ADICHUNCHANAGIRI UNIVERSITY BG Nagara-571448 ws Technical Seminar report on “ECO-FRIENDLY PAINTS” SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN “CIVIL ENGINEERIMG” Submitted by ‘Sumanth Gowda M_ (18CVvE0sa) Under the guidance of Mrs. Shruthi R Assistant Professor DEPARTMENT OF C'VIL ENGINFERING BGS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BG NAGAR, NAGAMANGALA (T) , MANDYA 571448, 2021-2022BGS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (Affiliated to Adichunchanagiri University, BG Nagara) DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING ‘This is to certify that the Technical Seminar Report entitled “ECO-FRIENDLY PAINTS” is bonified work carried out by SUMANTH GOWDA M (18CVE054) a bonified student of BGS Institute of ‘Technology, B.G Nagat in partial fulfilment of the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering under Adhichuneahnagiri University, BG Nagara during the year2021-2022. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for the internal assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the department library. The Technical Seminar Report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of internship work preseribed for the Bachelor of Technology. Guide HOD Mrs. Shruthi R Dr. T Mahadevaiah Assistant Professor, Prof. & HOD Department of Civil Engg Dept of Civil Engg BGSIT, B G Nagar BGSIT, BG Nagar.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to take this opportunity to thank a lot of eminent personalities, without whose constant encouragement, this endeavour of mine would not have become a reality. ‘At first, I would like to thank the ACU, BG Nagara, for having this Internship as part of its, curriculum, which gave me a wonderful opportunity to work on my research and presentation abilities and BGSIT for providing me with such excellent facilities, without which, this internship could not have acquired the shape it has now done. My heartfelt gratitude to our honourable principal Dr. B K Narendra, B.G.S Institute of Technology, for his constant support and encouragement lam greatly indebted to our HOD Prof. Dr. T Mahadevaiah, Head, Department of Civil Engineering for providing me with all the facilities necessary for making this internship a great success. I would like to thank, Shruthi R, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Civil for his continuous support, advice, and guidance. Jam grateful to my parents, friends and well-wishers for their contribution on a personal level. Last but not the least my profound thanks to the Teaching staff and non-Teaching staff of the Department of Civil Engineering for their help and patience. SUMANTH GOWDA M (I8CVE0S4)DECLARATION This is to Certify that |, SUMANTH GOWDA M [18CVEO054], a student of final year B.E, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BGS Institute of Technology, B.G. Nagara, hereby declare that the report entitled “ECO-FRIENDLY PAINTS” has been independently carried out by me under the supervision and my Internal Guide Shrutht R, Assistant. Profe Dept. of Civil, BGS Institute of Technology, B G Nagara and I have followed the guidelines provided by the Institute in preparing the Technical Seminar report and whenever I have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, figures, and text) from other sources, I have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the Technical Seminar report and giving their details in the references and submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering Branch of Adichunchanigiri University, BG Nagara during the academic year 2021-2022. | further declare that this internship report has not been submitted by me to any university or institution either in part or in full for the award of any degree SUMANTH GOWDA M. (18CVE0S4)Title Abstract Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 ‘CONTENTS Page no 06 07 08 09-10 11-26 27-28 29 30-31 32 33ABSTRACT Many insects are considered to be pests and can be serious threats to buildings. Insecticides represent an effective way to control pest insects but are harmful to the environment. As an eco-friendlier alternative, wehave formulated waterborne, organic paints which provided a slippery physical barrier for leafcutter ants (Atta cephalotes) on vertical surfaces. Different paints were produced by varying the Pigment Volume Concentration (PVC) and amount of TiO2 and CaCO3 particles, and characterised in terms of contact angles, surface roughness and scrub resistance. The paints’ slipperiness for A. cephalotes ants was evaluated in climbing tests on vertical paint panels (by recording the percentage of fallen ants). Two main factors reducedthe ins * attachment to vertical paint surfaces: The PVC: in paints above a critical PVC, more loose particles detach from the coating and thereby reduce insect attachment; and. The type, dimensions and shape of solid particles: CaCO3 particles detach more easily from the paint than TiO2, probably due to their largersize and platelet shape. Paints formulated at PVC 70 and containing 20 wi% CaCO3 showed the best performance in terms of slipperiness, as well as providing good scrub resistance. The efficacy of the eco- friendly product was analyzed also after a short time (four weeks) of outdoor exposure. Suitable performance and short-term durability of the green hydrophobic coating were found, comparable or even greater than those reported in the current literature for other widespread commercial products, confirming the capability of the product to preserve porous stone surfaces even in absence of solvents in its formulationCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Many insects are considered pests, because they pose serious threat to agriculture, forestry, buildings and human health. Many crawling insects, most notably termites, cockroaches and ants, cause damages to buildings and furniture, or can affect hygiene and human health. About 2300 termite species have been discovered, of which 183 species were accounted for damaged buildings as they feed primarily on wood, mostly in Asia, Australia, ‘Africa and in the USA, causing annual damages between $2 and $40 billion. Many cockroach species are nificant indoor pests worldwide, and can increase domestic exposure to allergens associated with asthma, About 0.5% of ant species are considered pests, such as fire ants and Pharaoh ants,and have been acknowledged to be the most difficult pests to eliminate. Ants enter buildings in search of food or cause structural damage as they establish their nests close to heat sources, espe: lly in cooler climates. Thus, it is essential to prevent pest insects from entering buildings. Chemical treatments are widely used to tackle insect pests and include insecticide sprays, groomable coatings, baits, soil termitcide injection, and chemical fumigation. These methods rely on insecticides, which are an effective way to control pests but cause environmental and health damage. In the United States only, the impact of pesticides (including insecticides) on health and environment were estimatedin 2005 to cost more than $8 billion annually, and the serious worldwide decline of insects may be partly based on the widespread use of insecticides. Physical barriers can be used to prevent crawling insects from entering buildings. They rely on concrete slabs, graded particles with specific sizes or sheets made of metal or plastic, and are non-toxic, However, such barriers do not protect buildings from dry wood termites. Other physical methods of combatting pest insects include heat, freezing, electricity, and microwaves, but are impractical to use in large areas. Slippery paints and coatings may provide superior alternatives to the above methods as they are easy to apply, cheap, and durable, and combine aesthetic appearance with insect-repellent properties. Using environmentally- friendly essential oils and plant extracts in paint coatings is an effective alternat ive way to repel insects from buildingsCHAPTER 2 HISTORY AND EVALUATION OF PAIN Environmentally friendly paint contains fewer VOCs, biocides, and fungicides than regular paint. These paints also tend to have higher amounts of natural pigments and ingredients. ‘The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) states that paint with VOCs in the range of 5 grams per liter or less can technically be branded as “zero VOC,” although the product may still contain colorants and biocides that are made up of harmful chemicals. Typically, low-VOC paints have no more than 50 grams per liter. Oil- based paints contain high levels of VOCs, whereas water-based paints usually contain much lower levels of harmful chemicals. 2.1 EVALUATION OF PAINTS The performance of different replacements for chromates was studied. The anticorrosive properties of seven phosphate-based pigments, a calcium-exchange silica and a ferrite were ced by electrochemical techniques and formulating solvent-borne paints with epoxy and alkyd resins. Paints total pigment content. as contained 30% by volume of anticorrosive pigment, with respect to the The anticorrosive performance of paints was evaluated by accelerated tests (salt spray chamber) and electrochemical essays (corrosion potential and ionic resistance). Outdoor exposure tests were carried out inan urban-industrial environment during 8 years The anticorrosive performance of the tested paints showed that there is not a clear relationship between the laboratory tests and the outdoors exposition and that none of them, by themselves can predict the behaviour of the paint under service. However, electrochemical essays with pigments may give an orientation about