1

Understanding the Influence of Socioeconomic Factors on Juvenile

Delinquency: A Quantitative Study

An Undergraduate Thesis Presented

to the Faculty of the Criminology

Justice Education University of

Mindanao Davao City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Juevesano, Dexchaden

M. Lahaylahay, Joejaylyn

O. Lania, Gio Mark R.

November, 2023
 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i

TABLE OF CONTENT ii

CHAPTER

1. INTRODUCTION

Background of the study 4

Research Objectives 5

Research Question 6

Research Hypothesis 6

Review of Related Literature 7

Theoretical Framework 12

Conceptual Framework 13

Significance of the study 16

Definition of Terms 17

2. METHODOLOGY

Research Design 18

Research Locale 19

Research Participants 19
 3

Research Instrument 20

Data Collection 23

Statistical Tools 23

Trustworthiness of the Study 26

Ethical Considerations 27

Reference 28
 4

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Juvenile delinquency refers to criminal activities performed by children or teenagers,

particularly those under the age of eighteen. Every year, around one million children are taken

from their homes due to delinquent behavior that involves breaking the law (United Nations

Children's Funds, UNICEF, 2019). In many societies, juvenile delinquency is a major problem.

Its foundations cause suffering and loss to society as a whole in addition to the sufferer

(Alboukordi et al., 2013). According to Shoemaker (2018), juvenile delinquency is a global

problem which is increasingly influence every segment of the society. It pertains to the

unlawful act committed by the person who has not yet reached the age of maturity.

Sarker (2023) emphasizes the significance of addressing socioeconomic problems, and

fortifying family support, prevention of substance abuse providing rehabilitation treatments, as

well as encouraging education and restorative justice training and implementation methods,

meeting gender-specific requirements, and promoting community involvement and mental

health improvement in efforts to reduce adolescent delinquency. Additionally, the micro- and

macro-societal levels are full of variables that can give rise to delinquency. The family is seen

as a major contributing factor in the microsocial environment to children's indulgence in

delinquency, as a result of the interaction between personality traits and familial interactions

(Rathinabalan and Naaraayan, 2017).

 5

Socioeconomic factors such as peer influence, low family income, family conflict,

punishment, low literacy level, and lack of parental supervision of their children all have a

significant link with juvenile criminal behavior (Javed, 2012). Additionally, there are a lot of

factors that contribute to understanding what causes someone to engage in delinquent

behavior. While biological and psychological factors are important in explaining crime and

delinquency, socioeconomic factors may be the most important in explaining adolescent

delinquency (Nisar et al., 2015). Furthermore, every country experience this societal issue,

which arises from the impact of an inappropriate external environment on juvenile’s behavior

(Ahmed & Murtaza, 2016).

Sociologists define juvenile behavior as a broad notion that encompasses a wide range

of legal and social norm violations, from petty misdemeanors to serious crimes, and is

influenced by factors such as home, family, neighborhood, and peers, all of which form young

people's social environment (Sahmey, 2013). Additionally, the reasons for delinquency are one

of the most concerning concerns for criminologists, sociologists, and psychologists all across

the world. More or less, theorists point to family issues, parental arrogance, socialization,

family structure, and organizational methods as factors driving juveniles to choose the

offensive path (Khan et al., 2021). Therefore, according to Rahman (2015), there is a need for

further in-depth investigation of the specific mechanisms by which socioeconomic factors,

familial dysfunction, and peer influence lead to delinquent conduct among juvenile.

Research Objectives

This study aims to determine the significant relationship between Socioeconomic

Factors and Juvenile Delinquency. Specifically, this study has the following objectives:
 6

1. To assess the level of the Socioeconomic Factors in terms of:

1.1 peer group;

1.2 media;

1.3 family environment;

1.4 family behavior; and

1.5 family structure.

2. To ascertain the level of Juvenile Delinquency in terms of:

2.1 juvenile delinquency.

3. To determine the significant relationship between Juvenile Delinquency and

Socioeconomic Factors.

Research Question

This study seeks to explore the influence of socioeconomic factors on juvenile

delinquency. Moreover, this study intends to answer the following questions:

a. What are the social factors that drive juveniles' indulgence in delinquent behaviors?

b. What are the economic factors driving juveniles' indulgence in delinquent behaviors?

c. What are the specific cultural contexts driving juveniles' indulgence in delinquent

behaviors?

Research Hypothesis

The hypothesis will be tested at a 0.05 level of significance.

Ho1. There is no significant relationship between Socioeconomic Factors and Juvenile

Delinquency.
 7

Review of Related Literature

In this section, the study's independent and dependent variables were discussed. The

peer group, media, family environment, family behavior, and family structure are all

indicators of Socioeconomic Factors (Javed et al., 2012). Juvenile Delinquency has one

indicator: juvenile delinquency (Javed et al., 2012).

