Sentences: Verbs with Two Objects; Verbs with No Object

Verbs with Two Objects

Some verbs have two objects. Look at the sentence below.

Sam gave Anna a present.

▲ ▲
indirect object direct object

The thing that Sam gives is ‘a present’, so a present is the direct object of the
verb. But there is another object: ‘Anna’. ‘Anna’ is the person that receives the
present, so Anna is the indirect object of the verb. Many verbs have both direct
and indirect objects. Here are some examples.

subject verb indirect object direct object

Dad is reading the children a story.
Grandma is baking me a cake.
A kind man showed us the way.
We have brought you some new magazines to read.
Mr. Berg is teaching the children French.
Jack asked the teacher a question.
I am writing my friend a letter.
She sent her cousin an email.
John has found us a secret place to play.
Uncle Andy told them the good news.

Verbs with No Object

Some verbs don’t have an object. A verb that does not have an object is called
an intransitive verb. Here are some sentences with intransitive verbs.

Mr. Park usually walks to work. Anna talks a lot in class.

The sun is shining. It is snowing.
I don’t know. We have already eaten.
The man smiled. Dad always drives carefully.
Miss Lee always dresses very smartly. Can your little brother read?

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 Exercise 1

Tell whether each sentence below is a declarative sentence, an interrogative

sentence, an exclamatory sentence or an imperative sentence.
The first one has been done for you.

1. The girls were playing volleyball. declarative sentence

2. Where is my bike?
3. What a lovely dog!
4. It’s snowing again today.
5. Please show me that pair of black shoes.
6. Can Anna come out to play?
7. Do your homework now.
8. What time is it?
9. Pass me the orange juice, please.
10. On weekends, I often go fishing with Dad.
11. Can your little brother read?
12. Speak in a loud, clear voice.
13. That was a fantastic game!
14. What fun this is!
15. Jamal really likes horses.

Exercise 2

Underline the verbs in these sentences. Then tell whether each verb is transitive or
intransitive. Put a checkmark in the correct box.

transitive verb intransitive verb

1. Dad is baking bread.

2. We buy our food at the supermarket.

3. We are learning Latin.

4. Come with me now.

5. The children went to bed.

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 Exercise 3

Underline the objects in the following sentences. Write D for direct object or I for
indirect object above each one. The first one has been done for you.
I D
1. Uncle Bill gave Michael some money.

2. Mom is baking us a chocolate cake for Christmas.

3. The children crossed the road safely.

4. Please pass me that pencil.

5. Henry sent Sam a letter from Japan.

6. I’ve forgotten your name.

7. She’s always giving her students advice.

8. We gave Dad a watch for his birthday.

Exercise 4
All the following sentences have verbs with direct objects. Rewrite each sentence,
adding an indirect object to it. For example, for the first sentence you could write:

Dad bought Mom some flowers.

1. Dad bought some flowers.

2. The teacher found an empty seat.

3. The police officer showed her badge.

4. Rudy sent a postcard.

5. Will you buy some bread at the supermarket ?

6. I’ll bring my stamp collection.

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 Sentences: Simple Sentences; Compound Sentences

Simple Sentences
A clause is a group of words that contains one subject and one verb. A
sentence that consists of one clause is called a simple sentence. Here are some
examples. The subjects are printed in bold and the verbs are printed in color.

The girls are playing baseball.

Sally found a good hiding place.

I am eating my breakfast.

Tom is wearing his new shoes today.

Will you help me?

The sky was very cloudy.

I can hear the birds.

Everyone was happy.

Is it raining again?

Compound Sentences
A compound sentence contains two clauses joined by a conjunction such as
and, or, but or so. Look at these examples. The verbs in the clauses are printed
in color. Notice that there are two verbs, one on each side of the conjunction.

Some people are always happy and some people are always sad.
She opened the bag and took out a book.

Do you want coffee or would you prefer lemonade?

Is that a bird or is it a plane?

John is good at English but he’s not very good at math.

Michael wants to see Star Wars but his friends have already seen it.

