CRI

MINOLOGY:MODULE1
 Crimi nology:Anac ademicdisci
pli
nethatusesthes c
ienti
ficmethodtostudy
thenat ure,extent,cause,andcontr
olofcri
mi nalbehavior;an
inter
di sc
iplinaryscienceholddegreesinavar i
etyofdiversef
iel
ds-mos t
commonl ys oci
ology,butalsocri
minaljust
ice,poli
ti
calsci
ence,psyc
hology,
economi cs,engineer i
ng,andthenaturals
ciences.
Penology(Punishment ,Sanctions
,andCorrect i
ons ):Studyi
ngthecorr
ect
ion
andcontrolofc
riminalbehavior.Us
ingt hesc
ient
ifi
cmet hodtoasses
sthe
eff
ecti
venessofcri
mi nalsancti
onsdesignedtocontrolcr i
methroughthe
appli
cati
onofc r
iminalpuni s
hment s.
DEFI
NITI
ONOFCRI
ME
 Criminol
ogi
stsdevot
ethemselvest
omeas
uri
ng,under
standi
ng,and
contr
olli
ngcri
meanddevi anc
e.
 Cri
minologi
stsvi
ew devi
antbehavi
orasanyac
tiont
hatdepar
tsf
rom t
he
soc
ialnormsofsoci
ety.
 Deviancet husincludesabr oadspect
rum ofbehavior
s,rangingfr
om t
he
mostsociallyharmf ul,suchasr apeandmur der,t
otherelat
ivelyi
nof
fens
ive,
suc
hasj oiningar eligiouscultorcros
s-dr
essing.
 Adeviantactbecomesacrimewhenitisdeemedsoci
allyharmfulor
dangerous
;itthenwillbes
pec
ifi
cal
lydefi
ned,pr
ohibi
ted,andpunished
underthecriminall
aw.
 Crimeanddevianceareof
tenconfusedbecausenotallc
rimesar edeviant
andnotalldevi
antact
sareil
legalorcri
minal.Forexample,rec
reati
onal
drugusesuchassmokingmar i
juanamaybeac ri
me,butitisnotdeviant.
 CRIME:“ Cr
ime”i saviolat
ionofs oci
etalrul
esofbehavi
orasinter
pretedand
expressedbyt hecrimi
nallaw,whi chr ef
lec
tspubli
copini
on,tr
aditi
onal
values
,andt heviewpointofpeopl ecurrentl
yholdi
ngsoci
alandpoliti
cal
power.I ndividualswhoviolat
et heserulesaresubj
ectt
osancti
onsbys tat
e
authori
t y,socials
tigma,andlossofs t
atus.
THREEMOSTCOMMONVI
EWS/
CONCEPTSOFCRI
ME
CONSENSUSVI
EW OFCRI
ME
 Accor
dingtotheconsensusvi
ew,c
rimesar
ebehavi
orst
hatal
lel
ement
sof
soc
iet
yc ons
iderrepugnant
.
 Ther
ichandpower f
ulaswellast
hepoorandindigentar
ebeli
evedt
oagr
ee
onwhichbehavi
orsaresor
epugnantt
hattheyshouldbeout
lawedand
 c
rimi
nal
ized.
 Therefore,t
hecri
mi nallaw—thewr i
ttencodet
hatdefi
nescri
mesandt
hei
r
punishment s
—refl
ectstheval
ues,bel
iefs
,andopini
onsofsoc
iety’
s
mainstream.
 Theterm“cons
ensus
”impli
esgener
alagr
eementamongamajor
ityof
ci
ti
zensonwhatbehavi
orsshoul
dbeprohibi
tedbyc
rimi
nall
aw andhenc
e
beviewedascri
mes.
 Thi
sapproachtoc
rimei
mpl i
est
hatiti
safunc
tionoft
hebel
ief
s,mor
ali
ty,
andrul
esinher
entinWest
ernci
vil
izat
ion.
Ideal
ly,t
helawsappl
yequall
ytoallmembersofsoc
iet
y,andt
hei
ref
fec
ts
arenotrest
ric
tedt
oanysingl
eelementofs
ociet
y.
CONFLI
CTVI
EW OFCRI
ME
 Theconfli
ctview depic
tssoci
etyasacol
lec
tionofdi
vers
egroups—suc
has
owners,workers
,professi
onal
s,andst
udents—whoar ei
nconst
antand
cont
inuingconfl
ict
.
 Groupsabl
etoass
ertt
heirpol
iti
calpowerus
ethelaw andthec
rimi
nal
j
usti
cesyst
em t
oadvancethei
reconomicandsoc
ialposi
ti
on.
 Cri
minallaws
,ther
efor
e,ar
evi
ewedasc
reat
edt
opr
otec
tthehavesf
rom t
he
have-
nots
.
