one way in which nuclear reactions differ from ordinary chemical reactions
(b) The following is a part of Uranium decay series

(i) Which particles are emitted in step I and II

(ii) If a beta particle is emitted in step III, find Z and A
(iii) If the activity of Thorium -234 is reduced to 25% in 48hours, find its half life
6. Substances A and B are represented by the formulae ROH and RCOOH respectively.
 They belong to two different homologous series of organic compounds. If both A and B
react with potassium metal:
(a) Name the common product produced by both
(b) State the observation made when each of the samples A and B are reacted with sodium
hydrogen carbonate
(i) A
(ii) B
7. Some two elements are represented as:

(a) How many protons does X have?

(b) How many neutrons does Y have?
(c) Draw the structure of the compound formed between X and Y
8. Y grams of a radioactive isotope take 120days to decay to 3.5grams. The half-life period
of the isotope is 20days
(a) Find the initial mass of the isotope
(b) Give one application of radioactivity in agriculture
9. Study the nuclear reactions given and answer the questions that follow:
12 X 14 Y 14 Z
Step I Step II
6 6 7

(a) Write an equation for the nuclear reaction in step II (lmk)

(b) Give one use of Y (lmk)
10. Give two uses of radioactive isotopes in medicine.
11. Study the information in the following table and answer the questions that follow. The letters
do not represent the actual chemical symbols of the elements.
ELEMENT U V W X Y Z
NUMBER OF PROTONS 18 20 6 16 19 17
NUMBER OF NEUTRONS 22 20 8 16 20 20
Which of the above elements are:
(i) Likely to be radioactive?
(ii) Able to form a compound with the highest ionic character?

12. The isotope decays by Beta, b -emission to a stable nuclide. The half-life of the
isotope is 15hours 2.0g of is allowed to decay. Determine the mass of left after 90hours
13. (a) Complete the following nuclear equation

Cr Mn + ____________

(b) 100g of a radioactive substance was reduced to 12.5g within 15.6 years. Determine
the half-life of the substance