Socioeconomic Factors

According to Gupta and Dwivedi (2015), have studied the socio-economic reasons and

characteristics, as well as the aggression quotient, of children in conflict with the law staying

in observation homes across India. Therefore, he discovered that the selected juvenile

delinquents come from very poor socioeconomic backgrounds, have a horrible familial

background, and so on. However, many theoretical theories have claimed that low

socioeconomic factors, whether through economic adversity, poor neighbor quality, or a lack

of positive parenting, contribute to criminality. Consistent with all of these theories, the

findings of this study emphasize the significance of socioeconomic factors as an indicator of

juvenile delinquency (Rekker et al., 2015). Therefore, the difference in the nation's

socioeconomic, cultural, political, environmental, and law-and-order situations has an impact

on the nature and actions of individuals, particularly adolescents (Shailja et al., 2022).

There are numerous negative influences in society that have a detrimental impact on

children's conduct, causing them to become delinquents, such as moral degradation, social

deviance, immoral acts, bad values and standards (Chingtham, 2015). Karl (2019) also made

the point that parents from low socioeconomic backgrounds, or poor households, lack the

funds to take their children to school, which

 8

will ultimately harm their financial situation. The kids' desperation to obtain money pushes

them to conduct crimes. This has contributed to our culture's high rate of youth criminality.

The government's inactivity on the problem of poverty associated with poor socioeconomic

position will lead to an increase in delinquency and ultimately in overall crime (Owasanoye,

2015).

Peer Group. Peer group refers to a small, age-related group of people. A teenager

seeks security and a feeling of self when they join a peer group (Singh, 2017). According to

Yusuf et al., (2021), peers have a significant influence on how young people live in the years

of their development. This indicates that social influence from a group that typically has more

power and effect over teenage behavior is the reason why delinquent behavior occurs in

teenagers (Zapolski et al., 2019).

However, according to the study by Esiri (2016), delinquent behavior is typically

learned within groups, especially among peers, and most people who become delinquent do so

by spending time with other delinquent peers who view the behavior as a way of life.

Therefore, peer groups have a bigger influence on juvenile delinquency; thus, there is a

collaborative effort from parents, teachers, counseling psychologists, and school counselors to

ensure that the teenager is on the proper track and may sail through the stage with few

disturbances (Lobos, 2017). On the other hand, close parental involvement reduces the

likelihood of peer delinquency. Children who experience strong parental supervision and

discipline are frequently less likely to engage in peer deviant behavior (Ruiz-Hernández et al.,

2019).
 9

Media. Moon and Morash (2017) state that social media will be used to examine the

relationship between depressive feelings and juvenile delinquency. Additionally, social media

is a construct in Mennis and Mason's (2013) model, where social media is described as their

connections to individuals they regard as close friends or family. Adolescents were required to

compile a list of people on their immediate social media accounts for measurement purposes.

According to Al-Karbi and Mai (2018), the way that media portrays violence, hostility, and

extremism has a negative impact on juvenile delinquency among teenagers. Furthermore, the

juvenile's behavior has become unmanageable as an outcome of false information, and legal

action may be possible (Jabbar and Al-Juboori, 2020).

As a result, by covering negative behaviors that young people who are not yet in the

age of eighteen have responded to and interacted with, the media may normalize or even

encourage behavior that is unacceptable or incompatible with the moral and legal standards of

the community. Examples of such behaviors include obscenity, stealing, loitering, gambling,

drug abuse, begging (Ahsan, 2017), robbery, breach of trust, cheating, extortion, possession of

dangerous drugs, murder, burglary, and fraud (Falodun, 2013). Therefore, young people are

not yet mature enough to be able to discern right from wrong when engaging in or imitatively

consuming content from the media (Wikström, 2014).

Family Environment. Adolescents from families whose interpersonal interactions are

strained due to a lack of parental compassion and concern are at a higher risk of engaging in

juvenile delinquency (Kencana et al., 2020). Umesi (2016) said in a different development that

an individual matures and learns norms in their family environment,

 10

which is the first environment. The family plays a crucial part in a child's destiny by providing

the necessary guidance and support, even if there are numerous variables that contribute to the

prevalence of delinquency among teenagers. Therefore, according to Mwangangi (2019), a

child's likelihood of becoming a delinquent is influenced by the type of relationship that exists

between parents and their children. While a happy family environment fosters healthy

personality development, households that are kind, empathetic, and supportive are more likely

to encourage conformist and positive behaviors in society.

