INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH

O.V.Gnana Swathika and S. Hemamalini, Vol.6, No.4, 2016

Review on Microgrid and its Protection Strategies

O.V.Gnana Swathika*‡, S. Hemamalini**

* School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University Chennai, 600127

** School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University Chennai, 600127

(gnanaswathika.ov@vit.ac.in, hemamalini.s@vit.ac.in)

‡
O.V.Gnana Swathika; S. Hemamalini, VIT University Chennai 127, Tel: +91 044 39931241,

Fax: +91 044 39932555,gnanaswathika.ov@vit.ac.in

Received: 22.05.2016 Accepted: 28.06.2016

Abstract- Microgrids are indispensable at the distribution level network and is capable of operating in both grid connected and
islanded modes. Integration of renewable sources in a microgrid is a viable solution to provide continuity of supply to
customers. Due to bidirectional power flow, conventional protection strategies are not applicable to microgrids. Also the
change in topology of the network poses a key challenge to protection engineers. This paper reviews the advent of microgrid
and also the protection strategies that are incorporated in the system integrated with renewable energy systems (RES).
Keywords Microgrid, distribution system, protection strategies, grid connected, islanded.

1. Introduction The Microgrids are typical example of system of

systems (SOS) [4] due to its following characteristics:
A microgrid is an aggregate of loads, distributed
i) Subsystems can operate independently at different
generator (DG) sources and storage devices as shown in
geographic locations.
Fig.1 [1]. DG sources of few kilowatts or megawatts
ii) It is possible to add or remove subsystems at any
maybe integrated at load, feeder and substation levels [2]–
instant of time.
[3]. If the microgrid is fed by the utility grid, it is said to
iii) The SOS objective is to cater to load requirements
operate in grid connected mode. If fault occurs in the
at all times.
utility grid, the microgrid isolates itself into islanded mode
The Microgrid SOS is capable of performing its task
so as to avoid penetration of fault current into it. In
by utilizing suitable framework as indicated in Fig. 2.
islanded mode distributed generators like micro-turbines,
Islanding behaviour of microgrid and various
diesel generators, etc feed the load requirements and in
detection techniques that maybe employed on the system
turn assures reliable and continuous supply to customers.
[4] are studied. The islanding events are monitored and
detected using wavelet transform-based approach [5]. To
make the islanded mode of operation more feasible, there
is a necessity to review Electricity Safety, Quality and
Continuity Regulations (ESQCR) [6]. The necessity of key
non-technical factors in the deployment of microgrids is
discussed [7]. Microgrids wth multiconverter devices are a
solution in providing highly reliable, efficient and quality
power supply [8].
A model predictive control technique by which the
RES caters to the load demands of the microgrid and
reduces the dependability on micro gas turbines is
Fig. 1. Microgrid Architecture. suggested in [9]. The explanation of how the DG sources
operate in parallel to the utility grid to provide
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O.V.Gnana Swathika and S. Hemamalini, Vol.6, No.4, 2016

uninterrupted supply to consumers is analyzed in [10]. 2. Protection Issues

Various real-time microgrid test systems and its control
strategies are presented in [11-12]. Supervisory control Microgrids are predominant with overcurrent faults. The
and data acquisition (SCADA) systems are utilized in conditions that may occur in grid connected microgrid are
performing various laboratory experiments [13]. normal operation, faults in feeder, fault in utility grid, fault
in bus and resynchronization issues. Reconfiguration of
microgrid causes the conventional relays to fail in clearing
faults. Amplitude and direction variation of short circuit
current poses severe protection issues. Few key protection
issues are discussed in the following subsections.