 Conf l
ictc
r i
mi nol
ogi st
softencontrastthehar s
hpenal ti
esinfli
ctedont he
poorf ortheir“st
r eetcri
mes ”(burgl
ary,robber y,andlarceny)withthe
mi norpenaltiestheweal thyreceivefortheirwhi te-
col
larcrimes(securi
ties
violati
onsandot heri ll
egalbusinesspracti
ces).
 Wher east
hepoorgotopris
onformi norl
aw viol
ations,t
heweal
thyare
gi
venl eni
entsent
enc
esforevenser
iousbreaches(breakingt
hel
aw orcode
ofconduct)ofl
aw.
I
NTERACTI
ONI
STVI
EW OFCRI
ME
 Ac cordingtothei
nteracti
onistvi
ew,t
hedefi
nit
ionofcr
imeref
lec
tsthe
pref er
encesandopinionsofpeopl
ewhoholdsoci
alpoweri
napartic
ular
legaljuris
dict
ion.
 Thesepeopleusethei
rinf
luencetoi
mpos
ethei
rdef
ini
ti
onofr
ightand
wrongont herestoft
hepopulati
on.
 Theymaint
ainthei
rpowerbys ti
gmat
izi
ngorl
abel
ingpeopl
ewhof
all
outs
idet
heirdef
ini
tionofr
ightandwrong.
 Cri
mi nal
stheref
orearei
ndi
vidual
sthatsoc
iet
ylabel
sasout
cas
tsordevi
ant
s
becausetheyhavevi
olat
edsoci
alr
ules.
 Cri
mesareoutl
awedbehavi
orsbecaus
esociet
ydefi
nest
hem t
hatway,not
becaus
etheyar
einher
entl
yevilorimmoralacts
.
I
nterac
tioni
stss
eec ri
mi nallaw asconf
ormi
ngtothebel
ief
sof“moral
c
rusaders,
”ormor alentrepreneurs
,whousethei
rinf
luencet
oshapethe
l
egalproces
sastheys eefit
.
 Lawsagains
tpor
nogr
aphy,pr
ostit
ution,anddr
ugsar
ebel
ievedt
obe
moti
vatedmorebymoralc
rusades.
CRI
MEANDTHECRI
MINALLAW
 Theconc
eptofcr i
minall
aw hasbeenr ec
ognizedformorethan3,
000year
s.
Hammur abi
,thesixt
hkingofBabylon,creat
edthemos tf
amoussetof
writ
tenl
awsoft heanci
entworld,knownt odayastheCodeofHammurabi .
 Pres
ervedonbasaltroc
kcol
umns ,t
hec odeest
ablis
hedasys
tem ofcri
me
andpunishmentbasedonphys
icalret
aliat
ion(“aneyef
oraneye”).
 Thesever
ityofpuni
shmentdependedonclas
sstanding:Ifc
onvi
ctedofan
unpr
ovokedas s
ault
,asl
avewouldbekil
led,whereasaf r
eemanmi ghtl
osea
li
mb.
 Mor efami l
iaristheMos aicCodeoftheI s
raeli
tes.Accor
dingtotradi
tion,
Godent eredintoac ovenant,orcontr
act,wit
ht hetri
besofIsr
aelinwhi ch
theyagr eedtoobeyhi sl
aw ( i
ncl
udingtheTenCommandment s)
,as
presentedtot hem byMos es,inr
eturnforGod’sspecialcar
eandpr otect
ion.
 TheMos ai
cCodeisnotonl
ythefoundati
onofJudeo-
Chr
ist
ianmor
al
teac
hingsbutal
soabasisf
ortheU.S.l
egals
yst
em.
 Prohibi
ti
onsagai
nstmurder
,thef
t,per
jury,andadul
ter
yprec
eded,by
sever
althous
andyears
,thesamelawsfoundi nt
hemodernUnit
edStates
.
COMMONLAW
 Aft
ertheNormanconquestofEnglandin1066,r
oyalj
udgesbegant
otravel
t
hroughoutt
heland,hol
dingcourtineachcountys
everalt
imesayear
.
 Whenc our
twasi
nsess
ion,ther
oyaladmini
str
ator,orjudge,would
summonanumberofc iti
zenswhowould,ontheiroath,t
ellofthecri
mes
ands er
iousbr
eac
hesofthepeacet
hathadoccurredsincethejudge’
slas
t
vis
it.
 Ther
oyalj
udgewoul
dthendec
idewhatt
odoi
neac
hcas
e,us
ingl
ocal
 cust
om andr ulesofconductashisguide.Court
swereboundt ofol
low t
he
law es
tabl
ishedinpr evi
ouscasesunlessahigheraut
hori
ty,s
uc hastheking
orthepope,over r
uledthelaw.