Tom dropped his sandwich so I gave him mine.

It started to rain so we went inside.

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Sentences: Conditional Sentences; Positive and Negative Sentences

Conditional Sentences
◗ To talk about things that are possible, you often use if in a sentence.
A sentence with if is called a conditional sentence. Here is an example
of a conditional sentence with the if-clause printed in color.

If it rains tomorrow, we shall not go to the beach.

▲ ▲
simple present shall/will + infinitive
tense verb

In the if-clause, use a verb in the simple present tense. In the main
clause, use shall or will and an infinitive. Here are some more examples.
The if-clauses are in color and the main clauses are in bold print.

If there’s no rice in the cupboard, we’ll buy some more.

If we don’t work hard, we’ll never learn.
If we leave now, we’ll arrive on time.

◗ You may also put the main clause before the if-clause.

We’ll play indoors if it rains.

You’ll get sick if you don’t eat good food.
Sam will do well in his piano recital if he practices regularly.

Positive and Negative Sentences

◗ A positive sentence tells you about something that exists or something that
is happening.

I like ice cream.

Michael is my brother.
The train leaves at five o’clock.
I’m feeling really tired.
She’s finished her homework.
Dad is in the kitchen.
There’s a cartoon on TV.

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 Sentences: Positive and Negative Sentences

◗ A negative sentence contains the word not or another negative word.

Negative sentences tell you that something does not exist or is not
happening. Here are some examples. The negative words are printed in bold.

I’m not very good at math.

Tom isn’t as tall as Alan.
We didn’t hear you shout at us.
Meera hasn’t read the Harry Potter books.
People can’t see very well in the dark.
There’s nothing interesting on TV tonight.
We’ve never been to China or Japan.
Nobody knows my secret.
There are no coins in my pocket.

Exercise 5

Are the following sentences simple sentences or compound sentences? Put a

checkmark (✓ ) in the correct box. For each compound sentence you marked, write the
conjunction in the blank space next to it. The first one has been done for you.

simple compound
sentence sentence

1. The sun is shining and the sky is blue. ✓ and

2. Mom doesn’t like spiders.

3. Eat plenty of fruit and vegetables.

4. Would you like rice or do you prefer pasta?

5. Is your bag red or green?

6. Sam saw me and he waved.

7. Pass me the dictionary, please.

8. I’ve never been to Ohio or Indiana.

9. Our new teacher is a young man.

10. Switch off the light and go to sleep.

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 Exercise 6

Match the if-clauses in the box with the main clauses below. Write two sentences for
each pair of clauses. The first one has already been done for you.

if they get no water if you don’t write neatly

if we all work together if we don’t leave now
if you let me explain if I need help
if you don’t want to see this movie if you work hard

1. you’ll do well in your exams

If you work hard, you’ll do well in your exams.

You’ll do well in your exams if you work hard.

2. we’ll be late

3. I won’t be able to read your story

4. we’ll choose a different movie

5. the plants will die

6. we’ll finish the job more quickly

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 7. I’ll tell you what happened

8. I’ll ask Mom and Dad

Exercise 7

Rewrite the following sentences to make them negative. Use negative words such as
no, not and never. Use contractions in some of your sentences. The first one has been
done for you.

1. Children like chocolate.

Children don’t like chocolate.

2. John is my best friend.

3. I’ve got a new bike.

4. Everybody knows where I live.

5. There’s some food in the refrigerator.

6. I saw the boy throw the stone.

7. We want to go to the ballgame.

8. Sam always tells the truth.

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Sentences: Questions

Questions
There are two kinds of questions: yes or no questions and question-word
questions.

◗ yes or no questions
When you ask a yes or no question, you want the answer yes or the answer
no. Use the verbs be, have and do along with helping verbs such as can,
will and should when you ask these questions. Here are some examples of
yes or no questions, with answers.

Is this your seat? May I sit here?

Yes. Yes.
Can you ride a bike? Don’t you like pizza?
No. No.
Do you like swimming? Are we late?
Yes. No.