2.1. Inverter-Interfaced Distributed Generator (IIDG) in

Microgrid

In grid connected mode, about 20-50 times higher fault

current is witnessed. The Distributed Energy Resources
(DER) provide 1.1 to 1.2 times the rated DER current
( I der ) to a fault. IIDG has less fault current capacity of
about 50% of its rated current. But the IIDG maybe
designed to contribute higher fault currents. About five
times full load current of the system is injected at the fault,
Fig. 2. Microgrid Framework. when the microgrid is in islanded mode. The significant
reduction of fault current in IIDG based islanded
microgrid is due to microsources with power electronic
(PE) converter systems that contribute up to 200% of load
Three challenges in microgrid are fluctuation in current to a fault.
voltage and frequency, protection and islanding of
microgrids [14].Severe issues in protecting islanded 2.2. Variation in Fault Current Level
microgrid occur predominantly due to fluctuation of fault
current magnitude and bidirectional power flow [15]. The The magnitude of potential faults in a network is
issues caused due to high DG penetrations like power, expressed in terms of the fault level (FL) as indicated in
power factor and voltage fluctuations, bidirectional power (1) and (2), whose unit is in MVA.
flow, rise in frequency regulation and harmonics,
unintentional islanding, variation in fault current FL  3 * Vno min al * I f (1)
magnitude in grid connected and islanded mode and
grounding issues are analyzed in [16]. Power fluctuations
MVAb  3 * Vb * I b (2)
in microgrid is witnessed when intermittent renewable
sources like wind and photovoltaic (PV) are connected as
DG sources. It is necessary to stabilize the power By dividing (2) by (1) the per unit (pu) quantities are given
fluctuations to avoid equipment damage [17]. An elaborate in (3) as,
stability study of microgrid is essential before
commissioning [18]. The fluctuation in short circuit  1 
currents, inappropriate protection schemes, ineffective line FL pu  I pu   pu  (3)
reclosing and unexpected islanding in microgrids are  Z th 
illustrated in [19]. It indicates the necessity of changes in
distribution protection philosophies to avoid such The fault level is an indication of ‘how close’ a particular
situations.
point is from the sources of a system.
This paper is organised in a manner that Section 2
highlights the protection issues in Microgrid, Section 3 In Fig. 3, when the DG is disconnected from the
reviews the protection strategies employed in autonomous network, the impedance measured at the relay location
microgrids. Section 4 elaborates on the communication closer to fault is computed using (4). When the DG is
assisted adaptive protection schemes incorporated in connected to the network, the impedance measured at the
microgrids. Section 5 discusses about the embedded relay location and the total fault current contributed to
system based relays that are conveniently used in faulted point is indicated using (5) and (6) respectively.
microgrid protection. The feasibility of employing This in turn causes the fault current seen by upstream
optimization of relay parameters to achieve prompt fault protective device to decrease. If Z rl  Z sl , the relay
clearance is showcased in Section 6.
operates for a given fault.

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U rl
Z rl  (4)
I FG

I 
Z rl  Z upstream_ r   FDG Z downstream_ r (5)
 I FG 

I FT  I FG  I FDG (6)

Fig. 4. Microgrid Protection Issue- Underreach.

Fig. 3. DG interfaced Microgrid.

Fig. 5. Thevenins equivalent of Fig. 4.

2.3. Determination of Fault Current Coefficient

When the microgrid is disconnected from utility grid 2.5. Sympathetic tripping
and acts in islanded mode, DERs may be treated as subset
of units that act as contributors to short circuit current in a This protection issue causes disconnection of a healthy
defined direction as indicated in (7) and (8). feeder due to DG units that cause reverse power flow as
n
I k min   K * I rder
indicated in Fig. 6.
(7)
1

I kder
K (8)
I rder

2.4. Underreach

A microgrid test system is shown in Fig. 4, and its Fig. 6. Microgrid Protection Issue- Sympathetic tripping.
Thevenins equivalent is shown in Fig. 5. If a DG unit is
interfaced in the network, then a component of fault
current, ifault, is contributed by the DG unit, iDG. Thus in
this case there is less grid current contribution, which 2.6. Issues in DG interfaced microgrid
causes the current sensed by the relay at CB2 to be
minimized and hence fault is not detected. When the DG is DG interfacing in microgrid causes major protection
disconnected from the microgrid, a fault at a given issues like underreach, sympathetic tripping, unsuccessful
location is fed completely by the grid. Thus a large current clearing of faults, and unintentional islanding. These
magnitude is sensed by the relay and trips CB2. concerns may be addressed by limiting the location,
number and capacity of DG units.

