Scribd
Upload
2K views6 pages

Microorganisms Mind Map

Uploaded by

febinstr339
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2K views6 pages

Microorganisms Mind Map

Uploaded by

febinstr339
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

Teaching Notes

Micro Organisms -Friend and Foe

Total No of Periods:06

Grade: 8 Subject Teacher: Mary Priya

Teaching methodology: Activity based learning, interactive method, recapitulation


method.

Teaching Aid: PPT, Text book, permanent slide, videos


Content:
Types of microorganisms

Uses of microorganisms

Harms caused by microorganisms

Nitrogen cycle.

Period-1
Micro-Organisms:
 There are numerous organisms living around us that we may not be able to see.
We can see some of them through a magnifying glass, like the fungus on bread.
Some others are so small that they cannot be seen without a microscope.
 These organisms that cannot be seen by unaided eyes are termed
microorganisms or microbes.
 The Microorganisms can be Broadly Classified as:
a. Bacteria - They are a group of prokaryotic organisms (does not have
membrane-bound nucleus or organelles) that constitute a major part of
microorganisms. They can inhabit soil, water, and every other habit found
on earth. They can be a few micrometers in length and can be of various
shapes like spheres, rods, or spirals. Example - Escherichia coli, coliform
bacteria, etc.
b. Fungi - They are a group of eukaryotic organisms (have a membrane-
bound nucleus and organelles) that are usually heterotrophic in nature.
Examples - Penicillium, bread mold, mushroom, etc.
c. Protozoa - They are a group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms that may
be parasitic or living independently and are heterotrophic (cannot prepare
their own food) in nature. Example - Amoeba, paramecium, etc.
d. Algae - They are a group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms that are
predominantly aquatic. Example - Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, etc.
 These groups of microorganisms may be harmful or useful in nature.

 The virus is also a microorganism, but they differ from the others in this group as
they can reproduce only in the body of a host, be it animals, plants, or humans.
Example - AIDS, herpes, rubella, zika, etc.

Where do Microorganisms Live?


 The microorganism may be single-celled or unicellular as in bacteria, protozoa or
they may be multicellular as in fungi, animals, etc.
 They can survive in water, air and all kinds of environmental conditions like
extreme cold climate to even the hot springs, deserts, and marshy lands. Some
of them even live inside the body of animals, and even humans.
 Some of them grow on their own whereas others thrive on the body of other
animals.

Microorganisms and us:


It is to be noted that these microorganisms play a vital role in our lives. Some of them
may be beneficial to us whereas some of them may have an adverse and harmful effect
on us.
Period-2
Friendly Use of Microorganisms:
Microorganisms can be put to multiple uses, be it in the making of alcohol, bread, cake,
or medicines or in agriculture or cleaning the environment.

a. Making of Curd and Bread:


 A bacterium, namely lactobacillus, multiplies in milk converting it into curd.
The making of cheese, pickles, and various other food products also
involve the use of bacteria.
 The process of fermentation conversion of sugar to alcohol that is
required in the rice batter for making idlis and dosa is again helped by
bacteria and yeast.
 When yeast is added to a dough, it reproduces rapidly releasing carbon
dioxide which bubbles into the dough, making it rise. This property of yeast
is used to make bread, cakes, etc.
b. Commercial Use of Microorganisms:
 Yeast is an ingredient that is widely used in the production of alcohol, wine,
and vinegar. This is done by growing yeast on the natural sugar present in
the fruit juices like grapes, grains like barley, wheat, rice, etc.
 The sugars are converted to alcohol by fermentation.
c. Medicinal Use of Microorganisms:
 The source of the widely used medicines, antibiotics(medicines that stop or
kill the disease-causing agents) are again microorganisms.
 These are manufactured by growing specific as a cure for various
diseases.
 Some of the antibiotics are streptomycin, erythromycin, azithromycin, etc.
d. Vaccine:
 A disease-causing microorganism called a pathogen produces antibodies
against it when it enters our body. These antibodies are retained in our
body and we are protected from that disease forever.
 A Vaccine is a biological substance that initiates the production of
antibodies for a specific disease. Thus a vaccination protects us from that
specific disease.
 Children are generally vaccinated for many diseases like polio,
tuberculosis, chickenpox, hepatitis, etc. Smallpox has been eradicated this
way. And currently, the Covid vaccine is doing the same.
e. Increasing Soil Fertility:
 There are some bacteria, like rhizobium that are present in the soil,
generally in the roots of leguminous plants, that are capable of fixing the
atmospheric nitrogen to enrich the soil with nitrogen which increases the
fertility of the soil and the yield of the crop.
f. Cleaning the Environment:
 Some of the microorganisms have the ability to decompose dead organic
matter and convert them into simpler substances or manure that can be
reused for animals or plants, making the environment clean.
Period-3
Harmful Uses of Microorganisms:
They can be harmful in numerous ways to humans, plants, and animals and cause
diseases. As stated, the disease-causing microorganisms are known by the name of
pathogens.

