Scribd

Scribd Inc. (pronounced /ˈskrɪbd/) is a digital content subscription

Scribd, Inc.
service providing access to a large collection of ebooks,
audiobooks, magazines, podcasts, and other written and spoken
content. The company operates three main platforms Everand,
Scribd and SlideShare.[1][2][3] Type of Private
business
The company was founded in 2007 by Trip Adler, Jared Friedman,
and Tikhon Bernstam, and headquartered in San Francisco, Available in English, French,
California. Tony Grimminck took over as CEO in 2024. German,
Indonesian, Italian,
Portuguese,
History Romanian,
Russian, Spanish

Founding (2007–2013) Founded March 2007

Headquarters San Francisco,
Scribd began as a site to host and share documents.[2] While at
Harvard, Trip Adler was inspired to start Scribd after learning California, U.S.

about the lengthy process required to publish academic papers.[4] Founder(s) Trip Adler
His father, a doctor at Stanford, was told it would take 18 months Jared Friedman
to have his medical research published.[4] Adler wanted to create a Tikhon Bernstam
simple way to publish and share written content online.[5] He co- CEO Tony Grimminck
founded Scribd with Jared Friedman and attended the inaugural Services Social reading and
class of Y Combinator in the summer of 2006.[6] There, Scribd publishing platform
received its initial $120,000 in seed funding and then launched in a
Subsidiaries SlideShare
San Francisco apartment in March 2007.[7]
Everand
Scribd was called "the YouTube for documents", allowing anyone URL www.scribd.com (h
to self-publish on the site using its document reader.[4] The ttps://www.scribd.c
document reader turns PDFs, Word documents, and PowerPoints om/)
into Web documents that can be shared on any website that allows
embeds.[8] In its first year, Scribd grew rapidly to 23.5 million
visitors as of November 2008.[9] It also ranked as one of the top 20
social media sites according to Comscore.[9]
Previous logo
In June 2009, Scribd launched the Scribd Store, enabling writers to
easily upload and sell digital copies of their work online.[10] That
same month, the site partnered with Simon & Schuster to sell e-books on Scribd.[11] The deal made digital
editions of 5,000 titles available for purchase on Scribd, including books from bestselling authors like
Stephen King, Dan Brown, and Mary Higgins Clark.[12]
In October 2009, Scribd launched its branded reader for media companies including The New York Times,
Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, The Huffington Post, TechCrunch, and MediaBistro.[8] ProQuest
began publishing dissertations and theses on Scribd in December 2009.[13] In August 2010, many notable
documents hosted on Scribd began to go viral, including the California Proposition 8 ruling, which received
over 100,000 views in about 24 minutes, and HP's lawsuit against Mark Hurd's move to Oracle.[14][15]

Subscription service (2013–2023)

In October 2013, Scribd officially launched its unlimited
subscription service for e-books. This gave users unlimited access
to Scribd's library of digital books for a flat monthly fee.[1] The
company also announced a partnership with HarperCollins which
made the entire backlist of HarperCollins' catalog available on the
subscription service.[16] According to Chantal Restivo-Alessi, chief
digital officer at HarperCollins, this marked the first time that the
publisher has released such a large portion of its catalog.[17] In
March 2014, Scribd announced a deal with Lonely Planet, offering Screenshots of Scribd's subscription
service
the travel publisher's entire library on its subscription service.[18]

In May 2014, Scribd further increased its subscription offering with

10,000 titles from Simon & Schuster.[19] These titles included works from authors such as: Ray Bradbury,
Doris Kearns Goodwin, Ernest Hemingway, Walter Isaacson, Stephen King, Chuck Klosterman, and
David McCullough.[20] Scribd has been criticized for advertising a free 14 day trial for which payment is
required before readers can trial the products. Readers discover this when they attempt to download
material.