 Thepres
entEngl
ishsystem ofl
aw c
amei ntoexi
stenceduringtherei
gnof
HenryII
,whenroyaljudgesbegantopubli
shtheirdeci
sionsinloc
alcas
es.
Judgesbegantousethesewrit
tendec
isi
onsasabas isf
ort
heirdec
isi
on
maki ng,andevent
uall
yafixedbodyoflegalr
ulesandpri
nci
pleswere
establi
shed.
Ifanew r
ulewass
uc c
essful
lyappli
edinanumberofdiff
erentcas
es,i
t
wouldbecomeaprecedent.Theseprec
edentswoul
dthenbec ommonly
appl
iedinal
lsi
mil
arc as
es—henc etheter
m commonlaw.
 Cr
imessuchasmurder,burglar
y,ars
on,andr apear ec
ommon-law c
rimes
whoseel
ementswereinit
ial
lydefi
nedbyj udges.Theyarer
efer
redtoas
malai
nse,ori
nherent
lyevilanddepraved.
 Whent hes i
tuati
onr equired,t
heEngl
ishParli
amentenac t
edl egi
slat
ionto
supplementthec ommonl aw s
hapedbyjudges.Crimesdefi
nedby
Parl
iament,whi chreflec
tedexist
ings
ocialc
ondi t
ions,wer
er efer
redt oas
malapr ohi
bitum,ors t
atutorycrimes.
CONTEMPORARYCRI
MINALLAW
 Cr
iminallawsar
enow dividedint
ofel
oniesandmisdemeanor
s .The
di
sti
ncti
onisbasedonseri
ousness:Af
elonyisaser
iousoff
ense,a
misdemeanorami nororpett
yc r
ime.
 Cr
imessuchasmurder,r
ape,andburgl
aryar
efel
oni
es;t
heyar
epuni
shed
wit
hlongpri
sons
entencesorevendeat
h.
 Crimessuc
hasunar medass
aultandbat
ter
y,pet
tyl
arc
eny,anddi
sturbi
ng
thepeac
ear emis
demeanors;t
heyarepunis
hedwit
haf i
neoraperiodof
incar
cer
ationi
nac ount
yjai
l.
 Regardlessoftheircl
ass
ifi
cation,peoplewhoengageintheseac
tsare
eli
gibl
ef orseveresanct
ions.Byout l
awi ngthes
ebehavi
ors,t
hegover
nment
expectstoachieveanumberofs ocialgoals
:
▶ Enforci
ngs ocialcont
rol.Thosewhoholdpolit
icalpowerr elyonc ri
mi nallaw
t
of ormallyprohi bi
tbehaviorsbel
ievedt
othreatensocietalwell-
beingort o
chall
enget hei
raut hori
ty.Simil
arl
y,thel
aw preventsactionsthatchallengethe
l
egiti
mac yofthegover nment ,s
uchasplanningitsover
t hrow andc ol
laborating
withitsenemi es
.
▶ Discouragi
ngr e
venge
.Bypunis
hingpeopl
ewhoinfri
ngeontheright
s,
property,andfr
eedom ofot
her
s,thel
aw shi
ftst
hebur
denofrevengefrom t
he
indi
vidualtothestat
e.
▶ Expr es
singpubl icopinionandmor alit
y.Cri
mi nallaw refl
ectsconstantly
changingpubl icopi nionsandmor alvalues.Malai nsecrimes,suc hasmur der
andf orci
blerape,ar ealmostuniversal
lyprohibit
ed;however ,t
hepr ohi
bit
i on
oflegis
lati
velyc reatedmal aprohibit
um crimes,suchast raf
ficoffensesand
gambl i
ngvi ol
ations ,changesaccordingtosocialcondit
ionsandat t
itudes.
Cri
mi nallaw isus edt ocodif
ythesec hanges.
▶ De t
erri
ngcriminalbehavi
or .Cri
minallaw hasasoci
alcontr olfunct
ion.The
thr
eatofpuni s
hmentas sociat
edwi thviol
ati
ngt hel
aw isdesignedt oprevent
cri
mesbef or
et heyoccur.Today,criminall
aw’simpactisfel
tt hroughnews
accountsofl
ongpr is
ons entencesandanoc casi
onalexecuti
on.
▶ Punishingwr ongdoing.Thedeterr
entpowerofcri
minallaw i
sti
edt
othe
authorit
yi tgi
vesthes tat
etosancti
onorpunishoff
enders
.Thosewhoviol
ate
cri
mi nallaw aresubjecttophysi
calcoer
cionandpunis
hment .