Family Behavior. Massar et al., (2021) found that parental child rearing approaches

are strongly associated with adolescent antisocial conduct and behavior issues. However, many

studies have shown how important family engagement is in preventing juvenile crime, with

juvenile from non-traditional homes being less likely than those from typical households to be

involved in juvenile delinquency (Nanjala, 2017). For instance, juvenile from single-parent

homes are more likely to struggle with behavior because they don't have enough money and

don't spend enough time with their parents. Marimuthu (2018) asserts that juvenile delinquent

behavior is more common among adolescents from single-parent households than it is in two-

parent households.

Moreover, Marimuthu (2018) claimed that a significant percentage of juvenile

criminals come from dysfunctional households with no proper guidance or role models. Many

researchers have pointed out that as parents are a child's main socialization facilitators, bad

habits in teenagers usually originate in the family (Kariuki, 2020). Cole and Adelino (2019)

further pointed out that several studies allegedly found connections

 11

between a variety of familial factors and juvenile delinquency, such as inadequate parental

supervision or control, inadequate parenting techniques, parental separation (broken homes), a

lack of parental discipline, parental conflict, family size, and parental attachment.

Family Structure. According to Kierkus et al., (2013), family structure in the United

States has seen significant change over the past century, becoming increasingly diversified in

today's society, much like patterns of juvenile delinquency. Additionally, teenagers of all ages

reside in a wide range of households, including those with single, married, and cohabiting

parents. Children's social environments and the households in which they are raised can have a

significant impact on their overall wellbeing (Wallman, 2015). In addition, numerous

researchers and professionals working in the field of juvenile delinquency have asserted that

family structure plays a significant role in the development of juvenile delinquency. This

assertion is based on the idea that if a child grows up to be law-abiding, it is likely that their

family background—particularly the general atmosphere of the home and the altitude of the

other family members—will contribute to their proper development (Adegoke, 2015).

Juvenile Delinquency

The term delinquent refers to a person who has committed a customs offense. The

study by Kavita (2012), there are two basic causes of juvenile delinquency: legal and non-legal

that concentrated to the topic of juvenile delinquency. Therefore, it has identified the root

causes of child criminality, which include economic factors, social environmental causes,

family-based causes, school environmental causes, and the bad company of friends, among

other things. In addition, the traits of delinquent youth

 12

include disobedience and waywardness, running away from home and school, being unruly

around parents or teachers, being resistant to discipline, being self-willed, and repeatedly

acting in ways that are detrimental to his own well-being as well as the well- being of others

(Rathinabalan and Naaraayan, 2017).

Generally speaking, juvenile’s misbehavior is seen as a possible risk to both individual

and societal development rather than as an immediate threat to society. Youth justice is guided

by the rehabilitative ideal as the fundamental justification for intervention, as opposed to adult

criminal justice (Rajender and Jahanara, 2016). However, teenagers who are under age of

eighteen may not engage in delinquent behavior, but parents still have an obligation to raise

their children well and keep them away from dysfunctional households, which may have a

negative impact on them. It is advised that parents raise their standard of living and avoid poor

areas in order to support their children's futures (Fortune and NWANKWO, 2023).

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored on Merton's (1968) Strain Theory which states that when an

individual has goals but is enable to achieve the goals set before him in a legitimate way, the

individual will find illegitimate ways of achieving his/her goals. Hence, this study aims to

identify and assess which among the socio-economic factors have influence on delinquency

among juveniles. It also aims to determine the perceptions of juveniles regarding the influence

of socio-economic factors on their delinquency.

Additionally, according to Merton's (1938) Anomie Theory, deviant behavior can arise

when there is a difference between the institutionalized means that are available in the

environment and the goal that an individual has learned to aspire towards in their environment.

This can cause a strain of frustration, break down norms, and lead to
 13

deviant behavior. However, Merton does not discuss the individual motivational factor in

deviance, which is choosing one of the five alternative modes of behavior he suggests, nor

does he explain why all people in similar situations do not choose deviance.

Furthermore, Messner (1988) makes a distinction between two theories within the

Mertonian paradigm at varying levels of analysis: the (macro) anomie theory of social disorder

and the (micro) strain theory of deviant motivation with regard to the structural distribution of

deviance. With regard to deviant motivation, Messner (1988) suggests that this aspect of the

Mertonian paradigm entails the traditional claim that people are driven to stray from socially

prescribed norms when they "confront restricted opportunities despite cultural injunctions to

aspire to lofty goals." Additionally, Messner (1988) conceptualizes anomie as a social state

that encourages "the withdrawal of allegiance from social norms and high rates of deviance" in

relation to the unequal distribution of deviance in society.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 shows the conceptual paradigm of the study. It depicted how the variables

interact. The Understanding the Influence of Socioeconomic Factors on Juvenile Delinquency.

