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CH-3 Geometric Design of Highway

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35 views49 pages

CH-3 Geometric Design of Highway

Uploaded by

Erakesh Pandit
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© © All Rights Reserved
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UNIT-3

Geometric Design of Highways


#Introduction:

It refers to the dimensioning of the elements of highways, such as vertical and horizontal
curves, cross sections, bicycle paths, and parking facilities etc.
Geometric design of highway includes the following elements:
• Elements of cross- section(camber, shoulders, super elevation, lane, carriageway, extra
widening)
• Sight distance
• Horizontal alignment
• Vertical alignment etc
The study of geometric design of highway doesn’t include the design of pavement, structural and
drainage component.
#Necessities
•To decrease the cost of construction

•To Decrease the cost of operation

•To maintain consistency of traffic flow

•To ensure safety

•To maintain esthetics of highway alignment


#Basic Road Terms:
I. Traffic volume:
Traffic Volume is defined as the procedure to determine the volume of
traffic or no of vehicles moving on the roads at a particular section during a
particular time period. This time period can be in 'minutes', 'hours' or 'days'
etc.
II. Traffic capacity:

Traffic capacity is expressed as the maximum number of vehicles in a lane or a road


that can pass a given point in unit time, usually an hour, i.e., vehicles per hour per
lane or roadway.
III. Traffic density:

Traffic density is the number of vehicles occupying a given length of the


highway in a traffic lane.
It is expressed as vehicle/mile or vehicle/kilometer.
IV. Skid/slip
Skid:
When the path traveled along the road surface is more than the
circumferential movement of the wheel due to their rotation is known as
skidding
Slip:
When the path traveled along the road surface is less than the
circumferential movement of the wheel due to their rotation is known as
slipping.

#Cross sectional elements:

fig: cross-section of urban road


fig: cross-section of rural road

The cross section of road consists, the section of road along right angle to the
centerline of road. It includes:

a) Width of carriage way:


 Width of the carriage way or the width of the pavement depends on
the width of the traffic lane and number of lanes.
 Width of a traffic-lane depends on the width of the vehicle and the
clearance.

Width of carriageways (m)


In case of single lane roads it is recommended to have two treated shoulders on either side to make a
total width of 5.5m of treated surface

b) Shoulder:
the graded or surfaced area of the roadway, on the side of and adjacent to the
pavement, which gives lateral support to the road surface and can be used by
traffic in an emergency.
• The width of shoulders on either side of the carriageway shall be at least
0.75m. Recommended width of shoulder for various classes of roads is given
below in Table
Width of Shoulders, m

• For protection of pavement from water percolating under it from shoulder it


is recommended to treat at least a 0.50-0.75m wide strip of shoulder near the
edge of the pavement with impervious to water surfacing.
• Very wide shoulders (more than 3.75m wide) are also not desirable due to
tendency of vehicles misusing it as a carriageway.

o Advantages of shoulder are:(porposes of providing road shoulder)

i) They provided external stability to the carriageway.


ii) They provide us as an emergency lane for the vehicles requiring
accidental repairs.
iii) They provide space for animal drawn vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians
when a fast moving vehicle crosses them.
iv) They serve as parking spaces for vehicles in case of emergency.
v) They provide space for erecting road signals.

c) Roadway width:

The total width of carriage way plus shoulder(at each side) of road is called
roadway width.

i.e. Roadway width= carriageway+2*shoulder width


d) Side slope of fill or cut:

• Side slopes of embankment and cuttings depend on the type of fill/cut


materials and height/depth of filling/cutting.
• Recommended side slopes for embankments are given below. But wherever
possible flatter slopes are recommended for aesthetic reason and traffic
safety.
Table: Embankment Side Slopes

• If natural cross slope of the ground is more than 1:5 then the ground should
be cut with more than 2m wide horizontal steps.
• Recommended values of side slopes in cutting are given below in Table
Table Cuttings side slopes
e) Right of Way:

The width of land to be acquired for the road along its alignment is called right of
way.

Table: Right of way

The purposes of providing right of way are:


 To facilitate future expansion of road with no compensation for
property.
 For the construction of drainage structure, overhead bridge etc.
 For the construction of bus shed station.
 To improve the visibility in curves.

 Camber:
 Transverse slope given to the road surface.
 Provided by raising the center of the carriageway with respect to edges.
 The highest point is called crown.
 Expressed in % slope.
According to NRS-2070, following camber is recommended:
Pavement type Cement concrete Bituminous Gravel Earthen
Camber % 1.5 to 2 2.5 4 5

 Objective/ purpose:
 To drain out surface water and protect the bituminous pavement
layers as continued contact with water causes stripping of
bitumen from the aggregates.
 To quickly dry out the pavement surface and ensure safety.
 To protect sub-grade preventing infiltration of water.
 Excessive camber is prevented due to following reason;
 deterioration of central portion
 slip of the speedy vehicles towards the edges
 formation of cross ruts

• Types of Camber:
Straight line camber

These are provided with two equal uniform straight line slopes at both sides of the crown and are
also known as Plane cross slopes.

They are generally adopted for very flat slopes such as PCC or RCC Pavement.

Parabolic Camber

In parabolic camber, the cross slope is in the shape of simple quadratic parabola. In this case, the
ordinate Y varies as the square of abscissa X (simple parabola equation).
∴Parabolic cambers are designed for fast moving highways. A favorable condition for overtaking
operation is provided due to the curved cross slope. As the slope increases outward to the road
edge, the flow of surface water away from the pavement is enhanced. One disadvantage of
parabolic cambers is that they are very difficult to construct.

Composite camber

Composite camber may be composed of partly parabola and partly straight line or two straight lines
having different slopes. Generally central part of the road is made parabolic and provided with
straight slopes near edges. This helps to decrease in intensity of pressure by increasing the contact
area of the wheel.
#Highway Curves:
Types of Highway Curves:
m/sec

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