▶ Creat
inge qui
ty.Cr
iminal
sbenefitf
rom theirmi s
deeds.Peopl
ewhovi ol
ate
busi
nesslawsmakehugepr of
itsf
rom theiril
legaltrans
acti
ons;thedr
ugdealer
acc
umul ateswealthbec
auseofhistraff
ickinginill
egalsubst
ances.
▶ Maint
aini
ngsoci
alorde
r.Alll
egalsyst
emsaredesi
gnedtos
uppor
tand
maint
aintheboundari
esoft
hes oci
alsyst
em t
heyserve.
THEORI
ESOFCRI
ME
Rati
onalchoi
cet heory(choicetheory):Theview t
hatcri
mei safunc
tionofa
deci
sion-
maki
ngpr oces
sinwhi c
ht hepotent
ialof
fenderweighst
hepotenti
al
cos
tsandbenefi
tsofanillegalact
.
 Accor
dingtocont
emporaryrat
ionalchoi
cetheor
y,l
aw-
viol
ati
ngbehavi
ori
s
theproduc
tofcaref
ult
houghtandplanning.
 Beforedeci
dingtocommi tacrime,thereasoningc
r i
minaleval
uatestheris
k
ofapprehensi
on,theseriousnessofexpec t
edpunishment,t
hepotential
valueorbenefi
tofthec r
imi nalenterpr
ise,hi
sorherabili
tytosucceed,and
theneedforcriminalgai
n.
 Peoplewhobeli
evet
hatt
her
isksofc
rimeout
wei
ght
her
ewar
dsmaydec
ide
to“gost
rai
ght.
”
I
ftheythinktheyarel
ikel
ytobearres
tedandpuni
shed,t
heyaremorel
ikel
y
t
oseektreatmentandturnthei
rli
vesaroundt
hantori
skengagi
ngi
n
c
riminalacti
vit
ies
.
Situationalact iontheory( SAT)explai
nswhyc rimehappens,andmor e
broadlywhypeopl efoll
ow andbr eakcommonr ulesofconduc
t.SATproposes
thatthec aus esofhumanac t i
onsaresit
uational.SATfoc
usont hekey
sit
uationalf actorst
hatinfl
uenc etheprocessthatmovespeopletoengagein
actsofc r
ime.Theel ementsoft hesi
tuat
ionalmodelar etheperson,t
hesett
ing,
thesituation,andac ti
on.
Thepeopl
ecommi tc
r i
minalanddeviantactsasares
ul tofthei
nter
play
bet
weenthepercept
ionofrulesofs
oc i
etyantthepercepti
onofindivi
dual
’s
moralgui
del
ines
.
Pers
on Body,biologicalandpsychol
ogic
almake-
up,
experi
enc es,agency(power tomakethi
ngs
happeni ntentional
ly.
)

Set
ting Partoftheenvironmentt
owhi chtheindivi
duali
s
direct
lyexposedandreact
s;Confi
gurati
onof
object
s,pers
onsandeventsaccess
ibl
et othe
personthroughhisorhersenses(
incl
.anymedi a
present)

Si
tuat
ion Perc
ept i
onofActi
onalter
nativesandproces
sof
choi
c easther
esultofapers
on’ si
nter
acti
onwit
h
thesett
ing

Act
ion Bodi
lyMovement
sundert
heper
son’
sgui
danc
e

RadicalTheorys
howst herel
ati
onshi
pbetweencri
meandl aw bywhic
ht he
af
fluentcommunityi
nthesociet
yusethei
rpowerinrelat
iontot hel
aw i
n
ordertorul
eoverthepoororles
sfort
unates
ecti
onofthes oci
ety.
Radi
calcr
iminol
ogyi
sbasedonavar
iantofMarxi
smc al
ledI
nst
rumental
Marxis
m.Itr
oseinpopul
ari
tyi
ntheUSinthe1960samidtheCi
vilRi
ghtsand
Anti
-Warmovements
Charact
eri
sti
cs
 Radi
calc
rimi
nol
ogymus
tbeant
i-
stat
istandant
i-
capi
tal
ist
.
I
tconsi
der
sthatt
her
uli
ngc
las
sus
esc
rimeasat
oolt
osubj
ugat
ethel
ower
c
lass
.
I
tisnots
uppor
tedbyanyoft
hepol
ici
esoft
hegover
nment
.
I
trej
ect
sallt
hetheor
iesofcr
imesincludi
ngpsychol
ogicalandbi
ologi
cal
t
heoryasi
tanal
ysesallgr
oupsofpeopleandmightlabelsomeofthem as
 c
rimi
nal
s.