◗ In questions, the helping verb comes before the subject. The other verb
comes after the subject. The verb be also comes before the subject when it is
an ordinary verb rather than a helping verb.

Here are some examples of statements and the questions you can make from
them. Notice that the helping verbs are printed in bold and the subjects are
in color.

statement question
Dad is ill today. Is Dad ill today?
She has finished her homework. Has she finished her homework?
The cat doesn’t like noise. Doesn’t the cat like noise?
Michael can ride a bike. Can Michael ride a bike?
Sally could borrow your pencil. Could Sally borrow your pencil?
You may leave now. May I leave now?
I think it will rain tomorrow. Do you think it will rain tomorrow?
I saw Tom at the football game. Did you see Tom at the football game?
Miss Lee sang a song. Did Miss Lee sing a song?
The computer needs to be repaired. Does the computer need to be repaired?
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 Sentences: Question-word questions

◗ Question-word questions
Use the question words what, which, who (sometimes whom), whose,
when, where and how to ask for information. The verbs be, have and do,
and helping verbs such as can, will and should are also used in questions.

The helping verb comes before the subject, as it does in yes or no questions.
Here are some examples. Again, the helping verb is printed in bold and the
subject is printed in color.

What is your name?

What date is it today?

Which boy is your brother?

Which house do you live in?

Who is the boy next to Alan?

Who (or Whom) did he ask?

Whose book is this?

When can I come to visit you?

When does the spring vacation start?

Where is the pencil that I left on my desk?

Where do the birds go when they fly away in winter?

How can Grandma read without her glasses?

How does a plane stay in the sky?

◗ Sometimes the wh-word itself is the subject of the sentence. In this case, don’t
use do to form questions.

Who wants to come with me?

What caused the accident?
Which is the fastest car?
I’ve got my coat. Whose is this?
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Sentences: Question Tags

Question Tags
◗ Sometimes people finish what they are saying with a short question. Why do
they do this? Because they want to know if the person they are speaking to
agrees with them. This short question is called a question tag. Look at the
following sentence.

The weather is lovely today, isn’t it?

The main part of the sentence is positive, but the question tag is negative.
You expect the answer to a negative question tag to be yes. For example:

“The weather is lovely today, isn’t it?” “Yes, it is.”

◗ Use a helping verb and the subject of the sentence to make the question
tag. Notice that the subject has been replaced by a pronoun in the example
sentences. The pronoun in the question tag refers to the subject printed in
color.
Tom is older than you, isn’t he?
Sally has got a dog, hasn’t she?
Anna and I can go by train, can’t we?
Peter and David should leave now, shouldn’t they?

◗ If the main part of the sentence has I am in it, use aren’t I in the
question tag.

I’m your best friend, aren’t I?

I’m taller than Sumiko, aren’t I?

◗ If the main part of the sentence is negative, the question tag is positive.
You expect the answer to a positive question tag to be no.

These questions aren’t very difficult, are they?

You haven’t read this book, have you?
Peter isn’t as tall as I am, is he?
She isn’t eight yet, is she?
There aren’t many clouds in the sky, are there?
There isn’t much wind today, is there?
There weren’t any emails for me, were there?

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 Exercise 8

Rewrite the following statements as yes or no questions. The first one has already
been done for you.

1. It is raining again.

Is it raining again?

2. She can speak Japanese.

3. Margaret is at home.

4. My mom works in an office.

5. The teacher told the children a story.

6. Philip has got a new bike.

7. She is Sumiko’s best friend.

8. Tom could sit with David.

9. Dad will help Jennifer with her homework.

10. We will be late.

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 Exercise 9

Choose one of the question words from the box to complete the sentences below.
You may use some of the words more than once. The first one has been done for you.

what who when why

which whose where how

1. Where are my keys?

2. is the tall boy at the back of the class?

3. time did they arrive?

4. is the problem?

5. “ are we going to the zoo?” “Tomorrow.”

6. do you know the answer?

7. do the stars twinkle?

8. coat is this?

9. would you like for dinner?