Variable A was the Independent Variable, consisting of the following indicators: Peer Group,

Media, Family Environment, Family Behavior, and Family Structure. The variable B was the

Dependent Variable which consisted of the following indicator: Juvenile Delinquency.

According to Nisar et al. (2015), peer groups have a significant role in the development

of delinquent behavior. While, the influence of distinct family structures on

 14

delinquent activity may vary based on the child's age, the criminal history of the biological and

stepparents, and the dynamics of the sibling relationships (Boccio and Beaver, 2017).

Additionally, delinquency may also raise the chance of parental divorce since a delinquent

child can strain and upset the family environment and behavior, which can worsen the

connection between the parents (Beaver & Wright, 2013). Furthermore, with the advancement

of communication technology in recent years, a juvenile's exposure to media such as

television, radio, music, video games, and the Internet may influence their delinquent behavior

(Sahmey, 2013).

juvenile delinquency is frequently used in academic literature for describing a juvenile

who has broken the law, while the exact term varies depending on the local authority.

Although the precise causes of these variations are unknown, it's possible that there isn't a

recognized international standard (Penal Reform International 2013).

 15

A B

Socioeconomic Factors Juvenile Delinquency

Peer Group
Juvenile Delinquency
Media

Family Environment

Family Behavior

Family Structure

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

 16

Significance of the Study

The research aims to learn about the influence of socioeconomic factors on juvenile

delinquency. Benefiting the study were the various sectors as follows:

Policymaker. This study might help policymaker develop more effective prevention and

intervention approaches. By having a full understanding of the reasons that lead to juvenile

delinquency, policymaker can develop interventions that are precisely tailored to the needs of

at-risk youth.

Parents. This study might make it easier for parents to spot their child's delinquent behavior

patterns and take early action. Prior to the conduct getting worse, parents may be able to

discern the warning signals and get assistance. By doing this, it might be possible to stop small

infractions from developing into more significant ones.

Youth. Youth may help themselves by being proactive and knowledgeable about the

socioeconomic variables that may contribute to delinquent behavior. With that, they may learn

to avoid engaging in delinquent behavior.

Future Researcher. Future researchers will benefit from the study's findings. This research

could serve as a foundation for a fresh learning theory. Additionally, this might aid future

researchers in designing and producing a different, more reliable and instructive study.
 17

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined operationally to further understand the study.

Socioeconomic Factors. The term socioeconomic factors include aspects of lifestyle and

indicators of social and financial condition such as family environment, family behavior,

family structure, peer group and media.

Juvenile Delinquency. The legal term "juvenile delinquency" refers to the conduct of

juveniles who commit crimes before they turn 18 years old. Underage drinking, curfew

violations, and truancy are examples of status offenses, which are less serious crimes

committed by someone under the age of eighteen. Juveniles, however, may also face charges

for more serious offenses, including robbery, rape, or murder. This falls under the category of

juvenile delinquency.
 18

Chapter 2

METHOD

This chapter described the methods used in the study for the researchers to develop an

idea and answer the questions raised in the formulation of the problem. The methods were

research design, research locale, research participant, research procedure, research instrument,

data collection, statistical tools, trustworthiness of the study, and ethical consideration.

Research Design

This study will be carried out through; a correlational, descriptive and non-

experimental research design under Quantitative research. Quantitative research uses

measurements and makes the assumption that the phenomenon being studied can be quantified

(Watson, 2015). In a correlational study, relationships between two or more variables are

determined. Simply expressed, it investigates whether a rise or fall in one variable is

accompanied by a rise or fall in another. Researchers can assess if two variables change

together and to what extent by using the results of correlational studies (Tan, 2014).

A descriptive research strategy allows for the investigation of one or more variables

utilizing a variety of research methodologies. In contrast to experimental research, the

researcher in this form of study merely observes and records the variables. The goal of

descriptive research is to accurately and methodically describe a population, situation, or

phenomenon. It is possible to respond to queries about what, where, when, and how but not

about why (McCombes, 2022).

 19

Research Locale

This research will take place in Davao City and choose juvenile respondents which is

those under the age of eighteen who already experience delinquent behavior that is influenced

by socioeconomic factors. Additionally, the University of Mindanao Institute of Popular

Opinion, states that juvenile misbehavior in Davao City is at a "critical stage" and will result in

criminals "if not taken seriously” (Davao, 2013). Furthermore, Davao City served as the Davao

Region's regional hub. It is the third- largest city in the Philippines and the most populous city

in Mindanao, Philippines.