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Other techniques to overcome issues in microgrid During voltage sags, it is important to protect the
protection are: microgrid from large fault current by employing suitable
current-limiting algorithm [27]. A technique to identify
i) including high fault current capacity inverters
fault direction is proposed for a series compensated line
ii) incorporating energy storage devices in the
based on positive-sequence current and voltage at a fault
network, with large current supplying capabilityincase of
location [28] .An intelligent distribution fault anticipation
faults.
(DFA) [29] is used for predicting failures in a microgrid
iii) performing elaborate analysis of fault behavior in
system. [30] suggests a scheme in which at the event of
islanded microgrid with DG units.
fault occurrence at a node, the current phase jump is
iv) employing differential protection scheme
measured. This measured value is compared with prefault
iv) ground connection with balanced combination of
conditions and changes in rate. This technique identifies
DG units
the direction of fault and trips the appropriate breakers to
vi) implementing detection techniques based on
clear the fault. This scheme is tested on a microgrid
voltage
modeled in PSCAD/EMTDC program. Various islanding
vii) using adaptive protection schemes
protection schemes [31] are incorporated universally.
viii) deriving differential and symmetrical components
Relay agents [32] are placed at various zones of the
based protection scheme.
microgrid and are responsible in capturing the bus currents
Hence a complete analysis of microgrid dynamics
at their specific location. Using the entropy of wavelet
is essential before, during and after islanding. coefficients the proposed technique is capable of fault
identification. This technique is validated on medium
voltage (MV) microgrid and a 66 kV microgrid in the
3. Protection Strategies in Autonomous Microgrids Alexandria test microgrid system.
An autonomous microgrid is available in University of Two modes of assessment [33] for critical clearing
Wisconsin, United States as shown in Fig. 7. Fault current times in a microgrid are: (a) two end of line is tripped
magnitudes vary significantly in grid connected and simultaneously; (b) at one line end tripping is
islanded modes of operation. Power flow in microgrid instantaneous and is further used for identifying the critical
network is not uni-directional due to multiple sources in clearing times for the other end. Case (b) proves more
microgrid. These two are key challenges to protection effective when validated on a test system. A user friendly
engineers as conventional protection schemes no longer software tool based on feed forward multilayer perceptron
hold good for microgrids. [20,21] suggests a novel LV- neural networks [34] assist in the decision making in early
microgrid-protection system and the details of protection phase of design which analyzes the impact of fast
devices that are used is analyzed. Control and protection transients and its electromagnetic interference on the
of microgrid is realized using back-to-back converters protection of distribution substations which is critical for
[22]. A new fault detection method [23, 24] is employed in protection engineers [35]. Suitable protection is provided
microgrids based on abc-dq transformation. A for a radial distribution network. The impact of distributed
microprocessor based relay [25] is realized and utilized in generator connection at certain buses of the system is
microgrid, which is independent of communication and analyzed. This proves that conventional protection
magnitude of fault current. But the system is complex and schemes are not sufficient for DG interfaced microgrid
time-consuming. A differential relay is placed at every [36]. Fig. 8 indicates the effect of fault current contribution
cable section for protecting the microgrid [26]. from the DGs in the microgrid.

Fig. 7. Autonomous Microgrid in USA.

Fig. 8. Fault current contribution by DG’s in microgrid
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Table 1. Available Microgrid Protection Schemes

Protection Line/bus Dependency Protection Cost
Technique protection on microgrid against
configuration subsequent
faults

Adaptive Both Yes No Reasonable

protection

Dıfferential Only Bus No Yes Expensive

protection

Voltage- Both Yes No Reasonable

based
protection

Deployment Both Yes No Very

of external expensive
devices

Overcurrent Both Yes No Reasonable

and
symmetrical
components

Table 2. Available Microgrid Protection Schemes in islanded mode

Protection Scheme Methods Type of fault
based on

Harmonic content Total harmonic distortion and frequency LLG

measurement of converter voltages,
communication link between relays

Voltage Abc-dq0 transformation of DGs output LLL, LL, LG

voltages, communication link between relays

Symmetrical fault and Overcurrent relays, static switch at PCC, LG,LL

residual current zoning principle

Adaptive protection IEDs, high speed communication link -

scheme

A novel technique [37], which is a combination of The implementation of priori patterns and a pattern
artificial neural networks (ANNs) and wavelet transform discovery algorithm [38] is employed for recording
(WT) is used for detecting the high impedance faults electrical events in different substations. It intends to
(HIFs) in microgrid feeders. The ANN learning algorithm define sequential patterns, or episodes, formed by ordered
and structure used in this method is the Levenberg– collections of events pertaining to faults in the power
Marquardt back-propagation algorithm and multilayer system. Episodes are few subsets of significant events that
perceptron network respectively.

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indicate the impact of permanent and transient faults in communication medium are indicated in Table 3 [12].
mcirogrid. Possible coordination strategies for microgrids based on
adaptive techniques are studied in literature. In [52], the
Peak let-through current based method [39] of device
microgrid is divided into zones and each zone is isolated
interaction analysis is suitable for selectivity of protective
from other zones using digital breakers. The OPEN or
devices. A novel time–current limit curve [40] is applied
CLOSE signals are issued adaptively from a computer at
for realizing stability in radial systems. Stability limit
remote location. The main relays in the network are
curve is proposed for lines which are fed from both ends.
responsible for analyzing data and establishing
Power frequency voltages and current traveling waves
communication with the trip circuits of the mcirogrid. The
based microgrid protection is possible [41]. The former is
main relays sense the fault type in a zone and clears the
used to identify a fault and the latter is used to identify faulted section by tripping appropriate breakers. The
the faulted zone. In [42] the microgrid is bifurcated into working of an adaptive protection scheme based on
many zones. The asymmetric faults maybe identified using backtracking algorithm to provide primary and backup
negative sequence component as the characteristic protection in a microgrid for various fault scenarios are
quantity. The protection scheme is validated with EMTDC analyzed in [53]. This technique aids in restoring supply to
tool.A multi-agent system (MAS) [43] controls a PV based consumers and decreasing the downtime during power
microgrid. The MAS islands the microgrid in the event of failures.
fault occurrence in main grid, which in turn secures the
A communication-aided protection scheme with high
critical loads. After the fault clearance the microgrid is
selectivity using DOCR’s based on intertripping and
resynchronized with the main grid. Matlab Simulink is
blocking transfer functions is proposed in [54]. An
used for elaborate microgrid simulation [44]. Four major
adaptive microgrid protection system utilizing digital
faults types are initiated at each bus in both grid-connected
relays and communication protocols is presented in [55].
and islanded modes. The fault currents are analyzed and
In this system, a centralized architecture is responsible for
suitable protection scheme using digital relays are applied
altering relay settings based on microgrid operating
to the distribution network to facilitate microgrid
conditions. A central protection system monitors the
functionality. An electrical substation incorporates
operating mode of microgrid [56]. In the event of fault
protection philosophy based on digital bit exchange
occurrence, the relay settings are adaptively altered to
between devices and programmable logic based
clear the fault instantly. A protection strategy based on
microprocessor technology [45]. DIgSILENT Power
differential protection devices [57, 58] is facilitated on
Factory 13.1 [46] is utilized to perform the load-flow
each line of the microgrid. But this scheme is expensive
analysis and to analyze the overcurrent protection (OCP)
and technically complex.
devices placed on the test feeder. This information is
useful in providing relay coordination for various faults. Technique capable of detecting and isolating high
Directional overcurrent and earth fault protection [47] is impedance faults with appreciable reliability of the
successfully implementation in a Malaysian microgrid. microgrid system is attained by forming a loop structure
[48] discusses the significance of directional and non- [59]. A microgrid protection system is modeled using
directional overcurrent relays (DOCR) for power system IEC61850 and IEC61850-7-420 communication standards
protection. [60].
When the power flow is bidirectional, the directional
overcurrent relays with current and voltage sensors,
depend on reference voltage phasor for indicating the fault
direction. The implementation of novel inverse-type relay
is analyzed to protect a microgrid [49]. The relay
characteristic is dependent on measured admittance of the
protected line. The relay effectively detects faults under
varying fault current levels. The performance of the relay
is evaluated using PSCAD simulation and lab experiments.
An instantaneous current protection scheme is proposed
for a microgrid. The relay settings are altered based on
operating mode of microgrid and DG output power
without the use of communication medium. A gist of
available microgrid protection schemes is indicated in
Table 1 [50]. The list of exclusive protection schemes
from microgrids in islanded mode is given in Table 2 [51].