10. did you open the door without a key?

11. is your favorite singer?

12. does this train leave?

13. bike is that over there?

14. cafe do you prefer?

15. can we find a restaurant?

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 Exercise 10

Complete the following sentences by adding a question tag. Remember that a positive
sentence needs a negative question tag, and a negative sentence needs a positive
question tag. The first one has been done for you.

1. This is your house, isn’t it ?

2. That isn’t the right answer, ?

3. Your sister is very pretty, ?

4. Andrew can’t ride a bike, ?

5. You’ve already seen that movie, ?

6. I’m lucky to have a friend like Alice, ?

7. The tunnel was very dark, ?

8. They didn’t play very well, ?

9. We shouldn’t look at the answers first, ?

10. Aunt Sarah could come to our house for dinner, ?

11. There was a bag in the car, ?

12. Sally hasn’t got a dog, ?

13. We mustn’t be late, ?

14. There is a post office nearby, ?

15. There were some people in the park, ?

16. We can stay an extra day, ?

17. The journey won’t take long, ?

18. I’m your best friend, ?

19. Andrew and Susan are your neighbors, ?

20. You didn’t see the dog in the garden, ?

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 11 Direct and Indirect Speech
Direct Speech
The exact words that someone says are called direct speech. Quotation marks
“ ” are used to set off direct speech.

Mom said, “Where are my keys?”

“This ice cream is delicious,” said Tom.
“Have you boys washed your hands?” asked Dad.
“Please get out of the car,” the police officer ordered.
“What a beautiful dress!” said Sally.

Indirect Speech
◗ You can report what someone says without using their exact words. To do
this, use a verb like say, ask or tell, followed by that. This is called indirect
speech. There are several differences between a sentence with direct speech
and a sentence with indirect speech.
n You don’t use quotation marks with indirect speech.
n You change the tense of the verb.
n You change the pronouns and determiners.

Here are some examples. The verb tenses that change are printed in bold and
the pronouns and determiners that change are printed in color. Remember
that the past tense of can is could and the past tense of will is would.

direct speech indirect speech

Maggie said, “I feel ill.” Maggie said that she felt ill.
Sumiko said, “It’s time to leave.” Sumiko said that it was time to leave.
“I can’t find my book,” said Alice. Alice said that she couldn’t find her book.
“John is hitting me,” said Peter. Peter said that John was hitting him.
Dad said, “I haven’t had my Dad said that he hadn’t had his
breakfast yet.” breakfast yet.
“My car won’t start,” said Mom. Mom said that her car wouldn’t start.

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 Direct and Indirect Speech: Indirect Commands

◗ In indirect speech people often leave out the conjunction that.

Maggie said that she felt ill.

Sumiko said that it was time to leave.
Alice said that she couldn’t find her book.
Peter said that John was hitting him.
Dad said that he hadn’t had his breakfast yet.

◗ When you are using indirect speech to report a statement that is still true
now, you don’t change the tense of the verb.

direct speech indirect speech

John said, “My mom doesn’t like John said that his mom doesn’t like
fish.” fish.
“I live in a house by the sea,” said Anna said that she lives in a house
Anna. by the sea.
Dad said, “Paris is a beautiful city.” Dad said Paris is a beautiful city.

Indirect Commands
◗ Use verbs like order, tell and warn to report orders and instructions.
The construction to + verb or not to + verb may also be used.

direct speech indirect speech

The teacher said, “Stop running in The teacher ordered us to stop
the corridor!” running in the corridor.
“Put your books away, children,” Mr. Park told the children to put their
said Mr. Park. books away.
Dad said to David, “Please help me Dad asked David to help him by
by washing the dishes.” washing the dishes.
Jack said to Maggie, “Please Jack begged Maggie not to tell
don’t tell anyone my secret!” anyone his secret.
Miss Lee said to Alan, “Don’t be Miss Lee warned Alan not to be
late again tomorrow.” late again the next day.

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Direct and Indirect Speech: Indirect Questions

Indirect Questions
◗ The verb ask is usually used to report questions.

direct speech indirect speech

Sally said, “Where is my backpack?” Sally asked where her backpack was.

Peter said, “Have you finished your Peter asked if I had finished my
homework?” homework.

◗ To report a question, put the subject before the verb or helping verb.
Remember that the subject comes after the helping verb when you ask a
question. Here are some examples. The subjects are printed in bold and the
verbs are printed in color.

asking a question reporting a question

“Where are they going?” I asked where they were going.

“Can Jack ride his bike?” I asked if Jack could ride his bike.

“Did Miss Lee sing a song?” I asked whether Miss Lee sang a song.

“Has she finished her homework?” I asked if she had finished her
homework.

◗ To report a question-word question, use the same question word in direct

speech.

direct speech indirect speech

Mom said, “Where are your shoes?” Mom asked where my shoes were.

Maggie said, “Who has taken my Maggie asked who had taken her pen.
pen?”

“What time does the show start?” Sue asked what time the show started.
asked Sue.

Peter said, “Why did you leave Peter asked why I left before the end of
before the end of the movie?” the movie.

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 Direct and Indirect Speech: Indirect Commands

◗ When you are reporting yes or no questions, use if or whether after the
verb.

direct speech indirect speech

“Is it raining?” asked Tom. Tom asked if it was raining.

Alice said, “Can you help us?” Alice asked whether I could help them.
Dad said, “Is the train on time?” Dad asked if the train was on time.

Exercise 1

Fill in the blank spaces with a verb in the correct tense. The first one has been done
for you.

direct speech indirect speech

1. “I am very tired,” said Dad. Dad said that he was very tired.

2. “You look very handsome, Mike,” Mom told Mike that he

said Mom. very handsome.

3. The teacher said, “Sam has not The teacher said that Sam
made any mistakes.” not made any mistakes.

4. “I am losing my patience,” said Mr. Carter said that he losing

Mr. Carter. his patience.

5. “You can come to my house for Maggie told Jason that he

dinner,” Maggie told Jason. come to her house for dinner.

6. Dad said, “Hurry up or we will be Dad told us to hurry up or we

late.” be late.

7. “The train is coming,” said Peter. Peter said that the train
coming.

8. “I have cleaned up my room,” said Kathleen said that she cleaned

Kathleen. up her room.

9. The teacher said, “It is time to stop The teacher said that it time
writing.” to stop writing.

10. “I don’t want to watch TV,” said John said that he want to
John. watch TV.
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 Exercise 2

Complete these indirect speech sentences with the correct pronoun or determiner.
The first one has been done for you.

direct speech indirect Speech

1. “My head is aching,” said Sarah. Sarah said that her head was
aching.

2. “I like your new bike,’ Dan told Dan told me that he liked
me. new bike.

3. Tom and Peter said, “We’ll give you Tom and Peter said that they would give us
our seats.” seats.

4. “You can borrow my book,” Michael Michael said that I could borrow
said. book.

5. “I haven’t brushed my teeth,” said Paul said that he hadn’t brushed

Paul. teeth.

6. “You are late again,” Mr. Chen told Mr. Chen said that was late
me. again.

7. “We have finished our homework,” The boys said that they had finished
said the boys. homework.

8. Sue and Maggie said, “We want Sue and Maggie said that
to watch football on TV.” wanted to watch football on TV.

9. “I don’t like your green hair,” said Uncle David said that didn’t
Uncle David. like my green hair.

10. Dad said, “We’ll have to phone for a Dad said that would have to
taxi.” phone for a taxi.

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 Exercise 3

Rewrite the following sentences as indirect questions or indirect commands. The first
one has been done for you.

1. “Are you feeling ill?” Mom asked.

Mom asked if I was feeling ill.

2. “When will you finish the work?” Dad asked the plumber.

3. The teacher said, “Open your books, children.”

4. “Turn the music down, Maggie,” said Mom.

5. “Please take your shoes off at the door, Tom,” said Uncle David.

6. “Have you read the Harry Potter books?” Michael asked.