DEVELOPMENTALTHEORI
ES
Developmentalandlif
e-cour
secri
minology(DLC)isc oncernedmai nlywith
threetopi
cs:(
a)thedevelopmentofoff
endingantis
oc ialbehaviourfrom womb
tothetomb;(b)theinf
luenceofri
skandpr ot
ecti
vef actors(c)t
heef f
ectsofl
ife
eventsonthecourseofdevelopment.
Mof
fit
t:Adol
escent
-li
mit
edvers
usl
ife-
cours
epers
ist
entof
fendi
ng

In1993,Amer ic
anps ychol
ogistTer
rieMoffi
ttdes
cribedadualtaxonomyof
offendingbehaviorinanattempttoexplai
nthedevelopmentalproces
ses
thatleadtothedisti
ncti
veshapeoft heagecri
mec urve.

Moffit
tproposedthatther earet womai nt
ypesofant i
socialoff
endersin
soci
ety:Theadolescence-l
imitedof f
enders
,whoexhi bitantisoc
ialbehavior
onlyduringadolescence,andt helif
e-c
ourse-
persi
stentoffenders,whobegin
tobehaveantisoci
allyearlyinc hil
dhoodandc ont
inuet hi
sbehavi orint
o
adult
hood.

TheLCPscommitawiderangeofoffenc
esi
nc l
udingviol
enc
e,wher
east
he
ALscommitpr
edominant
lyrebell
iousnon-
violentof
fenc
essuc
has
vandal
ism.

Themai nfact
or sthatencour ageoff
endingbyt heLCPsar ecognit
ivedefici
ts,
anunder -
controll
edt emper ament,hyperact
ivity,poorparenti
ng,dis
rupted
famil
ies,t
eenagepar ents,povertyandlow socio-economicstat
us(SES).
Geneticandbiologicalfact
or s
,suchasal ow heartrate,ar
eimpor t
ant.

Themai nf act
orsthatencourageoffendingbytheALSar ethe'maturit
ygap'
(thei
rinabili
tytoac hi
eveadultrewar dssuchasmateri
algoodsdur i
ngt heir
teenageyears)andpeeri nfl
uence(especial
lyfr
om theLCPs).Consequent l
y,
theALss topoffendingwhent heyentertheirl
egit
imateadultrol
esandc an
ac hi
evetheirdesiresl
egall
y.
LaheyandWal dman(2005):DevelopmentalPropensi
tytheoryaimedt
o
explai
nthedevelopmentofconductdis
orderandjuveni
ledeli
nquency
focusi
ngpart
icularl
yonchil
dhoodandadol es
cence.
 Theirkeycons
tructisanti
soci
alpropens i
ty,whichtendstopersi
stovert
ime
andhasawi devarietyofbehavi
our almanifest
ati
ons,ref
lect
ingthe
vers
atil
it
yandc omor bi
dit
yofantisocialbehavi
our.
 Themos ti
mpor t
antfac
t or
st hatcontr
ibutetoant
isoc
ialpropensi
tyarel
ow
cognit
iveabil
ity(es
peciall
yver balabil
it
y),anddi
sposit
ionaldi
mens i
ons
:pro
-s
ocial
ity,dar
ingandnegat iveemot i
onalit
y.
ThornberryandKrohn:I
nteract
ionalt
heory
 Theint
erac
tionaltheoryofThornberryandKr ohn(2005)parti
cul
arl
y
foc
usesonfactor
senc ouragi
ngantis
ocialbehaviouratdi
ffer
entages.
 Attheearl
iestages(birt
ht o6),t
hethreemos timport
antfact
or sar
e
neuropsyc
hologicaldefi
citanddiff
iculttemperament,par
entingdefi
cit
sand
st
ructur
aladver s
ity.Theyalsosuggestthatst
ruct
uraladvers
itymightcause
poorparenti
ng.
 Atages6-
12,nei
ghbourhoodandfamil
yfactor
sarepart
icul
arl
ysal
ient
,
whil
eatages12-18s
choolandpeerfac
torsdominat
e.
 Theypr oposethatl
atestar
ters(ages18-
25)havecognit
ivedeficit
ssuchas
low i
ntell
igenc
eandpoors choolperf
ormance.Atages18-25,t
heyf i
ndit
hardtomakeas uccess
fultransi
tiontoadul
trol
essuchasempl oymentand
mar r
iage.
Samps
onandLaub:Age-
gradedi
nformals
oci
alcont
rolt
heory
 Thekeyconstr
uctinSamps onandLaub's(2005)t
heoryi
sage-
graded
inf
ormalsoc
ialcontrol,whichmeansthatstrengt
hofbondi
ngt ofamil
y,
peers
,sc
hoolsand,later,adul
tsoci
ali
nstit
utionssuc
hasmar r
iagesandjobs
.
 Thes t
rengt
hofbondi ngdependsonat
tachmentstoparent
s,s
c hool
s,
deli
nquentsibl
ings,andals
oonparentalsoc
ial
isat
ionproc
essessuchas
dis
cipli
neands upervis
ion.
 Struct
uralbackgr oundvar i
abl es(eg.soc i
alclass,et
hni cit
y,lar
gef amilysize,
criminalparents,dis
r uptedf ami li
es)andi ndividualdi f
ferencefactor
s( eg
low i
ntell
igence,diff
iculttemper ament ,earl
yc onduc tdisorder)have
indir
ecteffect
sonof fendi ngt hrought heireffectsoni nformalsocialcontrol
(at
tachmentands ociali
sationpr ocess
es )
.
 SampsonandLaubar ec
oncernedwiththewhol el
ifecourse.They
emphasi
sechangeoverti
mer at
herthanconsis
tency,andthepoorabi
li
tyof
ear
lychil
dhoodri
skfact
orstopredi
ctlat
erli
feoutcomes .
 Theyfocusontheofimpor t
anceofl aterli
feevents(adul
tturni
ngpoints
)
suchasjoi
ningthemili
tary,get
tingas tabl
ej obandgetti
ngmar ri
ed,i
n
fos
teri
ngdesis
tanceand'knifi
ngof fthepas tfrom t
hepr es
ent.
PSYCHOLOGI
CALTHEORI
ES
Psychologi
caltheoriesai
mt oexplai
nwhys omei ndividualsbecomeoffender
s
ratherthanothers.Theyalwaysincludepos
tulat
esaboutps yc
hologi
calor
indivi
dualdiff
erencef ac
tor
ssuchasi mpuls
iveness,personali
tyfact
orsor
int
ell
igenc
e,andaboutfamilyf
actorssuchasparentalsupervis
ionordis
cipl
ine.
Theysometimesal
soincludepost
ulatesaboutbi
ological
,peer,school
,
communi t
y,nei
ghbour-
hoodands it
uationalf
act
or s
.
Bowl
by:
Att
achmentt
heory
 Bowlby( 1969)emphas i
sedtheimpor t
anceofat t
achmentbet weenac hild
andapr imar ycaret
aker( us
uall
ythemot her).Hear guedt
hati twasvery
importantforac hil
dtohaveac ontinuous,warm,l ovingr
elati
ons hi
pwi t
ha
motherdur ingthefirs
tfiveyearsofthechil
d'sli
fe,andespeciall
ydur i
ngt he
fi
rstt
woyear s.
I
fac hil
ds uf
fer
edapr olongedper i
odofmat er
naldeprivat
ionduri
ngthe
f
irstfi
veyearsofl
ife(especi
allyabr okenhome),t
hiswaslikel
ytohave
i
rreversi
blenegat
iveeffect
s,incl
udingbecomingac ol
daf f
ecti
onl
ess
c
har act
eranddelinquent.
 InBowlby’
sorigi
nals
tudy,thechi
ldrenwit
ht hemos tdel
inquentbehavi
or
wereunablet
ohaveanintimateconnect
ionwi thother
s.Thesechi
ldrenhad
ani
nsecureatt
achmenttothei
rprimarycaregiver
.
Eys
enck'
sTheoryofPers
onal
ity
Psychologyassumest hatbehaviourari
sesfrom t
hei nt
er ac
tionbet
weenthe
individualandtheenvironment .IntheEysenckmodelt herearethreemain
dimens ions:extroversi
on,neurot i
cism,andps ychoticis
m.Thesecome
togethertoform aspecif
icpersonali
tytype.
 Ext
roversi
on:Anextr
overti
sas
oci
abl
e,l
ivel
y,domi
nantper
sonal
ways
l
ookingf
ornew s
ensat
ions
.
 Neuroti
cis
m:Thi
sisrelat
edtohow l
ikelyapersonistosuf
ferf
rom mood
di
sorder
sandal
sofeel
ingsofgui
lt
,anxiety,l
ow s
elf
-es
teem,bei
ngemotional
,
et
carecommon.
 Psychoti
cism:Thepeopl
ewhoar
eus ual
lyc
old,i
mper
sonal
,aggr
ess
ive,
anti
soci
al,andnotver
yempat
het
ic.
 Peopl
ewhoarehighont
heEdimensi
onbui l
dupcondit
ionedr
espons
esl
ess
well
,bec
aus
etheyhavel
ow l
evel
sofcor
tic
alarous
al.
 Peopl
ewhoar ehighontheNdi mensionc
ondit
ionlesswell
,becaus
ethei
r
highres
tingl
evelofanxi
etyi
nterf
ereswit
hthei
rc ondit
ioni
ng.
 Als
o,si
nceNac tsasadri
ver
einf
orcingexi
sti
ngbehavi
our
alt
endenc
ies
,
neurot
icext
ravertss
houl
dbeparti
cular
lycri
minal
.
 Eys
enc
kal
sopr
edi
ctedt
hatpeopl
ewhoar
ehi
ghonPwoul
dtendt
obe
 offenders,becausethetr
ait
sinc
ludedinhi
sdefini
ti
onofpsyc
hotic
ism
(emot i
onalcoldness,l
ow empat
hy,hi
ghhosti
li
tyandinhumanit
y)were
typicalofcriminal
s.
Pat
ters
on:Soci
all
earni
ngt
heory
 Patter
sonin1982developedavers
ionofsoci
allear
ningtheoryfoc
usi
ngon
ideasofcoer
cion,bas
edons ys
temicobs
ervati
onofinter
actionbet
ween
parentsandchil
dren.
 Hefoundthatparentsofanti
soci
alc
hi l
drenweredefi
cientint hei
rmethods
ofchi
ldrear
ing.Theyus edmorepunishmentsuchasscolding,shout
ingor
thr
eateni
ngbutfail
edt ouseitc
onsi
stentl
yconti
ngentonc hild'
sbehavi
or.
Wal
ters
:Li
fes
tyl
etheory
 Walters(2006)pr
oposedatheorythatmai
nlyaimedtoexpl
aint
he
developmentofac r
iminall
ifes
tyl
eandsubsequentc
hangeanddes
ist
anc
e
processes
.
 Hedefinedt heprinci
palfeaturesofacri
minallif
estyl
easi nc
ludi
ngs oc
ial
-
rul
e-breaking(e.
g.offending),i
rres
ponsi
bil
ity(
e.g.i
njobsandr elat
ions
hips)
,
sel
f-
indulgence(e.g.i
ns ubstanceabus
e,tat
toos
)andi nter
personal
i
ntrusi
venes s(e.
ginvi ol
ence).
 Thi
sli
fes
tyl
ewasl
inkedt
ocer
tai
ncogni
ti
ons
,sel
f-
bel
ief
sandt
hinki
ngs
tyl
es.
THEICAPTHEORY:Thei
ntegr
atedcogni
ti
veanti
soc
ialpot
ent
ial(
ICAP)t
heor
y
waspri
mari
lydes
ignedt
oexplainof
fendingbyl
ower-c
las
smales.
 Thekeycons
tructunderl
yingof
fendi
ngisanti
soci
alpot
ent
ial(
AP)
,whi
ch
ref
erst
othepotenti
altocommitanti
soc
ialac
ts.
 Off
endingref
erstot
hemostcommoncr
imesoft
hef
t,bur
glar
y,r
obber
y,
vi
olenc
e,vandali
sm,mi
norfr
audanddrugus
e.
 Long-t
erm APdependsonimpulsiveness
,ons t
rai
n,modelli
ngand
soci
ali
sat
ionproces
ses,andonli
feevents,whiles
hort
-ter
m vari
ati
onsi
nAP
dependonmot i
vati
ngands i
tuat
ionalfactor
s.
CRI
MINOLOGYANDMETHODOLOGY
 Themet hodisaplannedproc
essoftes
tingandresear
chofaphenomenonor
thepathtoachieveagoalonthephi
losophi
cal
,sci
entif
ic,pol
it
icalor
pract
icalar
ea.
Res
ear
chmet
hodsofc
rimi
nol
ogy
 Sc
ient
ifi
cmet
hodi
sas
etofvar
iouspr
oces
seswhi
chs
cienc
eus
esi
n
 sc
ient
ifi
cr es
earchtoi
nvesti
gat
eandpr esentr
esul
tsofs
cient
ifi
cres
ear
chi
n
apart
icularareaorsc
ient
ifi
cdisc
ipl
ine.
 Sci
ent
ifi
cmet hodisapat
hofr esearcht
hatshapesandbuildsthesc
ience.
Sci
ent
ifi
cmet hodisal
soever
ymannerofs ci
enti
ficr
esear
cht hatprovi
desa
saf
e,s
orted,s
ys t
emati
candacc urat
eknowledge.
 Mos tcommonl yus edmet hodsincrimi
nologyare:astudyofi
ndividualcas
es
(
cas estudy),acli
nicalmet hodofst
udyingpers
onalit
iesofdel
inquents
(
clinicalstudy)
,as t
atist
icalanal
ysi
sofcri
measamas sphenomenon
(
statis
ticalanalys
is),andanexper i
mentalst
udyofdel i
nquent
s(experiment).
Researchmethodsofcriminologyare:hi
stor
icalmethod,c
ompar at
iveme
thod,
Cl
inic
almethod,s
tat
ist
icalmet
hod,prognos
ticmethod,cases
tudy.
Char
act
eri
sti
csofs
cient
ifi
cmet
hods
:
1.Object
iveorimparti
al
2.Syst
ematicorsort
ed
3.Preci
seorexact
4.Reli
able.

 Historicalmet hodisadescr
i pt
ivemet hod.Thismethoddescri
besacert
ain
res
ear c
hobj ectorphenomenoni nitshis
tori
caldimensi
onort i
mesequence.
Iti
nvolvesthepr ocessofs
ystemat i
call
yexami ninganaccountofwhat
happenedi nthepas t
.
 Comparat ivemethodc ompar estwoormorephenomenon( research
obj
ects)withafinalgoaltofi
ndc ert
ainc
onnect
ionsordissi
mi l
arit
ies
bet
weent hem.Compar i
ngtwoobj ect
swecanfindout,doestheconnec t
ion
bet
weent hem reall
yexistsaswellaswhatarenatur
esoftheirsimilar
iti
es
ordis
similari
ti
es.
 Wes houldals
oc ons
iderthatmanyphenomenamayl ookliketobe
connect
edi nsomeway,butt heconnec
tionbet
weenthem doesn'tr
eall
y
exis
ti.
e.,t
hereisnoclearconnec
tionbetweencri
meandint el
li
gence.
 Bei
ngint
ell
igentcer
tai
nlyhelpst
ot hedevel
opmentofpr
ofes
sionalc
rimi
nal
car
eer
,butjustal
oneitis
n'ts
uffi
cient.
 Stati
s t
icalmethod.I tr
eferst
ot hegener alprinci
plesandt echniquesthat
arecommonl yus edinthec ol
lecti
on,anal ysi
sandi nter
pr et
ationofthedata.
Crimec anbestatis
tical
lyanalyzedus i
ngvar iousattr
ibutes:conceptual
(nameoft heanalyzedphenomenon) ,tempor al(
oneyear ,sixmont hs,one
mont h)andterri
torial(
town,c ountr
y,r egionorgloball
y).
Cr
imi
nals
tat
ist
icss
our
cesar
e:
1.Poli
ces tatist
icsaboutc r
imes,cr
iminalsandpr esumpti
vecri
mi nals
,
2.Stat
eat torney'sstati
sti
csaboutaccusedandc onvic
tedper
sons,
3.TheCour tstati
sti
csaboutconvictedpersonsandabout(pri
vate)lawsui
ts
4.Vict
imi zationstudies,
5.Self
-repor tandanonymousr eportst
udies.

 Cl
ini
calmet
hodi
sus
edi
nps
ychol
ogy.
 AccordingtoAPA,Cli
nicalmet
hodisthepr
ocessbywhic
hament alhealth
pr
of es
sionalar
rivesataconcl
usi
on,j
udgementordi
agnosi
saboutaclientin
acli
nicalsit
uati
on.
 Psychologymostl
yresearc
hesnormalbehaviours,butspeci
ali
zedfi
eldi
n
psychologyknownasc l
ini
calps
ychologyres
earchesabnormalbehaviours
,
whileps yc
hiat
ryres
earchesmentalheal
thdisor
der si
.e.
,dangerous
behaviours.
 Clini
calmet hodisformedasani nterview.Cl
inicalpsyc
hologi
stasksthe
quest
ions,andapat ient(
person)givestheanswer s.Duri
ngtheintervi
ew,
thepsychologis
ttakesnotes
.Whol eintervi
ew takesabout30mi nutes.
 Psyc
hol
ogi
ststhent
aket
hosenot
esands etdi
agnosi
sandpr
ognos
isabout
heal
thc
onditi
onandposs
ibl
ebehavi
oraldevelopment
s.
 Cas
est
udyi
soneoft
hebes
tdet
ailanal
yseseveri
ntr
oduc
edi
ntos
cienc
e.
I
tref
erst
oani
n-dept
hst
udyofc
ert
ainper
son,gr
oup,eventorphenomenon.
I
nacasest
udy,everyaspectofasubj
ect’
slif
eandhi
stor
yar
eanal
ysedt
o
s
eekpat
ter
nsandc ausesofcert
ainbehavior
s.
 However
,cas
est
udi
esar
edet
ail
,butexpens
iveandhi
ghl
ysubj
ect
ive.
 Someofthebestresul
tsandsci
enti
ficcont
ributi
onsinunder
standi
ngt
he
juveni
ledel
inquenc
yar eac
hievedthroughac as
estudy.
 Casestudyc
ananalyzeonecaseorcananalyze30ormor es
imil
arc
asesby
compar i
ngt
hem t
ogether.Manyval
uableresult
saregai
nedthr
oughcase
studi
es.