a. Disease-Causing Microorganisms in Humans:


 The harmful pathogens enter the body of humans by means of air, water,
or food. They can then spread to others by contact with the infected person
or through an animal or insect.
 The diseases that can spread from an infected person to a healthy person
by means of air, water, or contact are termed communicable diseases.
Examples - plague, chickenpox, tuberculosis, common cold, and the
current Covid 19 infections.
 These disease-bearing microorganisms are sometimes carried by insects
and animals then they are termed as carriers of that disease. For example
- the female anopheles mosquito is the carrier of Plasmodium that causes
malaria.
 The mode of transmission, type of microorganism, the disease caused by
these microorganisms, and their prevention differ from each other as
shown below:

 The prevention of these diseases follows a general pattern of keeping the


affected person and his belongings isolated, personal hygiene, proper
sanitary practices, drinking boiled and clean water, controlling breeding
sites of mosquitoes, consuming properly cooked food, and above
vaccination against all these diseases on schedule.
Period-4
b. Disease-Causing Microorganisms in Animals:
Many of the microorganisms are a cause of certain diseases in animals too. A few of
the diseases found in animals is as shown below:

c. Disease-Causing Microorganisms in Plants:


Many microorganisms are responsible for diseases in plants of potato, rice, wheat,
sugarcane, etc reducing the quality and quantity of the yield of the crops. These
diseases can be controlled by the use of chemicals that destroys these organisms.
Some of the diseases of plants are listed as below:

d. Food Poisoning:
When the microorganisms contaminate the food, they sometimes produce toxic
substances which leads to the ill health of a person consuming it and has health
problems like vomiting and needs to be taken to a hospital. This condition of consuming
food contaminated with microorganisms is called food poisoning.
Period -5
Preservation of food:
As discussed above, contamination of the food by microorganisms leads to a change in
the color and taste of the food. Several methods can be followed to prevent this
microorganism attack Some of them are as follows:
a. Chemical method: Generally salts and edible oils are used to control their growth
and these are termed preservatives. Example - salt in pickles, sodium benzoate in
jams.
b. Common salt: This is a common practice where meat and fish or some fruits like
raw mangoes, tamarind, etc are covered with salt to last them for longer periods.
c. Sugar: Some food items like jams and jellies are preserved in sugar which reduces
the moisture to inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
d. Oil and vinegar: This is also used commonly as the microorganisms cannot live in
such conditions. This is widely used in making pickles.
e. Heat and cold treatments: It is a common practice to boil milk in order to store it.
The method of heating milk to eliminate the microbes present in it is called
pasteurization. Similarly storing food at low temperatures also prevents the growth of
these microbes.
Period-6
Nitrogen Cycle:
 The nitrogen cycle can be defined as a biochemical process of circulating
the nitrogen in the atmosphere, through soil, organisms, and back to the
atmosphere.
 The nitrogen present in the atmosphere cannot be consumed by plants or
animals directly.
 This nitrogen needs to be converted to nitrogenous compounds by some
bacteria in the soil.
 This converted form of nitrogen is used by the plants and when the
animals feed on them they get that.
 The fungi and bacteria in the soil convert the nitrogen present in dead
plants and animals to either gaseous or compounds that are reused by the
plants.
 Thus the balance of nitrogen is maintained in the atmosphere.
Conclusion- Microorganisms is both friend and foe to the mankind.

Subject teacher- Mary Priya

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy