1.

ILIAS SAID, 2. MOHD WIRA MOHD SHAFIEI, 3. ABDELNASER OMRAN

THE COMPETENCY REQUIREMENTS FOR QUANTITY

SURVEYORS: ENHANCING CONTINUOUS
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Abstract:
Quantity surveyors are construction economists who fulfill varied and comprehensive duties to
support cost-effective construction and property development projects. The core competencies of
quantity surveyors include determining project budgets, measuring project quantities, preparing
contract documentation (such as Bills of Quantities and cost control documents), administering
contracts, and preparing final accounts. Despite being recognised as a professional discipline distinct
from architecture and civil engineering since 1836, quantity surveyors are not immune to the threats
and changes in their operating environment. Some parties in the construction industry have been
critical about the quality of works and services provided by quantity surveyors. Some even question
the importance of appointing quantity surveyors as project consultants. Because of these challenges,
the profession needs to regroup and take stock of the whole situation so that they will not become
extinct in the future. All parties who have vested interest in the development of the profession, be it
the students, educators, registered as well as unregistered quantity surveyors must find an answer to
arguably, the declining roles of quantity surveyors and the lack of recognition they receive in
construction projects. However, recognising the importance of professional competence, this paper
has looked into issues relating to quantity surveyors’ competency. As results, this paper was revealed
that, quantity surveying educators and practices alike, are still deeply entrenched in the ‘traditional’
core competencies rather than the newer and more novel services and skills.

Keywords:
Competency, training, continuous professional development, occupational skills, quantity surveying

INTRODUCTION that the changing nature of the construction and

development industry such as the adoption of
Quantity surveyors are key professionals in the innovative technological processes and
construction industry and their clients include development, the emergence of highly focused
developers, government bodies and agencies, professionals and the full range of advanced
building proprietors, architects and contractors. technologies will necessitate a much stronger
They can be involved in cost planning, cost emphasis on job competencies than ever before.
management, project procurement, contract However, competence, in any sphere of work,
administration, feasibility studies and asset can be a difficult concept to pin down. It is
financial management. The wide array of particularly difficult when it relates to
quantity surveyors’ responsibilities means that professional occupations where roles can be
they have to be educated, trained, and highly complex, and the knowledge and skills involved
skilled in diverse subjects. Lenard (2000) argued

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many and varied (Cheetham and Chivers, 1996). ƒ Periodic financial reporting
In order to arrive at a suggested model of ƒ Technical auditing.
competencies and skills for quantity surveyors, it ƒ Assessing replacement value for insurance.
is important to elaborate and discuss the job ƒ Project management related services.
scopes and varying roles of quantity surveyors, ƒ Giving expert evidence in arbitrations,
be it in professional firms, contracting adjudications and legal disputes.
organisations, and construction client bodies. ƒ Preparing/defending against construction
This paper will firstly, describe the profession of contract claims.
quantity surveyors, then followed by discussion From being a trade-based vocation, quantity
on quantity surveyors’ job competencies, surveying had developed into a full-fledged
deliberation on the research findings and lastly, profession widely accepted in the construction
description on the suggested model of industry. The quantity surveyors, in its present
competencies for quantity surveyors. day construction industry, uses his ability to
analyse cost components of a construction
QUANTITY SURVEYING PROFESSION project in a scientific way and apply the results
of his analysis to a variety of financial and
The origins of quantity surveyors can be traced economic problems confronting the developer
back to the ancient Egyptian civilisation who and the designer. Badu and Amoah (2004) held
used dedicated personnel to carry out estimates that these changing roles had been redefined by
and costing for their magnificent structures and the educational system received by the quantity
buildings. It developed into an occupation surveyors.
during the 17th century restoration of London
after the Great Fire. In 1836 the profession DIFFERENT ROLES OF QUANTITY SURVEYORS
entered its new age when the new Houses of
Parliament of Great Britain, designed by Sir There are several options in the quantity
Charles Barry, became the first major public surveying field. A qualified quantity surveyor can
contract to be fully measured and tendered usually gain employment in quantity surveying
using detailed bills of quantities for financial firms, construction companies, or property
accountability (RICS 2005). A quantity surveyor developers. Some large public or private
is a professional in the construction industry organisations that deal with a significant amount
who has the ability to analyse both cost of building or construction procurement as part
components and practical physical construction of their activities normally employ quantity
works of a project in a successful way so as to be surveyors among other construction
able to apply the results of his analysis in solving professionals to become their project managers.
problems peculiar to each project (Badu and Quantity surveyors working in consultant firms
Amoah, 2004). In general, the principal services are retained by the construction clients to ensure
that could be offered by any quantity surveying that what is eventually built is what the clients
firm are (John Austen Associates 2004): want or could afford (National Commercial
ƒ Preliminary cost advice and feasibility Services UK, 2004). The responsibilities of the
estimates. client’s quantity surveyor include the
ƒ Cost planning. preparation of Bills of Quantities and the giving
ƒ Advising on contractual methods. of advice on what a project would cost. He also
ƒ Advising on selection of other consultants. does cost planning during the design stage of a
ƒ Advising on contractor selection. project, examine tenders, price quantities and
ƒ Preparing tender documents. report his findings. He also negotiates rates with
ƒ Obtaining or negotiating tenders. contractors on negotiated contracts, valuing
ƒ Reporting on tenders received or package work in. The distinctive skill of a quantity
deal/design and build offers. surveyor lies in his ability to analyse a project
ƒ Evaluating construction work. using the above knowledge and apply it to the
ƒ Preparing and agreeing accounts for/with following areas like progress payment and
contractors. making recommendations as to payments to be
ƒ Preparing expenditure statements for tax made to the contractor including advising on
accounting purposes. the financial aspects of variations (Badu and

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Amoah, 2004). The contractor’s quantity organisations. What is competence? In this

surveyor on the other hand engages himself in paper, the term is not to be likened with the
matters relating to costs and estimates from the concept of ‘core competence’ as developed by
perspective of ‘entrepreneurial’ contractor, and the likes of Hamel and Prahalad (1990), Stalk et
agrees on measurements with the client’s al., (1992), and Tampoe (1994). For them, core
contractor for any specific project. The principle competence refers to an integrated set of core
role of the quantity surveyor here is to look after technologies and core skills that provide an
the financial interests of the contractor. He will organisation with its competitive advantage. It is
calculate and record the financial value of the more organisationally driven rather than
work carried out and ensures that the contractor individually focused. But Boyatzis (1982),
is paid properly and on time. During the Schroder (1989) and Burgoyne (1993) are more
currency of the contract, he will be involved in interested in the ‘individual’ aspect of
measurements on site and from drawings in competence. The concept is widely used in
order to establish the true value of wok done in human resource management. Individual
the interim period (National Commercial competence refers to the set of skills that an
Services UK 2004). He also collects information individual must possess in order to be capable of
about cost of various operations or method of satisfactorily performing a specified job. Holmes
construction from which the contractor can and Joyce (1993) defined competence as action,
prepare future estimates. He might also be behaviour or outcome which a person should be
tasked to prepare the project report and assists able to demonstrate, or the ability to transfer
the contractor in his management scheduling skills and knowledge to new situations within an
plans (Badu and Amoah, 2004). occupational area. Meyer and Semark (1996)
have added two new dimensions into this
A DISCUSSION ON COMPETENCY definition i.e. personal attributes and value
orientation. Roggema-van Heusden (2004)
The issue of workers’ competencies had been attempted to define competence from
discussed by industrialists, management professional personnel point of view. They held
practitioners and academics alike since the that, competence is the ability to perform well in
1960’s. Concerns had been raised by them about a professional situation that involves the
the difficulty in transferring core competencies accomplishment of a certain task or the dealing
to the next generation of employees, and the with a problem, in a manner that can be
resultant effect of this transfer to the firm’s observed and be judged by others. That is to say:
ability to sustain its competitive advantage a competent professional is capable of applying
across diverse environments (Hamel and the necessary expertise in confluence with
Prahalad 1990; Siddiqi, 2000). However, the effective behaviour.
thinking on competencies and corporate
strategy remained dormant during during the THE COMPETENCY MODEL
1970s and early 1980s, the reason being that
management practitioners and academics paid As the needs and expectations of construction
more attention to other approaches of strategy clients have changed, particularly since the
(Anjana-Kak, 2002). In the late 1990s the idea of decade of the nineties, so have their
competence had gained greater credence and expectations of professional services in the built
widely used by industries. Rankin (2000) environment. Whereas professional services
reported that a significant number of companies have been engaged without hesitation in the
in the UK are using competencies to improve past, questions about relevancy in terms of value
individual and corporate performance. Baker et added to the project are now being asked
al., (1997) observed that companies were starting (Procter, 1997). Because of the more discerning
to look into workers’ competencies when they clients, the profession needs to regroup and take
realised that providing a framework which stock of the whole situation so that they will not
brings greater clarity to the idea of competence become extinct in the future. Prokesch (1997)
in business in general, and operations and argued that knowledge base of the profession
technology management in particular, would could be the key in unlocking the potential of
bring competitive advantage to their the profession and meeting the changing client

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needs. He believed that, one way of updating ƒ Quantification/measurement – the ability to

and leveraging the profession’s knowledge base quantify and enumerate.
is to ensure that the constituent skills, abilities ƒ Analysis – the ability to observe, assess,
and values of the profession are subjected to identify problems and find innovative
periodic auditing to highlight critically solutions.
important competencies. The proficiency levels ƒ Appraisal/evaluation – the ability to assess
of practitioners in these competencies can then value.
be assessed to identify areas of focus for relevant ƒ Communication – the ability to impart
education and training for quantity surveyors. knowledge, ideas and concepts through oral,
written and visual means.
Table 1. Competencies required of Quantity ƒ Interpersonal skills – the ability to effectively
Surveyors for professional Competency (RICS)
Basic Core
work with others and to be part of a team.
Optional competencies ƒ Leadership – the ability to lead and motivate.
competencies competencies
Personal and Construction
Arbitration & other dispute ƒ Self-development – the ability to set goals,
interpersonal contract
skills practice
resolution procedures display enthusiasm, self motivate and
Construction undertake research.
technology ƒ Management – the ability to organise,
Business skills and Development appraisal
environmental monitor, control and plan the effective use
services of resources.
Data, information ƒ Documentation – the ability to prepare
Economics of
and information Facilities management
technology
construction written information in a format which
Professional
Procurement clearly conveys meaning.
and financial Insolvency ƒ Synthesis – the ability to combine fact or
practice
management
Law Insurance ideas into a complex whole.
Measurement Project management ƒ Computer literacy – the ability to understand
Property investment and apply basic computer skills.
Mapping
funding
Research methodologies ƒ Construction technology – the ability to
and techniques understand basic construction technology.
Valuation ƒ Construction law and regulation – the basic
Taxation allowances &
grants knowledge of national laws and regulations
related to construction.
In 1998, The Royal Institution for Chartered In 1999, The Pacific Association of Quantity
Surveyors (RICS) had put forward a model of Surveyors (PAQS) had analysed a full range of
competencies for quantity surveyors. The competencies required by a modern quantity
model, as shown in Table 1, was presented surveyor. In principle they agreed to accept 10
under three categories of basic, core and competency standards for their quantity
optional competencies. surveyors. Those are:
The Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors ƒ Strategic planning.
(AIQS) also attempted to define and develop a ƒ Budgetary process.
model of competencies for the quantity ƒ Cost estimating.
surveyors (AIQS 1998). They had proposed 31 ƒ Cost planning.
competency standards that need to be adhered ƒ Procurement advice.
to by the professional body in producing ƒ Documentation.
competent quantity surveyors. Apart from the ƒ Tendering process.
competency standards, the Australian Institute ƒ Construction account management.
of Quantity Surveyors also recommended the ƒ Construction change management.
basic characteristics of abilities that lead to a ƒ Feasibility studies
competent quantity surveyor. These basic
abilities in turn, form the platform from which a
competent quantity surveyor can develop and
are an integral part of the 31 units of
competency standards. The basic abilities are:

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Table 2. Basic characteristics, Abilities and

COMPETENCY STANDARDS FOR THE MALAYSIAN Knowledge of a Competent Quantity Surveyor
Respondent Scoring* (%) Imp. Index
QUANTITY SURVEYORS Characteristic
1 2 3 4 5

The quantity surveyor competency model Quantification

25.00

75.00

95.00
0

0
/ Measurement
developed by the AIQS, RICS, and PAQS had
been used to formulate the theoretical

25.00

75.00

95.00
Analysis
framework for this study. The competency

0
standards models developed by these three
organisations model were perceived to be the Interpersonal

11.11

58.33

41.67

95.00
0

0
skills
most comprehensive ever developed to date.
The research aims is to put forward a model of Communi-

50.00

50.00

90.00
competencies for professional quantity

0
cation
surveyors in Malaysia. Literature search
conducted in the earlier stage of the research Documen-

50.00

50.00

90.00
0

0
tation
revealed that a Malaysian model of competency
standards for the quantity surveyors had not Construction

50.00

50.00

90.00
been developed before. A sample of 50 quantity

0
technology
surveying firms registered with The Board of
Quantity Surveyors, Malaysia was randomly

58.33

41.67

88.33
Management

0
selected for this study. Postal questionnaires
were sent to these firms in January 2005. By the
Appraisal /

66.67

33.33

86.67
20th of February 2005, 12 firms had returned
0

0
Evaluation
completed questionnaires to the researcher. A
small number of filled questionnaires received Construction

66.67

33.33

86.67
after the cut off date (20th February) was not Law and
0

0
regulation
analysed due to time limitation of the research.
Hence, the effective research respondents are 12 Self-
11.11

66.67

25.00

85.00
(N=12), a response rate of 24%.
0

development

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS, ABILITIES AND

75.00

25.00

85.00
Leadership
0

KNOWLEDGE OF A COMPETENT QUANTITY

SURVEYOR
11.11

75.00

16.67

Synthesis 83.33
0

The respondents were asked to give their

opinion on a given list of characteristics, Computer and
abilities, and knowledge of a competent information
75.00

16.67

81.67
8.33
0

technology
quantity surveyor. The list, adapted from the literacy
Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors’ * 1- Not important, 2- Less imp., 3- Neutral,
competency model contained 13 characteristics, 4- Important, 5- Very imp.

abilities, and knowledge. The results are shown The respondents stated that, the most important
in Table 2, as follows. characteristics, abilities and knowledge for
Overall, all the respondents were agreeable to quantity surveyors to possess are
the list of basic characteristics, abilities and quantification/measurement, analysis, and
knowledge of a competent quantity surveyor interpersonal skills. Communication,
proposed to them. This is because, the lowest documentation, and construction technology
importance index reading is 81.67 (for are also regarded as highly important for
‘computer and information technology quantity surveyors to achieve an accepted level
literacy’). Hence, it could be deduced from the of competency. Other less important
result that, the respondents are generally characteristics, abilities and knowledge to
accepting the importance of all the items in the acquire are management, appraisal/evaluation,
list provided to them. construction law and regulation, self-
development, leadership, synthesis, and
computer and information technology literacy.

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Three pertinent points came out from this result. degrees in quantity surveying programmes. The
Firstly, the respondents widely accepted that criteria and standards are prepared as part of the
interpersonal skills are one of the three most Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia’s ambition
important abilities to acquire for any would-be to assure the quality of higher education in the
competent quantity surveyors. This finding field of built environment. Other field of studies
shows that apart from quantity surveying related within the built environment disciplines are
knowledge, it is important for quantity surveyors which have formulated their own respective
to acquire the ‘soft’ skill such as interpersonal criteria and standards are architecture, interior
skills to help them carry out their work in a architecture, landscape architecture, land
competent manner. Secondly, it is interesting to surveying, building surveying, urban and
note that documentation did not come up top in regional planning, valuation and real estate
the ranking of characteristics, abilities and management, and construction. The Board of
knowledge importance. According to popular Quantity Surveyors Malaysia agreed that, the
belief, the knowledge of documentation should general education goals for quantity surveying
be one of the most important aspects of quantity educators in Malaysia are to educate, train, and
surveying work. Apparently, the respondents produce graduate quantity surveyors who are
disagreed with such a belief and did not place competent, creative and versatile, guided by
documentation in a higher position of high moral and ethical values for God and
importance. Similarly, construction law and Mankind. After completing the quantity
regulation – popularly perceived as one of the surveying education programme, the graduates
most important scope of quantity surveyors did should possess knowledge, understanding, skills
not make it to the most important or even and competencies in:
highly important list of characteristics, abilities 1. Meta-competencies – versatile and adaptable,
and knowledge for quantity surveyors. Thirdly, pro-active and positive thinking, able to
computer and information technology literacy communicate effectively, high self-esteem,
was not ranked high enough by the respondents highly creative and innovative with problem
as important in the pursuit of quantity surveying solving ability, able to work in team, high
competency. This is despite the nature of ethical and moral value lifelong learning
quantity surveyors work that relies heavily in outlook.
cost estimates and quantitative-based activities. 2. Construction economics, cost and financial
With the help of computers and advanced management – including project cost
designer software, surely it would make their estimating and cost plans, preparing project
work much faster, accurate and error-free. budget and cash flows, administration of
project cost and finance, carrying out
COMPETENCY STANDARDS FOR QUANTITY feasibility and viability studies including
SURVEYORS collecting, preparing, analysing, and
interpreting project cost and financial data
The study was based on the AIQS’ model of and related information.
competency standards for quantity surveyors. In 3. Management of construction project
all, there are 13 competency standards to be procurement and contract – inclusive of
tested by the study (as shown in the preceding identifying, collecting, processing and
page). Early findings indicate that ‘contract interpreting data and information for the
documentation’, budgetary process’ and evaluation and selection of appropriate
‘tendering process’ are consistently ranked procurement system and contractual
higher than the other standards by the arrangement, preparing tender and contract
respondents. This warrants further scrutiny documents, administration of tendering
during the next round of data collection. At the processes and managing the implementation
time of writing, the Board of Quantity Surveyors of construction contract.
Malaysia and the Ministry of Higher Education 4. Measurement, quantification and
Malaysia had just released their final draft of documentation – inclusive of measuring and
‘Criteria and Standards for Educational quantifying construction works for project
Programmes in the Field of Quantity Surveying’ costing, cost planning and control,
to be used by all public universities offering preparation of bills of quantities, work

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programme, resources planning and control, Board of Quantity Surveyors’ continuous

valuation for interim payment, and professional development programme.
preparation of project account.
5. Construction technology and engineering – CONCLUSION
inclusive the use of construction technology
and engineering, knowledge of materials, The study revealed that the quantity surveying
plant, machinery and manpower in quantity fraternity is serious in establishing their own
surveying functions, cost and financial competency standards to improve and maintain
management, and contract administration. the services provided by professional quantity
6. Information and communication technology surveyors. Various professional quantity
– not only to utilise the latest ICT in carrying surveying organisations such as RICS, AIQS, and
out the quantity surveying functions but also PAQS had already established the competency
to design and/or develop e-systems for standards for their own use. Whatever model
quantity surveying work, processes and they follow, the Malaysian quantity surveyors
procedures. were found to be very receptive towards the idea
7. Project management principles and practice – of adhering to these prescribed standards in
in providing quantity surveying services and producing competent quantity surveyors. The
the management of project cost, finance, next challenge in the profession would be to
procurement and contract. improve the competency standards models a
8. International QS practice – inclusive of local step further, and to extend their use to a larger
and international construction and quantity number of quantity surveying practices. In view
surveying technology, work process and of the competency framework proposed by the
procedure and their changes and Board of Quantity Surveyors Malaysia in August
development. 2005, more research works need to be done to
The 8-points criteria and standards as proposed see the benefits of the prescribed competency
by the Board of Quantity Surveyors Malaysia are standards coming from the various professional
already in final draft stage. Barring major quantity surveying bodies.
changes by the higher authority, it is expected
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