Directorate: Curriculum FET

SUBJECT and Gr HISTORY GRADE 12

TERM 3: Week 1
TOPIC 6 ESSAY TYPE QUESTION: The end of the Cold War and a new world order
1989 to the present
AIM OF LESSON This section includes:
Section 1: Background and Gorbachev's reforms in the Soviet Union;
Impact on Eastern Europe
Section 2: Impact of Gorbachev's reforms on South Africa
Section 3: Essay Writing
Section 4: Essay Writing
RESOURCES Paper based resources Digital resources
Resources Refer to the relevant digital sources:
Learners should use their Watch the video to better understand the
textbook and the ppt. time period involved.
presentation-slides1-4 (Term https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zadkWw702_
3 - Theme 6 (The End of the M
Cold War and a New World https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M16RMXZDG
Order 1989 to the Present) _g
INTRODUCTION • During this lesson, we will study Gorbachev's reforms in the Soviet Union
and their impact on: Eastern Europe
• Refer to the PPT slides 1-14 and “the YouTube clip

CONCEPTS AND CONCEPTS SKILLS

SKILLS 1. Cold War The examiners expect you to:
2. Communism • Answer the question
3. Capitalism • Write properly planned and structured essay
4. Perestroika • Show thorough knowledge and understanding
5. Glasnost of the topic
6. Solidarity • Write and develop an independent and well-
balanced argument
• Use relevant evidence to support your argument
• Write logically, coherently and chronologically

INFORMAL Activity 1: Briefly write in your own words the definitions of the above
ASSESSMENT concepts
Activity 2: Study the ppt. slides 1-14 and make a summary of the following:
1.What led to Gorbachev's reforms in the Soviet Union
2. Gorbachev's reform
Study the ppt. 3. Its impact on; Eastern Europe and the fall of the Berlin Wall;
presentation and
Textbook

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CONSOLIDATION Background reasons for Soviet Union reform:
• Their resources were depleted by the Cold War arms race, and
relations with the West were strained.
• The Soviet economy has deteriorated: agricultural production was
poor, people spoke openly of economic collapse
Gorbachev's reform
• He wanted to end existing culture of silence and censorship and
restructure the economy.
• Gorbachev introduced 2 new policies: glasnost and perestroika
The impact of the Glasnost and Perestroika
• Underneath glasnost greater freedom of speech was encouraged.
• Old versions of Soviet history were disputed and stories of
oppression and terror under Stalin began to come to light
• Perestroika means “restructuring”
• Away from perfectly state-run economy to one in which market
forces could play a role.
• Private companies were allowed and could make their own
decisions on prices, production and marketing.
• People could now buy and sell at a profit, and foreign investment
was encouraged.
• Prices and cost of living increased
• Deficits have worsened
• Communist Party control began to lose control
The impact on Eastern Europe
• 1989 massive protests in Eastern Europe to demand change.
• Protests spread to Germany and the Berlin Wall was broken down.
• By 1991, the Soviet Union had broken down and the various
republics of the former USSR became independent states.

Values A communist society, namely a socio-economic order that is structured

on the ideas of joint ownership of the means of production and the
absence of social classes, money and the state could not be sustained in
the USSR.
Gorbachev- values of openness (freedom of speech) and restructuring
ended communism in the USSR.

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SUBJECT and Gr HISTORY Grade 12
TERM 3 WEEK 1
TOPIC 6 ESSAY TYPE QUESTION: The end of the Cold War and a new world order 1989 to
the present
AIM OF LESSON Section 2: Impact of Gorbachev's reforms on South Africa

RESOURCES Paper based resources

Learners must use their textbook and the pp. 15-22 presentation (Term 3 -
Theme 6 (The End of the Cold War and a New World Order 1989 to the
present)

INTRODUCTION Impact of the collapse of the Soviet Union on SA:

• SA is no longer important as anti-communist ally
• Put pressure on SA to end apartheid and negotiate with ANC
• NP government has been forced to re-evaluate their policies:
• SA could no longer use the threat of communism.
• Fall of the USSR also affected the ANC.
• The ANC received most of its financial and military assistance from the
USSR
• Fall of USSR removed this support and ANC was also ready to
negotiate.
Nov 1987: Battle of Cuito Cuanavale a turning point
• SA withdraws from Angola and negotiates a settlement over Namibia.
Turning point in SA: Changing conditions and mass protests in SA lead to
tensions
on NP.
• 1989: FW De Klerk replaces PW Botha as leader-> reforms:
• Release of political prisoners (Mandela);
• lifting ban on ANC, PAC, SACP
• Government willing to negotiate
CONCEPTS AND How to structure your paragraphs according to 'PEEL' method
SKILLS
• P = POINT: The opening paragraph must state a clear point of view and
point of
departure.