Research Participant

The research participants for this study will be selected through snowball sampling

technique, targeting individuals especially the juvenile under the age of eighteen who

particularly lived in Davao City, Philippines for at least one year and have experienced

delinquent behavior that influence by socioeconomic factors. Snowball sampling is a non-

probability sampling method used to study hidden populations, starting with a convenience

sample. This method is particularly useful when the population of interest is hard to reach or

compiling a list poses difficulty for researchers. Common examples include sociological

studies into hidden populations involved in sensitive issues or illegal activities like drug use

and prostitution (Etikan, 2016). A total of 50 participants will be recruited, with an equal

number from urban and rural areas. The study aims to investigate the perceived influence of

the different socioeconomic factors on juvenile delinquency (Lobos, 2017).

 20

Research Instrument

The researchers utilized survey questions will be adopted from the same studies,

namely; the study of Javed et al. (2012), entitled “Socio-economic Factors Affecting to

Juvenile Delinquency: A Study Conducted at Borstal Jails of Punjab”.

The survey questionnaire for Socioeconomic Factors was adopted from the study of

Javed et al. (2012). It was used to measure the socioeconomic factors of the juvenile and

collect the needed data to prove the level of the juvenile’s socioeconomic factors. The

socioeconomic factors survey questionnaire was composed of 33 questions; each indicator had

a different number of questions; in the peer group, it had 10 questions, media consisted of 5

questions, family environment had 4 questions, while family behavior had 6 questions, and

lastly family structure contained 8 questions.

The survey questionnaire for Juvenile Delinquency will be adopted from the study of

the Javed et al. (2012). It was used to measure the extent of Juvenile Delinquency to collect the

needed data to prove the level of Juvenile Delinquency. The Juvenile Delinquency survey

questionnaire consisted of 13 questions; the one indicator which is the juvenile delinquency

consisted of 13 question.

Furthermore, to get accurate and positive comments from the respondents, the panelist

also assessed the research tool. However, the downloaded research questionnaires were given

to the research consultant for review and correction, as well as to ensure their accuracy and

dependability.
 21

Table 1.
Range of means of Juvenile Delinquency

Range Descriptive Interpretation

Level

4.20 – 5.00 Very High This means that the level of Juvenile
Delinquency is always observed.

3.40 – 4.19 High This means that the level of Juvenile

Delinquency is often observed.

2.60 – 3.39 Moderate This means that the level of Juvenile

Delinquency is sometimes observed.

1.80 – 2.59 Low This means that the level of Juvenile

Delinquency is rarely observed.

1.00 – 1.79 Very Low This means that the level of Juvenile
Delinquency is never observed.
 22

Table 2.
Range of means of Socioeconomic Factors

Range Descriptive Interpretation

Level

4.20 – 5.00 Very High This means that the level of

Socioeconomic Factors is always observed.

3.40 – 4.19 High This means that the level of

Socioeconomic Factors is often observed.

2.60 – 3.39 Moderate This means that the level of

Socioeconomic Factors is sometimes
observed.

1.80 – 2.59 Low This means that the level of

Socioeconomic Factors is rarely observed.

1.00 – 1.79 Very Low This means that the level of

Socioeconomic Factors is never observed.
 23

Data Collection

In conducting the research and collecting of data there were following steps that need

to be observed and applied by the researchers.

Administration and retrieval of questionnaires. The researcher thoroughly

explained to the respondents how to answer the survey questionnaire with the respondents'

agreement. To ensure that the questionnaire will be reliable the researchers will conduct a Pilot

Testing procedure wherein there will be 30 respondents.

After that, the researchers will retrieve the questionnaires. Next, it will be tallied and

the raw data will be given to the statistician for analysis. Upon getting the result, the

statistician will give the result and tell that the questionnaire is reliable.

Therefore, the researchers will personally hand the questionnaire at random 100

respondents and guided the respondents in answering the questionnaires. Then, the researchers

will retrieve the questionnaires. After the retrieval, the answers of the respondents will be

encoded, tallied and tabulated using Microsoft Excel. And lastly, the raw data will be collected

for later interpretation and analysis using the proper statistical tools.

Statistical Tool

The following statistical tools will be used in processing to gather data.

Mean. This will determine the level of Socioeconomic Factors on Juvenile Delinquency.

Standard Deviation. It describes how volatile or dispersed a group of statistics is. A low

standard deviation implies that the values are typically dispersed within a narrow
 24

range, whereas a high standard deviation suggests that the values are spread throughout a

larger range. Alternatively, the standard deviation was used to indicate whether the outcome

was high or low.

Pearson r. This will utilize in ascertaining the significant relationship between

Socioeconomic Factors and Juvenile Delinquency.

 25

Table 3.