7. Jenny said, “Would you like some more orange juice, Peter?”

8. “Don’t be rude to your teacher, children,” said the principal.

9. “Write your name at the top of the page, everyone,” said Miss Lee.

10. “Does the ball belong to you boys?” the woman asked.

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 12 Punctuation
Punctuation Marks
Punctuation marks are signs such as periods, commas and question marks.
They are used in sentences to make the meaning clear.

period .
◗ Put a period at the end of a sentence.

Tim lent me his skateboard .

The children are playing in the garden .
The train arrived late.
It’s not a very sunny day .

comma ,
◗ Put a comma between items in a list.

You need paper, scissors and glue.

She likes reading, swimming, playing basketball and going to the movies.
Tom, May Ling, Sue and Christopher all went shopping together.

◗ Put a comma after yes and no.

“Do you like football?” “Yes, I like it very much.”

“Is this your house?” “Yes, it is.”
“Is it still snowing?” “No, it’s stopped.”
“Has Sarah had breakfast yet?” “No, she hasn’t.”

◗ You also put a comma before or after the name of the person you are
speaking to.

Hello, Mr. Carter.

Miss Lee, can I borrow a pencil, please?
Goodbye, Andrew.

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 Punctuation: Punctuation Marks

◗ Commas are used before please and thank you.

Could you pass me that pencil, please?

“Would you like some more orange juice, David?” “Yes, please.”
I’ve had enough to eat, thank you.
“Would you like another cupcake, Sally?” “No, thank you.”

◗ A comma is also used between the parts of a place name.

Chicago, Illinois
Tower Bridge, London
Athens, Georgia
the Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC

question mark ?
◗ Write a question mark at the end of a question, instead of a period.

Can you hear me, children? Didn’t you read the sign?
Who is that man talking to Dad? Where is my schoolbag?
Is there someone knocking at the door? How many apples are left?

exclamation point !
◗ Use an exclamation point at the end of a sentence that shows a strong
feeling such as surprise or fear. An exclamation point is used instead of a
period.

What a silly thing to do! Help! A monster!

You’re completely wrong! What a shame!
I told you not to go out on your own! How sad!

◗ You can also use exclamation points with strong orders.

Sit down! Don’t touch that knife!

Be quiet! Give me that ball!
Leave that computer alone! Do it now!
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Punctuation: Punctuation Marks

◗ Exclamation points are usually used after interjections.

People often use just one or two words to express a sudden feeling such as
fear, happiness, surprise or anger, or in greeting somebody. These short
expressions are called interjections. Here are some examples:

Hello! Ouch!
Good morning! Hurray!
Good night! Help!
Well done! Look out!
Oh dear! Happy Birthday!

apostrophe ’
◗ Use an apostrophe with s to show who something belongs to.

This is Michael’s room.

This is my Dad’s desk.
Are you Kathleen’s mom?
This dog’s tail is very long.
The teacher collects everyone’s books at the end of the class.
Jack is going to his friend’s house for lunch.

◗ You also use an apostrophe to show where one or more letters are missing
in a contraction.

I’m (= am) the boy who lives next door.

She’s (= is) my best friend.
He’s (= has) been to Europe twice.
We’re (= are) going to the zoo today.
You’re (= are) my favorite uncle.
I’d (= had) better go home now.
You’ve (= have) got dirt on your new shoes.
He’ll (= will) lend you his bike.
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 Punctuation: Punctuation Marks

quotation marks “ ”
◗ Use quotation marks around the exact words that someone says. You put
the mark “ at the beginning of the words, and the mark ” at the end.

Use a comma before the last quotation mark, to separate the words from the
rest of the sentence.

“This bike is mine,” said Susan.

“I would like some apple juice, please,” said the little boy.
“Let’s play computer games,” said James.

Suppose the exact words that someone says come after the rest of the
sentence. In this case put a period before the last quotation mark.

Dad said, “Come inside and have lunch.”

“John,” said Mom, “please turn your music down.”

◗ Put question marks and exclamation points in the same place as periods,
before the last quotation mark.

“Is this the way to the station?” the man asked.

Sam said, “Can I borrow your pencil?”
“Don’t do that!” said Mom.
John said, “What a great movie!”

colon :
◗ When you are reading a playscript, notice the colon between the name of a
character and the words that they speak.

Jack: What have you got in the bag?

Maggie: My swimming suit.
Jack: When are you going swimming?
Maggie: This afternoon. Would you like to come?

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Punctuation: Capital Letter

Capital Letter
◗ Use a capital letter as the first letter of the first word in a sentence.

Dogs have wet noses.

Where is my ball?
That isn’t fair!
This is my brother.
You need a racket if you’re going to play tennis.

◗ You also use a capital letter for the first letter of the first word in direct
speech.

Sam said, “This is my brother.”

“Where is my ball?” Tom asked.
Alice shouted, “That isn’t fair!”
“You’ll need a racket if you’re going to play tennis,” said Dad.

◗ The word I is always written as a capital letter.

I’m really pleased with your work.

Do you know what I got for my birthday?
Paul and I asked if we could help.

◗ Use a capital letter to begin the names of people and places.

John Australia the Sphinx

May Ling Germany the Taj Mahal
David Beckham the United States of America the Grand Canyon
Dr. Raj Mexico City the Great Wall of China
Miss Lee Beijing the Pacific Ocean
Grandad Buckingham Palace Mount Fuji
Uncle David the Statue of Liberty the Rio Grande
Professor Park the Erie Canal the Himalayas

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 Punctuation: Capital Letter

◗ You also use capital letters after the initials in someone’s name.

T.K. Lee
J.K. Rowling
J.R.R. Tolkien
M.C. Hammer

◗ The days of the week and months of the year begin with a capital letter.

Monday January July

Tuesday February August
Wednesday March September
Thursday April October
Friday May November
Saturday June December
Sunday

◗ The names of holidays and special celebrations also begin with a capital
letter.

Valentine’s Day Veterans’ Day

Yom Kippur Halloween
Christmas Independence Day
Memorial Day Thanksgiving

◗ Capital letters are also used in the titles of books, films and plays.

The Lady and the Tramp

Star Wars
Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes
Alice in Wonderland
The Sword in the Stone
Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
Cats and Dogs
Universal World Atlas

145
Punctuation: Capital Letter

◗ Nationalities and languages also begin with a capital letter.

Australian German
Indonesian Korean
Spanish French
Egyptian Russian
Hindu Japanese
South African Chinese
British English
Pakistani Cantonese

◗ You also use a capital letter for the first letter in words and phrases that you
use for saying hello and goodbye.

[] Hi. Good morning.

[] See you later.

Have a nice day.

[] Take it easy.
Bye.

146
 Exercise 1

Put the correct punctuation mark at the end of each sentence.

6. Mom asked if I had cleaned my room

1. Sally is my sister’s friend
7. Help I’m falling
2. What time is it
8. Could you open a window, please
3. Don’t speak to your mother like that
9. He’s very handsome, isn’t he
4. Good morning Did you sleep well
10. What a lovely day
5. Oh dear Did he hurt himself

Exercise 2

Rewrite the following sentences by putting commas and apostrophes in the correct
places.

1. This food is delicious isnt it?

2. Hello David. Have you seen Toms new bike?

3. “Good morning children” said Miss Lee.

4. I cant speak French very well.

5. Excuse me Mr. Chen. Could you help me with this question please.

6. Sams mom bought rice eggs and flour.

7. Yes thank you. Ive had a lovely day.

8. Shes my big brothers girlfriend.

147
 Exercise 3

Put capital letters in the correct places as you rewrite these sentences.

1. have you seen mr. chen?

2. can I help with the cooking, mom?

3. we went to paris for a holiday.

4. “do you like my new car?” asked uncle david.

5. we visited new york and saw the statue of liberty.

6. my friend doesn’t speak english.

7. they spent christmas in london.

8. we went to the library on thursday.

9. were you born in june or july?