• E = EXPLAIN: the following sentences in your paragraph should explain the

point
you just made.

• E = EVIDENCE: The following sentences should provide evidence to support

your
view you have just made. It will consist of dates, details, facts from what you
have read and source material.

• L = LINK: At the end of your essay you must refer back to the essay question
and
come to a conclusion
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INFORMAL Activity: Essay question type;
ASSESSMENT Explain how the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989 contributed to the
political changes that took place in South Africa.

Use the PEEL

Motivate your argument using relevant historical evidence.
method to
answer the
question
CONSOLIDATION ESSAY STRUCTURE:
Introduction
Body: PARAGRAPHS (PEEL) method used to formulate your paragraphs
Conclusion

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SUBJECT and Gr HISTORY GRADE 12
TERM 2 Week 1
TOPIC 5 ESSAY TYPE QUESTION: The end of the Cold War and a new world order
1989 to the present
AIM OF LESSON Section 3: Essay writing
RESOURCES Paper based resources Digital resources
Learners should use their Refer to the relevant digital sources that
textbooks and the ppt. you have already researched: 1. Electronic
presentation (Term 3 - copy of the rubric (History Marking Matrix):
Theme 6 (The End of the https://tinyurl.com/yaqgh2ly
Cold War and a New World 2. (History Writing Framework).
Order 1989 to the Present) https://tinyurl.com/y8dsjk7u
3. Essay writing tips and hints:
https://tinyurl.com/yb2rls6u

Essay questions will be set as follows:

INTRODUCTION Explain to what extent…
To state the particular extent to which something is real or believed to be
the situation: the type of question calls for a thorough assessment of the
evidence.
CONCEPTS AND SKILLS
SKILLS The examiners expect you to:
• Answer the question
• Write properly planned and structured essay
• Show thorough knowledge and understanding of the topic
• Write and develop an independent and well-balanced argument
• Use relevant evidence to support your argument
• Write logically, coherently and chronologically
INFORMAL Activity: Essay type question
ASSESSMENT Explain to what extent Gorbachev's policies of Glasnost and Perestroika in
the Soviet Union contributed to political changes in South Africa after
1989.

Study the ppt. Support your argument with relevant evidence

presentation and
textbook: Topic 5

CONSOLIDATION MAIN ASPECTS

ESSAY STRUCTURE: Candidates should include the following aspects in their response:
Introduction Introduction: Candidates need to show how Gorbachev’s policies
Body: contributed to political changes that occurred in South Africa after 1989.
PARAGRAPHS ELABORATION
CONCLUSION In agreeing with the assertion, candidates should include the following
points in their answer.

• Gorbachev's policy of Perestroika and Glasnost and its impact on

South Africa
• By the end of 1989 the Soviet Union was disintegrating and the
communist regimes in Eastern Europe were collapsing
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• Most of South Africa's neighbouring states had attained
independence
• The Berlin Wall had fallen which led to far reaching consequences
for South Africa
• Changes in the world contributed to the end of apartheid
• The collapse of the USSR deprived the ANC of its main economic
and military support
• Socialism was no longer a serious option for the ANC
• The National Party's claim to be protecting South Africans from a
communist onslaught became unrealistic
• The National Party could no longer pretend to be a bulwark
against the spread of communism in Africa
• The National Party’s claim that it was protecting the Cape sea
route against a communist takeover became unrealistic
• Western world powers supported the move that South Africa
resolve its problems peacefully and democratically
• It became evident that the National Party government could not
maintain white supremacy indefinitely
• South Africa’s defeat at Cuito Cuanavale made it easier for them
to negotiate with communist and the liberation movements
• Influential National Party members started to realise that apartheid
was not the answer to the needs of white capitalist development
• There was no doubt that the continued repression of black South
Africans would not ensure political stability
• The government started to believe that reform needed to include
the development of a strong black middle class which would act
as a 'bulwark against revolution'
• This enabled De Klerk to engage in discussions with the liberation
organisations.
• Mandela was elected the first black President of South Africa.
• Any other relevant response
• Conclusion: Candidates need to tie up their argument with a
relevant conclusion