Scribd added audiobooks to its subscription service in November 2014 and comic books in February
2015.[21][22]

In February 2016, it was announced that only titles from a rotating selection of the library would be
available for unlimited reading, and subscribers would have credits to read three books and one audiobook
per month from the entire library with unused credits rolling over to the next month.[23]

The reporting system was discontinued on February 6, 2018, in favor of a system of "constantly rotating
catalogs of ebooks and audiobooks" that provided "an unlimited number of books and audiobooks,
alongside unlimited access to news, magazines, documents, and sheet music"[24] for a monthly subscription
fee of US$8.99.[25] However, under this unlimited service, Scribd would occasionally "limit the titles that
you’re able to access within a specific content library in a 30-day period."[26]

In October 2018, Scribd announced a joint subscription to Scribd and The New York Times for $12.99 per
month.

Audiobooks
In November 2014, Scribd added audiobooks to its subscription library.[27] Wired noted that this was the
first subscription service to offer unlimited access to audiobooks, and "it represents a much larger shift in the
way digital content is consumed over the net."[28] In April 2015, the company expanded its audiobook
catalog in a deal with Penguin Random House.[29] This added 9,000 audiobooks to its platform including
titles from authors like Lena Dunham, John Grisham, Gillian Flynn, and George R.R. Martin.[30]

Comics
In February 2015, Scribd introduced comics to its subscription service.[31] The company added 10,000
comics and graphic novels from publishers including Marvel, Archie, Boom! Studios, Dynamite, IDW, and
Valiant.[22] These included series such as Guardians of the Galaxy, Daredevil, X-O Manowar, and The
Avengers.[32][33] However, in December 2016, comics were eliminated from the service due to low
demand.

Unbundling (2023 - present)

In November 2023, Scribd unbundled from one single product into three distinct ones: Everand, Scribd,
and Slideshare. Everand was launched as a new subscription-based service, focused solely on a customer
looking for entertainment in the form of books, magazines, podcasts and more.

Timeline
In February 2010, Scribd unveiled its first mobile plans for e-readers and smartphones.[34] In April 2010
Scribd launched a new feature called "Readcast",[35] which allows automatic sharing of documents on
Facebook and Twitter.[36] Also in April 2010, Scribd announced its integration of Facebook social plug-ins
at the Facebook f8 Developer Conference.[37]

Scribd rolled out a redesign on September 13, 2010, to become, according to TechCrunch, "the social
network for reading".[38]

In October 2013, Scribd launched its e-book subscription service, allowing readers to pay a flat monthly fee
in exchange for unlimited access to all of Scribd's book titles.[39]

In August 2020, Scribd announced its acquisition of the LinkedIn-owned SlideShare for an undisclosed
amount.[40]

In November 2023, Scribd unbundled into three distinct products: Everand, Scribd, and Slideshare.
Everand was launched as a new product, focusing solely on books, magazines, podcasts and more.

Financials
The company was initially funded with US$120,000 from Y Combinator in 2006, and received over
US$3.7 million in June 2007 from Redpoint Ventures and The Kinsey Hills Group.[41] In December 2008,
the company raised US$9 million in a second round of funding led by Charles River Ventures with re-
investment from Redpoint Ventures and Kinsey Hills Group.[42] David O. Sacks, former PayPal COO and
founder of Yammer and Geni, joined Scribd's board of directors in January 2010.[43]

In January 2011, Scribd raised an additional US$13 million in a round led by MLC Investments of Australia
and SVB Capital.[44] In January 2015, the company raised US$22 million in new funding from Khosla
Ventures with partner Keith Rabois joining the Scribd board of directors.[45]
In 2019, Scribd raised $58 million in new funding led by growth firm Spectrum Equity.[46]

Technology
In July 2008, Scribd began using iPaper, a rich document format similar to PDF and built for the web,
which allows users to embed documents into a web page.[47] iPaper was built with Adobe Flash, allowing
it to be viewed the same across different operating systems (Windows, Mac OS, and Linux) without
conversion, as long as the reader has Flash installed (although Scribd has announced non-Flash support for
the iPhone).[48] All major document types can be formatted into iPaper including Word docs, PowerPoint
presentations, PDFs, OpenDocument documents, OpenOffice.org XML documents, and PostScript files.