Table of Pearson-r

Person-r Descriptive Equivalent

+1 Perfect

+ 0.75 to <+1 Very High

+ 0.5 to <+0.75 Moderately High

+ 0.25 to <+0.50 Moderately Low

> 0 to <+0.25 Very Low

 26

Trustworthiness of the Study

In this study, the researchers gave significant importance on the trustworthiness of the

content of this thesis. Trustworthiness is an essential component of the research in the

assurance of its reliability and validity. The researchers used the Lincoln and Guba's model in

assessing the trustworthiness of the data in this study. According to Devault (2014), there are

four important aspects of trustworthiness that demand attention. These are presented as

credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability.

To address credibility in this study, the researchers will employ an effective data

collection method. This study will used survey questionnaires with juvenile who experience

the influence of socioeconomic factors on delinquent behavior to establish a credible reliable

response, the researchers sought to conduct and close-ended question with legitimate

individuals especially the juveniles who lived in Davao City.

On the other hand, to achieve transferability, the researchers will provide a thick

description of the data and their context such as providing how the study is carried out, the

interview procedures, and the topics that was discussed. According to Moon et al. (2016),

transferability emphasizes the applicability of the research to other contexts such as theory,

practice, and future research of similar population, situation, or phenomena. In this case, the

researchers assured that the consistency in the collection of data is transferable until the point

of saturation.

To address the trustworthiness aspect of confirmability and dependability of this

study the researchers explored multiple perspective of the matter, preventing subjective

manipulation and conclusions of the study. According to L. Haven and Van Grootel
 27

(2019), confirmability is an additional effort to strengthen the legitimacy of qualitative

research. This implicates that the researchers' own beliefs and biases should not influence the

results of the study. By this case, the need of an auditor to validate the findings is necessary. In

this study, the researchers employed the help of university- based auditors (the subject teacher,

the panels and the research adviser) that examined the study's path transparency, especially the

survey questionnaires and the analysis of data. Moreover, the goal of this research is also to be

used by future researchers. For this to happen, there is a need of consistency in the data

findings to be made. To achieve consistency, there is a need for an outside person to scrutinize

the data analysis and findings to check if they are consistent and can be repeated (Moon et al.,

2016). The role of an auditor here is essential in giving the study more confidence, its

fulfilment, and totality.

Ethical Consideration

Ethical issues may occur over the course of the research, especially given the study's

limits on face-to-face interactions among participants. According to Sanjari et al. (2014), the

fundamental goal of this study is to identify and carefully adhere to ethical principles. The

researchers work hard to identify these ethical concerns, addressing them throughout the study

and understanding the researchers' responsibility in this setting.

In ensuring ethical practices, participants, both subjects and informants, will be

provided with informed consent that outlines their rights throughout the study. The researchers

commit to accepting and respecting any decisions, opinions, or comments made by

participants before, during, and after the research process without bias.
 28

Emphasis will also be placed on confidentiality through the use of pseudonyms, assuring

participants that any confidential information will remain undisclosed to protect their rights

and dignity. To enhance security, all recordings will be temporarily stored in a secure digital

drive and online platform as backups, to be deleted upon completion of the study.

The researchers additionally expressed their deepest gratitude to the participants for

their essential time, energy, and knowledge that contributed to the study. The study maintains

a vigilant stance against plagiarism or any form of academic misconduct throughout the

research process.

References

A. Gupta, S. Biddala and M. Dwivedi, (2015),” Socio-demographic characteristics and aggression

quotient among children in conflict with the law in India: A case control study” The National
Medical Journal of India, Vol.28, No.4
Adegoke, N. (2015). Factors responsible for juvenile delinquency in Nigeria A case study of selected
primary schools in Ikorodu, Lagos state. Nigeria. Research on Humanities and Social
Sciences, 5(5), 78-84.
Ahmed, U., & Murtaza, A. (2016). Factors affecting juvenile delinquency in Punjab, Pakistan: A case
study conducted at juvenile prisons in Punjab Province. Mediterranean Journal of Social
Sciences, 7(4), 372-379.
Ahsan T. (2017). Words of Juvenile Delinquency Unveiling the Truth, Department of Criminology,
University of Dhaka, 2.
Al-Karbi, M. A., & Mai, M. Y. (2018). The Impact of Media on Juvenile Delinquency in the Care of
Abu Dhabi and Fujairah-United Arab Emirates. European Journal of Education, 1(3), 1-11.
Alboukordi, S., Nazari, A. M., Nouri, R., & Sangdeh, J. K. (2013). Predictive Factors for Juvenile
Delinquency: The Role of Family Structure, Parental Monitoring and Delinquent Peers.
International Journal of Criminology and Sociological Theory, 5(1), 770–777.
 29