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SUBJECT and GR HISTORY GRADE 12
TERM 2: Week 5
TOPIC 5 ESSAY TYPE QUESTION: The end of the Cold War and a new world order
1989 to the present
AIM OF LESSON Section 4: Essay writing

RESOURCES Paper based resources

Learners should use their textbooks and the ppt. presentation (Term 3 -
Theme 6 (The End of the Cold War and a New World Order 1989 to the
Present)

INTRODUCTION TIPS: ESSAY questions will be set as follows:

Do you agree with the statement?
A statement is given. Candidates are asked to take a stance

Critically discuss ...

Give your decision to what extent a statement or finding is true in a piece
of evidence, or to what extent you agree with it. Provide evidence that
either agrees with or opposes an argument.
Make a final conclusion based on your decision on what you found to be
the most important factors and justify how you made your decision.
Concept and skills SKILLS
The examiners expect you to:
• Answer the question
• Write properly planned and structured essay
• Show thorough knowledge and understanding of the topic
• Write and develop an independent and well-balanced argument
• Use relevant evidence to support your argument
• Write logically, coherently and chronologically
INFORMAL Activity: Essay Question
ASSESSMENT The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 led to political enemies, the National
Party and the African National Congress, starting talks.

Do you agree with this statement? Support your answer with relevant
Study the ppt. evidence.
presentation and
textbook: Topic 6
CONSOLIDATION MAIN ASPECTS Candidates should include the following aspects in their
response:
Introduction:
Candidates should discuss how the fall of the Berlin Wall led to political
enemies, the National Party and the African National Congress to begin
talks and how these talks led to political changes in South Africa.
ELABORATION
• Impact of Glasnost and Perestroika
• The Soviet Union disintegrated by the end of 1989 and was no longer
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 regarded as a super power
• Communism was no longer seen as a 'global threat'
• The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989
• South Africa could no longer use the threat of communism to generate
Western support
• South Africa could no longer rely on Western backing for its 'anti–
communist' stance
• World politics changed and this had an impact on South Africa's
apartheid policies
• The apartheid regime could no longer use communism to justify its
policy of racial segregation
• The National Party's claim that it was protecting South Africa from a
communist onslaught became unrealistic
• The National Party's claim that it was protecting the Cape sea route
against communism became naïve
• The USA and its allies could no longer continue to support the apartheid
regime
• The collapse of the USSR also influenced the ANC
• The USSR could no longer support the ANC financially as it was bankrupt
• The USSR would not support the ANC with weapons anymore as it
favoured peaceful negotiations
• The collapse of the Soviet Union put pressure on both the National Party
and the ANC to begin negotiations
• The Battle of Cuito Cuanavale spurred the National Party to start
negotiations with communists over the independence of Namibia
• It became evident that the National Party government could not
maintain white supremacy rule indefinitely
• Influential National Party members started to realise that apartheid was
not the answer for the development of 'white' economic interests
• There was no doubt that the continued repression of black South
Africans would not ensure political stability
The government started to believe that reform needed to include the
development of a strong black middle class which would act as a
'bulwark against revolution'
• The security forces and consecutive state of emergencies had not
stopped township revolts
• By the late 1980s the South African economy was in a state of
depression
• PW Botha suffered a stroke and was succeeded by FW de Klerk
• FW de Klerk started to accept that the black struggle against apartheid
was not a conspiracy directed from Moscow
• This enabled De Klerk to engage with the liberation organisations to find
a lasting solution for South Africa
• On 2 February 1990 De Klerk announced the unbanning of all anti-
apartheid organisations and this paved the way for multi–party talks
• These talks ultimately led to democratic elections that were held in 1994
• Any other relevant response
• Conclusion: Candidates should tie up their argument with a relevant
Conclusion
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POWER POINT

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