10. have you read the lord of the rings by j.r.r. tolkien?

11. they’re going to italy next summer.

12. have a good day, mrs. park.

148
 A List of Irregular Verbs
Here is a table to remind you of the forms of irregular verbs.

Simple Third Person Present Simple Past

Present Singular Participle Past Participle

be am, is, are being was been

beat beats beating beat beaten

become becomes becoming became become

begin begins beginning began begun

bend bends bending bent bent

bite bites biting bit bitten

blow blows blowing blew blown

break breaks breaking broke broken

bring brings bringing brought brought

build builds building built built

burn burns burning burned burned

burst bursts bursting burst burst

buy buys buying bought bought

catch catches catching caught caught

choose chooses choosing chose chosen

come comes coming came come

creep creeps creeping crept crept

cut cuts cutting cut cut

dig digs digging dug dug

do does doing did done

draw draws drawing drew drawn

149
Simple Third Person Present Simple Past
Present Singular Participle Past Participle

drink drinks drinking drank drunk

drive drives driving drove driven
eat eats eating ate eaten
fall falls falling fell fallen
feed feeds feeding fed fed
feel feels feeling felt felt
fight fights fighting fought fought
find finds finding found found
fly flies flying flew flown
forget forgets forgetting forgot forgotten
freeze freezes freezing froze frozen
get gets getting got got
give gives giving gave given
go goes going went gone
grow grows growing grew grown
have has having had had
hear hears hearing heard heard
hide hides hiding hid hidden
hit hits hitting hit hit
hold holds holding held held
hurt hurts hurting hurt hurt
keep keeps keeping kept kept
kneel kneels kneeling knelt knelt
know knows knowing knew known
lay lays laying laid laid
lead leads leading led led

150
Simple Third Person Present Simple Past
Present Singular Participle Past Participle

learn learns learning learned learned

leave leaves leaving left left
lend lends lending lent lent
let lets letting let let
lie lies lying lay lain
light lights lighting lit/lighted lit/lighted
lose loses losing lost lost
make makes making made made
meet meets meeting met met
pay pays paying paid paid
put puts putting put put
read reads reading read read
ride rides riding rode ridden
ring rings ringing rang rung
rise rises rising rose risen
run runs running ran run
say says saying said said
see sees seeing saw seen
sell sells selling sold sold
send sends sending sent sent
shake shakes shaking shook shaken
shine shines shining shone shone
shoot shoots shooting shot shot
show shows showing showed shown
shut shuts shutting shut shut
sing sings singing sang sung

151
Simple Third Person Present Simple Past
Present Singular Participle Past Participle

sink sinks sinking sank sunk

sit sits sitting sat sat
sleep sleeps sleeping slept slept
smell smells smelling smelled smelled
speak speaks speaking spoke spoken
spend spends spending spent spent
spread spreads spreading spread spread
steal steals stealing stole stolen
stick sticks sticking stuck stuck
sweep sweeps sweeping swept swept
swell swells swelling swelled swollen
swim swims swimming swam swum
swing swings swinging swung swung
take takes taking took taken
teach teaches teaching taught taught
tear tears tearing tore torn
tell tells telling told told
think thinks thinking thought thought
throw throws throwing threw thrown
understand understands understanding understood understood
wake wakes waking woke woken
wear wears wearing wore worn
weep weeps weeping wept wept
win wins winning won won
write writes writing wrote written

152
 Book
2
BASIC ENGLISH BASIC ENGLISH
GRAMMAR GRAMMAR

BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR Book 2

Book
2
Beginning to intermediate students of all ages will greatly
benefit from a clear understanding of English grammar
basics. This is the ideal supplement to your language arts
program whether your students are native English speakers or
beginning English language learners. Skill-specific lessons
make it easy to locate and prescribe instant reinforcement
or intervention.

• Lessons are tightly focused on core concepts of grammar

• More than 80 practice exercises are included for ready

reinforcement

• A wealth of examples are provided on every topic

• Concise explanations are bolstered by extra grammar

tips and useful language notes