4. Communication Assisted Adaptive Protection in

Microgrids

Fig. 9 indicates how adaptive protection is done for

microgrids offline and online. Sample microgrids and their

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Fig. 9. Adaptive protection schemes in microgrids.
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Table 3. Sample Existing Microgrids

Location Power DG source Energy Microgrid Communication

Supply Storage Controller

Bronsberg, AC PV Battery Central GSM based

The Netherlands

Am Steinweg, Germany AC CHP, PV Battery Agent Based TCP/IP

CESI RICERCA DER, DC PV, wind, Battery Central LAN Ethernet,

Italy diesel, CHP wireless and power
line

Bornholm, Denmark AC Diesel, wind None Autonomous Optical fibre

network

Kythnos, Greece AC PV, diesel Battery Central Power line

CAT, Wales, UK AC Hydro, wind, Battery Central Not discussed

PV

Communication in this environment is established

using IEC 61850 standards [67]. This adaptive protection
This novel communication based protection monitors
the dynamic microgrid and alters the relay settings based
on it. To coordinate differential current protection in
system is developed, tested and implemented at Hailuoto
microgrids [61, 62], an IEC 61850 an IEC 61850-7-420
island, Finland. A multi layer IEC 61850 based control
based microgrid central protection unit (MCPU) is
strategy for microgrid operation and control is discussed
suggested. An adaptive current protection scheme for
[68].A communication aided hierarchical protection
providing suitable primary and backup protection is
strategy for directional OC relays in Illinois Institute of
proposed in a microgrid. This scheme is independent of
Technology, Chicago microgrid for both modes of
type of DG and fault [63].
operation is presented in [69]. This protection system is
The microgrid is divided into zones and Multilayer applicable for varying fault current magnitudes,
Perceptron (MLP) based neural network facilitates fault irrespective of mode of operation of microgrid.
identification [64]. This protection scheme is implemented
A differential protection scheme with short distance
and validated on Shiraz, Iran test bed. [65] presents a
communication capability is proposed for a microgrid
monitoring technique that is capable of identifying fast
network in [70].
transients as well as small variations of non-dispatchable
photovoltaic devices and penetration level of RES. A
microgrid protection system, which is a combination of 5. Embedded Systems Based Relays in Microgrids
traditional differential protection and adaptive protection
scheme, is studied [66]. A microprocessor-based relay is applied to low-
voltage microgrids [71]. No communication is required for
This increases the accuracy of the protection strategy this proposed system. This protection system is
used and it involves low communication cost. The independent of magnitude of fault current and the
transition between the protection schemes is done microgrid mode of operation. The characteristics of
smoothly using switching algorithms. A central adaptive protection reliability is highlighted in [72]. It is used as a
protection system analyzes the data obtained from the field tool for protection reliability seeking data collection,
Intelligent Electronic Devices. reliability modeling and quantitative analysis, and
improvement measures formation. A field programmable

