HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

Area Exam
EQUATION SHEET

Conservation Laws
Control Volume Energy Balance: 𝐸̇!" − 𝐸̇#$% − 𝐸&'"
̇ = Δ𝐸̇(%
*+
Δ𝐸̇(% = 𝑚𝐶) *% and 𝐸̇&'" = 𝑞,,, 𝑉
Surface Energy Balance: 𝐸̇!" − 𝐸̇#$% = 0

Conduction
,, 0+
Fourier’s Law: 𝑞-#"*,/ = −𝑘 0/ ; q1234,5 = q,,1234,5 A1

Heat Flux Vector: ////⃗ /⃗ = −k 508 ⃗ı + 08 ⃗ȷ + 08 /⃗

q,, = q,,5 ⃗ı + q,,6 ⃗ȷ + q,,7 k k6
05 06 07

Heat Diffusion Equation:

0 0+ 0 0+ 0 0+ 0+
Rectangular Coordinates: 0/
7𝑘/ 0/8 + 09 7𝑘9 098 + 0: 7𝑘: 0: 8 + 𝑞,,, = ρ𝐶) 0%

; 0 0+ ; 0 0+ 0 0+ 0+
Cylindrical Coordinates: < 0<
7𝑘< 𝑟 0< 8 + < ! 0= 7𝑘= 0=8 + 0: 7𝑘: 0: 8 + 𝑞,,, = ρ𝐶) 0%

Spherical Coordinates:
; 0 08 ; 0 08 ; 0 08 08
>! 0>
7k > r ? 0> 8 + >! @A3! B 0= 7k = 0=8 + >! @A3 B 0B 7k B sin θ 0B8 + q,,, = ρCC 0D
E
Thermal Diffusivity: α = FG
"

Thermal Resistance
Conduction Resistance:
H J"(<$ /<% )
Plane Wall: 𝑅-#"* = EI Cylinder: 𝑅-#"* = ?NHE
#
(;/<% )O(;/<$ )
Sphere: 𝑅-#"* = PNE
;
Convection Resistance: 𝑅-#"Q = RI
&
;
Radiation Resistance: 𝑅<S* = R where ℎ< = ϵσ(𝑇( + 𝑇($< )(𝑇(? + 𝑇($<
? )
' I&
; ; ;
Resistance of Surface with Convection & Radiation: T =T +T
($( #$)* '+,
;
Two-dimensional Conduction Resistance: 𝑅-#"*,?U = VE
Extended Surfaces (Fins)
X-
Fin Effectiveness: ϵW = RI
#,/ B/
X
Single Fin Efficiency: ηW = RI -B
- /
X($(+0 YI-
Fin Array Efficiency: η# = RI =1−I K1 − ηW L
($(+0 B/ ($(+0
;
Single Fin Resistance: R 1234,ZA3 = [
- RI-
;
Fin Array Resistance: R 1234,\>>\6 = ]
$ RI($(+0

Transient Conduction
Lumped Capacitance Analysis:
T RH ^
Biot Number: 𝑩𝑖 = T#$), = E # , 𝐿- = I
#$)* &$0%, &
_%
Fourier Number: 𝐹𝑜 = H!#
F^G"
Time Constant: τ% = RI&
= 𝑅% 𝐶%
B +O+1 % RH# a%
Temperature: B = + O+ = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 7− ` 8 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 5− 7 E
8 7 H! 86 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝[−(𝐵𝑖)(𝐹𝑜)]
% % 1 ( #
c %
Heat Rate: c = 51 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 7− ` 86
$ (
𝑄# = 𝑚𝐶) (𝑇! − 𝑇d ) = ρ𝑉𝐶) (𝑇! − 𝑇d )
Dimensionless Parameters
e^1 H# ^1 H# g
Reynolds Number: 𝑅𝑒 = = Prandtl Number: 𝑃𝑟 = a
f g
RH# g
Nusselt Number: 𝑁𝑢 = E-
Schmidt Number: 𝑆𝑐 = U
23

a R4 H#
Lewis Number: 𝐿𝑒 = U Sherwood Number: 𝑆ℎ = U23
23
&h(+& O+1 )H5#
Grashoff Number: 𝐺𝑟 = g!
, 𝛽 = 1/𝑇 for ideal gas
&h(+& O+1 )H5#
Rayleigh Number: 𝑹𝑎 = 𝐺𝑟𝑃𝑟 = ga

Convection
,, ,,
Newton’s Law of Cooling: 𝑞-#"Q = ℎ(𝑇( − 𝑇d ) ; 𝑞-#"Q = 𝑞-#"Q 𝐴(
;
Average Heat Transfer Coefficient: ℎf = I ∫I( ℎ 𝑑𝐴(
&
i "
Boundary Layer Thickness: i ≈ 𝑃𝑟 where n =1/3
(

Turbulence:
External Flat-Plate Flow: 𝑅𝑒/,- ≥ 5𝑥10j
Internal Flow: 𝑅𝑒U ≥ 2,300
Internal Flow:
Mass Flow Rate: 𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝑢k 𝐴-
;
Mean (Bulk) Velocity: 𝑢k = eI ∫I 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝐴-
# #
;
Mean (Bulk) Temperature: 𝑇k = k̇G ∫I 𝜌𝑢 𝐶) 𝑇𝑑𝐴-
# "