Beaver, K. M., & Wright, J. P. (2013). A child effects explanation for the association between family
risk and involvement in an antisocial lifestyle. Journal of Adolescent Research, 22, 640–
664.
Boccio, C. M. & Beaver, K. M. (2017). The Influence of Family Structure on Delinquent Behavior.
Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 154120401772783. doi:10.1177/1541204017727836
Chingtham, T. (2015). Prevalence and pattern of substance abuse among the students of higher
secondary schools. Voice Res, 4(2), 2277-7733.
Cole, C. M. & Adelino, A. (2019). Religiosity and delinquency among youth and adolescents.
Journal of Scientific Study of Religion, 3(2), 51-57.
Davao, E. (2013, October 3). Survey says Juvenile delinquency in Davao City alarming. Edge Davao.
https://edgedavao.net/the-big-news/2013/10/03/survey-says-juvenile-
delinquency-in-davao-city-alarming/
DeVault, M. L. (2014, December). Mapping invisible work: Conceptual tools for social justice
projects. In Sociological Forum (Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 775-790).
Esiri, M. O. (2016). The influence of peer pressure on criminal behavior. Journal of Humanities and
Social Science, 21(1), 08-14.
Etikan, I., Alkassim, R., & Abubakar, S. (2016). Comparision of snowball sampling and sequential
sampling technique. Biometrics and Biostatistics International Journal, 3(1), 55.
Falodun, O. K. (2013). Role of The Mass Media in Relation to Crime and Deviance. University
College Cork, Ireland, 1-29.
Fortune, S. E., & NWANKWO, H. M. A. A. (2023). Investigating the Influence of Family Type and
Parental Socio-Economic Status on Juvenile Delinquency Among Business Studies
Students in Public Junior Secondary Schools in Rivers State.
Jabbar, H. F., & Al-Juboori, A. K. (2020). Impact of Mass Media upon Juvenile Delinquency in Basra
Central Prison and AL-Maqal Police Station. Prof.(Dr) RK Sharma, 20(3), 129.
Javed, M., Azhar, Z., Anwar, H. N., & Sohail, M. M. (2012). Socio-economic factors affecting to
juvenile delinquency: a study conducted at borstal jails of punjab. Asian Journal of Empirical
Research, 2(5), 183-197.
Kariuki, M. E. (2020). Delinquency in urban Kenya secondary schools Implications for parenting.
International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 15(6), 245-618.
Karl, P. O. (2019). Crime and human mind. Columbia University Press.
Kavita, (2012),”JuvenileDelinquent:The cause and its remedies” Golden Research Thoughts,
Vol.2, No.3
 30

Kencana, E. N., Tastrawati, T., & Jayanegara, K. (2020, July). The role of families and school
environments on juvenile delinquency in Denpasar City: A quantitative approach. In Journal
of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1503, No. 1, p. 012048). IOP Publishing.
Khan, S. K., Raheed, H. M., & Hussain, M. Z. (2021). Sociological Elements of Juvenile Delinquency
A Quantitative Analysis of Youth Offender Industrial School Karachi. Pakistan Journal of
International Affairs, 4(1).
Kierkus, C.A., Johnson, B.R., & Hewitt, J.D. (2013). Cohabitating, family and community stressors,
selection, and juvenile delinquency. Criminal Justice Review, 35(4), 393-411.
L. Haven, T., & Van Grootel, D. L. (2019). Preregistering qualitative research. Accountability in
research, 26(3), 229-244.
Lobos, J. (2017). Factors Affecting Juvenile Delinquency. Faculty Research Journal Bulacan
State University-Meneses Campus Factors, 7, 0-6.
Marimuthu, B. A. (2018). A quantitative analysis of juvenile delinquency trends among school
adolescents. International Journal of Criminology, 4(4), 425-459.
Massar, D.; P.B. Patil; L. Pujar and V. Muktamath. 2021. Parenting Practices as Predictors of
Adolescents Externalizing and Internalizing Problems. Journal of Community Mobilization
and Sustainable Development, 16(1): 127-132.
McCombes, S. (2022, October 10). Descriptive Research | Definition, Types, Methods & Examples.
Scribbr.
Mennis, J., & Mason, M. J. (2013). Social and geographic contexts of adolescent substance use: The
moderating effects of age and gender. Social networks, 34, 150-157.
Merton, K. Robert (1968), Social Theory and Social Structure, New York: The Free Press.
Merton, R. K. (1938) Social Structure and Anomie. American Sociological Review, Vol. 3, No.
5 (Oct., 1938), S. 672-682.
Messner, Steven F. 1988. “Merton’s Social Structure and Anomie: The Road Not Taken.”
Deviant Behavior 9:33–53.
Moon, B., & Morash, M. (2017). Gender and general strain theory: A comparison of strains,
mediating, and moderating effects explaining three types of delinquency. Youth & Society,
49, 484-504.
Moon, K., Brewer, T. D., Januchowski-Hartley, S. R., Adams, V. M., & Blackman, D. A. (2016). A
guideline to improve qualitative social science publishing in ecology and conservation
journals. Ecology and society, 21(3).
Mwangangi, R. K. (2019). The role of family in dealing with juvenile delinquency. Open Journal of
Social Sciences, 7(3), 52-63.
Nanjala, S. (2017). The social organization of street gang activities in an urban ghetto.
American Journal of Sociology, 103(1), 82-111.
 31