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gate array (FPGA) is used to realize a wavelet-based software, ancillary equipment, ineffective routine
digital DOCR for power transformer protection [73]. The inspections, low reliance of self-checking, inefficient
prototype relay is realized using SPARTAN3E FPGA kit backup operation and personnel error are avoided. Issues
and coded using VHDL. The relay logic performs faced in a distribution network during three-phase faults
disturbance detection and fault discrimination in a given due to voltage that drops to zero and capacitor coupling
system. The necessity of techniques that prevent relay voltage transformer that contributes to transients is
from operating because of transient and harmonics in presented in [84]. The above issues are addressed using a
current in the power system is discussed [74]. A technique solution based on concept of power-flow direction. A DSP
based on symmetrical components is employed to TMS320F2812 based overcurrent relay realization is
discriminate fault current from the transient and harmonic indicated in Fig. 10 [85].
currents. A cumulative-sum-based fault detection
A bang–bang controller based on fuzzy logic is used
algorithm is used for relays in a network [75]. This
as control technique to provide suitable overcurrent
algorithm based relay operation involves high detection
protection. The performance of this DSP based system is
speed and performs effectively with uncertainties like
tested based on steady state and transient analysis, efficient
noise, frequency deviation and load changes. A system is
coordination and execution time of the processor. A novel
developed in which details of faulted phase and nature of
hardware architecture for a digital protective relay is
fault is displayed on a microcomputer [76]. A state-
presented in [86]. The measurements and relay
diagram-based algorithm for relays, which provides
coordination is calculated using generalized COordinate
reliable response in parallel circuits is discussed in [77].
Rotation DIgital Computer (CORDIC) algorithm. The
Different techniques to overcome the issues caused by
CORDIC based protective relay was implemented in a
alternating control voltage used in multifunction
0.35 lm CMOS technology and is proved to have higher
microprocessor-based relay is elaborated [78]. A digital
processing capability and good coordination accuracy. The
signal processor (DSP) TMS320F2812 based overcurrent
realization of numerical overcurrent relay based on digital
relay is discussed in [79]. The overcurrent relay
signal processors (DSP) is available in literature. The
functionality is realized in MATLAB/Simulink and then
protection is significantly improved since the relay
implemented using DSP.
performs complex processing faster and accurately. The
performance of the relay is derived based on operating
time,memory usage, execution time and transient analysis.
protection is significantly improved since the relay
performs complex processing faster and accurately. The
performance of the relay is derived based on operating
time,memory usage, execution time and transient analysis.

6. Optimization of Relay Parameters in Microgrids

Frequent reconfiguration of microgrid throws

challenge to protection engineers in providing suitable
protection schemes. To handle this challenge [87] Kruskal
aided Floyd Warshall algorithm is used for identifying
current topology of microgrid at iny instant of time. If a
fault occurs, then the shortest path from a fault to the
nearest operating source is identified to clear the fault in a
microgrid with minimum load disconnection. Optimized
values are obtained for Time multiplier setting (TMS) and
Fig. 10. Overcurrent relay implementation using DSP. time of operation of overcurrent relays, which will
facilitate in clearing the fault faster [88]. The
A technique wherein extensive current transformer implementation of integrated-Rough-Set-and-Genetic-
(CT) or voltage transformer (VT) measurements are Algorithm to hypothesize anticipated relay behavior based
captured in digital substations is utilized to ensure that on association rule from event report of digital protective
protective relay operates only for actual faults and not for relay is investigated in [89]. The overcurrent relays’
fake measurements [80]. A two swift resetting algorithm is application and coordination in a radial power system with
employed for breaker failure protection [81]. These feed from single or multiple sources is analyzed in [90].
algorithms possess reset time that is witnessed to be less The operating characteristics, pickup current and TMS of
than half of that of power system cycle. [82] compares the relays are treated as optimization parameters for optimal
overall performance of a conventional digital relay with coordination of DOCR’s [91]. Linear formulation is used
oversampling techniques for various operating and fault to optimize each parameter. The proposed scheme is
conditions. Anti-aliasing method is not used in this relay validated on an 8-bus system and the IEEE 30-bus system.
module. It is necessary to deduce a reliable protection The stability and integrity of power system network is
model for microgrid [83]. It highlights that the reliability achieved using suitable coordination between protection
may be improved if failures due to relay hardware and relays [92]. Time delay settings of backup distance

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