,,
Heat Transfer Rate: 𝑞-#"Q = ℎ(𝑇( − 𝑇k )
66
X#$)* m
Constant Heat Flux: 𝑇k (𝑥) = 𝑇k,! + k̇G"
𝑥
+ O+ n
mR
Constant Surface Temperature: +& O+4,7 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 p− k̇G 𝑥q
& 4,% "
o+$ +& O+4,7 n
mHR
o+%
=
+& O+4,%
= 𝑒𝑥𝑝 p− k̇G q
"
o+ Oo+
Δ𝑇Hp+U = $89$ %
J"q r
89%

𝑞-#"Q = ℎf𝐴( Δ𝑇Hp+U = 𝑚̇𝐶) K𝑇k,# − 𝑇k,! L

Entry Length (Laminar):
/
Hydrodynamic: -,,:
U
= 0.05𝑅𝑒U
/-,,9
Thermal: U
= 0.05𝑅𝑒U 𝑃𝑟
/-,,+00
Entry Length (Turbulent): U
> 10
Mass Transfer
Mass Transfer: 𝑛I,, = ℎk K𝜌I,( − 𝜌I,d L ; 𝑞'QS)
,,
= 𝑛I,, ℎW&
;
Average Mass Transfer Coefficient: ℎf = I ∫I( ℎk 𝑑𝐴(
&
i i(
Boundary Layer Thickness: i ≈ 𝑆𝑐 ; i ≈ 𝐿𝑒 " where n =1/3
"
# #
Y$ m< ) R E
Heat and Mass Analogy: VR
= V- )
; R4
=U )
= 𝜌𝐶) 𝐿𝑒 ;O" were n=1/3
23 H'

Heat Exchangers
Heat Transfer Rate: 𝑞 = 𝑞R = 𝐶R K𝑇R,! − 𝑇R,# L = 𝑞- = 𝐶- K𝑇-,! − 𝑇-,# L = 𝑈𝐴Δ𝑇Hp+U
66 66
; ; T-,% J"(U$ /U% ) T-,$ ;
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient: sI = R I + I%
+ ?tEH
+ I%
+R
% % $ I$
o+; Oo+!
Log-Mean Temperature Difference: Δ𝑇Hp+U = 89;
J"u v
89!

Parallel Flow: Counter Flow:

Δ𝑇; = 𝑇R,! − 𝑇-,! Δ𝑇; = 𝑇R,! − 𝑇-,#
Δ𝑇? = 𝑇R,# − 𝑇-,# Δ𝑇? = 𝑇R,# − 𝑇-,!

G
Heat Capacity Rate: 𝐶R = 𝑚̇R 𝑐),R and 𝐶- = 𝑚̇R 𝑐),R ; 𝐶< = G 4%)
4+7

X G: z+:,% O+:,$ { G# z+#,$ O+#,% {

Effectiveness: 𝜖wxy = X =G =
4+7 4%) z+:,% O+#,% { G4%) z+:,% O+#,% {
sI
Number of Transfer Units: 𝑁𝑇𝑈 = G
4%)
Radiation
*X
Radiation Intensity: 𝐼|,' = *I
; -#( B*}*|

Total Hemispherical Emissive Power:

d ?N N
𝐸 = ∫~ ∫~ ∫~ 𝐼|,' (λ, θ, ϕ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ 𝑑θ𝑑ϕ𝑑𝜆

Diffuse Surface: 𝐸 = π𝐼' and 𝐽 = 𝐼'•< Diffuse Irradiation: 𝐺 = π𝐼!

Emissive Power: 𝐸 = ϵ𝐸€ = 𝜖𝜎𝑇(P Radiosity: 𝐽 = ϵ𝐸€ + ρ𝐺
,, ,,
Net Radiation Heat Transfer: 𝑞<S* = 𝐸 − 𝛼𝐺 ; 𝑞<S* = 𝑞<S* 𝐴(
Stefan-Boltzmann Constant: 𝜎 = 5.67𝑥10O• W/m2K4
Wien’s Law: λkS/ 𝑇 = 2898 µ𝑚 𝐾
<
∫= x<,/ (|,+)*|
Blackbody Power Fraction: 𝐹~→| = 1
∫= x<,/ (|,+)*|

Table 12.2 will be provided as needed on exam.

Emissivity and Absorptivity
„<,> (|,B,=,+)
Spectral-Directional Emissivity: ϵ|,B (λ, θ, ϕ, 𝑇) ≡ „33 (|,+)
…<,?,@AB (|,B,=)
Spectral-Directional Absorptivity: α|,B (λ, θ, ϕ) ≡ …<,? (|,B,=)
1
∫= †< (|,+)x33 (|,+)*|
Total Emissivity (Diffuse Surface): ϵ(𝑇) = 1
∫= x33 (|,+)*|
1
∫= _< (|)‡< (|)*ˆ
Total Absorptivity (Diffuse Surface): α = 1
∫= ‡C (|)*ˆ
82D\Š ‹\4A2@AD6 ŠŒ\•A3Ž •? \34 \>>A•A3Ž \D •E X
View Factor: 𝐹!‰ ≡ 82D\Š ‹\4A2@AD6 ŠŒ\•A3Ž •?
= • I%F
% %

View Factor Summation Rule: ∑Y

‰‘; 𝐹!‰ = 1 where N is number of surfaces

View Factor Reciprocity Relation: 𝐴! 𝐹!‰ = 𝐴‰ 𝐹‰!

View Factor Composite Receiver: 𝐹!(‰) = ∑"E‘; 𝐹!E
∑)
GH; IG “G%
View Factor Composite Emitter: 𝐹(‰)! = ∑)
GH; IG

Diffuse-Gray Surface Exchange:

;O†
Surface Radiation Resistance: 𝑅<S*,($<W = I†
;
Geometrical Radiation Resistance: 𝑅<S*,&'# = I “
% %F