Nisar, M., Ullah, S., Ali, M., & Alam, S. (2015). Juvenile delinquency: The Influence of family, peer
and economic factors on juvenile delinquents. Applied Science Reports, 9(1), 37- 48.
Owasanoye, O. T. (2015). Street children and the juvenile justice system in Lagos State of Nigeria.
Human Development Initiatives.
Penal Reform International, (2013). The Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility (Justice for
Children Briefing No. 4)
Rahman, A. (2015). Socioeconomic Factors and Juvenile Delinquency in Bangladesh. J Crim
Justice, 24(3), 189-201.
Rajender, P. S., & Jahanara. (2016). A Study on Juvenile Delinquents: Impact of Socio- economic
Factors of Family in the State of Uttar Pradesh, India. International Conference on
Education, Social Sciences and Humanities, ISBN: 978-605-64453-7- 8.
Rathinabalan, I., & Naaraayan, S.A. (2017). Effect of family factors on juvenile delinquency.
International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 4(6), 2079-2082.
Rathinabalan, I., and S.A. Naaraayan. 2017. Effect of family factors on juvenile delinquency.
International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 4(6): 2079-2082.
Rekker, R., Pardini, D., Keijsers, L., Branje, S., Loeber, R., & Meeus, W. (2015). Moving in and out
of poverty: The within-individual association between socioeconomic status and juvenile
delinquency. PLoS one, 10(11), e0136461.
Ruiz-Hernandez, J. A., Moral-Zafra, E., Llor-Esteban, B., & Jimenez-Barbero, J. A. (2018). Influence
of parental styles and other psychosocial variables on the development of externalizing
behaviors in adolescents: A systematic review. European Journal of Psychology Applied to
Legal Context, 11(1), 9-21.
Sahmey, K. (2013). A study on factors underlying juvenile delinquency and positive youth
development programs (Doctoral dissertation).
Sanjari, M., Bahramnezhad, F., Fomani, F. K., Shoghi, M., & Cheraghi, M. A. (2014). Ethical
challenges of researchers in qualitative studies: The necessity to develop a specific guideline.
Journal of medical ethics and history of medicine, 7.
Sarker, I. (2023). A Study on Juvenile Delinquency in Bangladesh its Causes and Consequences. East
African Scholars Multidisciplinary Bulletin, 6(04), 30–36.
https://doi.org/10.36349/easjmb.2023.v06i04.001
Shailja, D., Tiwari, G., Dubey, S. K., & Verma, A. K. (2022). Socio-economic and Family Factors
Attributing Enhanced Juvenile Delinquency: A Review. Journal of Community Mobilization
and Sustainable Development, 17(4), 1065-1069.
Shoemaker, D.J. (2018). Theories of delinquency: An examination of explanations of delinquent
behavior (Google Book). Retrieved from
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=01VYDwAAQBAJ
 32

Singh, S. (2017). Peer pressure among adolescents in relation to family climate. Indian Journal of
Health & Wellbeing, 8(3).
Tan, L. Y. C. (2014). Correlational study.
Umesi, J. O. (2016). Juvenile justice administration of Nigeria philosophy and practice. Centre for Law
Enforcement Education, Lagos Nigeria.
United Nation Childern’s Fund. (2019). For Every Child, Every Right: The Convention on the Rights
of the Child at a crossroads. Unicef.
http://saruna.mnu.edu.mv/jspui/bitstream/123456789/8046/1/Convention-rights-child-
atcrossroads-2019.pdf
Wallman, K.K. (2015). Federal statistics: Understanding a crucial resource. The Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science, 631 (1), 22-24.
Watson, R. (2015). Quantitative research. Nursing Standard (2014+), 29(31), 44.
Wikström, P. O. H. (2014). Why crime happens: A situational action theory. Analytical
sociology, 71-94.
Yusuf, S. A., Daud, M. N., Arshat, Z., & Sakiru, O. K. (2021). The Role of Peer Influence on Juvenile
Delinquency Among Adolescents in The Government Remand Homes, Lagos State Nigeria.
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(11),
2530-2545.
Zapolski, T. C., Clifton, R. L., Banks, D. E., Hershberger, A., & Aalsma, M. (2019). Family and peer
influences on substance attitudes and use among juvenile justice-involved youth. Journal of
child and family studies, 28(2), 447-456.