All iPaper documents are hosted on Scribd. Scribd allows published documents to either be private or open
to the larger Scribd community. The iPaper document viewer is also embeddable in any website or blog,
making it simple to embed documents in their original layout regardless of file format. Scribd iPaper
required Flash cookies to be enabled, which is the default setting in Flash.[49]

On May 5, 2010, Scribd announced that they would be converting the entire site to HTML5 at the Web 2.0
Conference in San Francisco.[50] TechCrunch reported that Scribd is migrating away from Flash to
HTML5. "Scribd co-founder and chief technology officer Jared Friedman tells me: 'We are scrapping three
years of Flash development and betting the company on HTML5 because we believe HTML5 is a
dramatically better reading experience than Flash. Now any document can become a Web page.'"[51][52]

Scribd has its own API to integrate external/third-party applications,[53] but is no longer offering new API
accounts.[54]

Since 2010, Scribd has been available on mobile phones and e-readers, in addition to personal computers.
As of December 2013, Scribd became available on app stores and various mobile devices.

Reception

Accusations of defrauding and stealing from users

Scribd has been accused by "[having] built its business on stealing from former customers" after numerous
complaints of continuing to charge former subscribers on a monthly basis who had cancelled their
subscriptions long prior to the charges.[55]

Accusations of copyright infringement

Scribd has been accused of copyright infringement. In 2007, one year after its inception, Scribd was served
with 25 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) takedown notices.[56] In March 2009, The Guardian
writes, "Harry Potter author [J.K. Rowling] is among writers shocked to discover their books available as
free downloads. Neil Blair, Rowling’s lawyer, said the Harry Potter downloads were 'unauthorised and
unlawful'...Rowling's novels aren't the only ones to be available from Scribd. A quick search throws up
novels from Salman Rushdie, Ian McEwan, Jeffrey Archer, Ken Follett, Philippa Gregory, and J.R.R.
Tolkien."[57] In September 2009, American author Elaine Scott alleged that Scribd "shamelessly profits
from the stolen copyrighted works of innumerable authors".[58] Her attorneys sought class action status in
their efforts to win damages from Scribd for allegedly "egregious copyright infringement" and accused it of
calculated copyright infringement for profit.[59][60][61] The suit was dropped in July 2010.[62][63]

Controversies
In March 2009, the passwords of several Comcast customers were leaked on Scribd. The passwords were
later removed when the news was published by The New York Times.[64][65][66]

In July 2010, Gigaom reported that the script of The Social Network (2010) movie was uploaded and
leaked on Scribd; it was promptly taken down per Sony's DMCA request.[67]

Following a decision of the Istanbul 12th Criminal Court of Peace, dated March 8, 2013, access to Scribd is
blocked for Internet users in Turkey.[68]

In July 2014, Scribd was sued by Disability Rights Advocates (represented by Haben Girma), on behalf of
the National Federation of the Blind and a blind Vermont resident, for allegedly failing to provide access to
blind readers, in violation of the Americans with Disability Act.[69] Scribd moved to dismiss, arguing that
the ADA only applied to physical locations. In March 2015, the U.S. District Court of Vermont ruled that
the ADA covered online businesses as well. A settlement agreement was reached, with Scribd agreeing to
provide content accessible to blind readers by the end of 2017.[70]

BookID
To counteract the uploading of unauthorized content, Scribd created BookID, an automated copyright
protection system that helps authors and publishers identify unauthorized use of their works on Scribd.[71]
This technology works by analyzing documents for semantic data, metadata, images, and other elements
and creates an encoded "fingerprint" of the copyrighted work.[72]

Supported file formats

Supported formats include:[73][74]

Microsoft Excel (.xls, .xlsx)

Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt, .pps, .pptx, .ppsx)
Microsoft Word (.doc, .docx)
OpenDocument (.odt, .odp, .ods, .odf, .odg)
OpenOffice.org XML (.sxw, .sxi, .sxc, .sxd)
Plain text (.txt)
Portable Document Format (.pdf)
PostScript (.ps)
Rich text format (.rtf)
Tagged image file format (.tif, .tiff)

See also
Slideshare
 Amazon Lending Library and Kindle Unlimited
Document collaboration
Oyster (company)
Wayback Machine
WebCite

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External links
Official website (https://www.scribd.com/)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scribd&oldid=1232275842"