pigment performance in anticorrosive paints. As a general rule, ifthe pigment reduces notably steel corrosion rate and generates a rather high apparent polarization resistance a good anticorrosive performance may be expectedCHAPTER 3 3.1 IMPORTANCE OF PAINTS ON BUILDING © Minimal Environmental Impact Mostly all eco-friendly paints are water based and do not leave harmful footprints at all. Moreover, natural components present in these paints are biodegradable. Over time they have been functionally improved and are currently being offered in a variety of shades. © Noor very less VOCs Almost every chemical paint comprises of VOC oF Volatile Organic Compounds. These are emitted especially when such chemical paints are produced in the factories, They are also emitted when you use them to paint walls, VOC leaves behind chemical waste that is non- biodegradable and non-recyclable. Eco friendly paints are superior in comparison and cither contains no VOC at all or only just a slight amount of ‘it, whichwill cause relatively lesser damage © Health Benefits ‘VOC in paints remains active up to five years after application, even when the paint has dried up completely. People, who are continually exposed to VOC in paints, are 40 percent more prone to lung cancer. The VOCfree eco-friendly paint prevents you from a variety of infections © Naturally produced Every component used in eco-friendly paints is natural. Thus, plant extracts like lemon peel extract, seed oilbee wax, ete. are the primary components of these green paints. They do not lead to any unsafe emission either during the process of manufacturing or while applying at home © Cost efficient You might find that eco-friendly paints are costlier than most of the chemical paints. However, despite this,the health-conscious generation is upbeat about using eco-friendly paints. To tell you the truth, apparently, they may seem expensive but they are cost effective options. They safeguard your health protect the environment from pollution.@ =Low odour ‘You might feel suffocated by the unpleasant odour emitted by the chemical paints. The major culprits are ammonia and formaldehyde found in paints. They often leave you coughing madly after you get your house painted. But, eco-friendly paints are devoid of any odour due to the presence of natural ingredients in them. © Efficient painting results in few coats Eco friendly paints do not only work towards reducing the impact of harmful emissions on the environment, but they are also qualitatively more superior to their chemical counterparts. So, you can be assured thateco-friendly paints will give your walls a superior coverage, improved colour retention capacity, viscosity. greater choice of shades, minimal abrasion, ete © Non-Toxte These all-natural earth-friendly paints curb the chances of releasing toxins in the environment that subsequently cause health hazards. As compared to the conventional chemical paints, they do not contain harmful chemicals like benzene, toluene, naphthalene, methyl chloroform they are far better and greener options for you. © = Sultable for anyone ‘The natural ingredients in these eco-friendly paints guarantee that they are totally safe for everybody. Therefore, feel safe with eco-friendly paints whether you are pregnant, or a kid, old person, asthma patient or anybody else.CHAPTER4 4.1 CLASSIFICATION OF ECO FRIENDLY PAINTS Eco-friendly paints available in India can be classified into three types: 1, Zero-VOC paints 2. Low-VOC paints 3. Natural paints 4, termed as *zero- VOC paints’. As per the EPA* standard, the total VOC content should be Zero-VOC paints: The level of VOCs in these paints is so low that they can be less than $ gram per liter of paint. Types of Zero-VOC Paints 4.1.1.1 Ecos paints: Ecos PAINTS . Fig For more than 30 years, ECOS Paint has been helping consumers with chemical sensitivities : Ecos Paints spruce up their homes. Each paint is water-based, zero-VOC, low-odour, and manufactured in the United States. Each product includes a complete ingredient list and VOC test data Looking to match your favourite paint colour from a different brand? ECOS can do that, too.Features & benefits © High performance - superior hiding, coverage, adhesion and mildew resistance Non-toxic - zero VOC emissions in paint and pigments; no biocides, fungicides or solvents, ultra-low odour © Easy application and cleanup - apply with brush, roller or spray. Clean up with soap and ter © Vibrant colours - European pigments, and no black pigment «Excellent coverage - one gallon covers 480-560 square feet depending upon porosity of substrate * Eco-friendly shipping - the containers and shipping boxes are both 100% post- consumer recycled and 100% recyclable 4. 1.2 Behr Premium Plus Low Odour Interior Paint Since 2012, Behr has offered an affordable zero-VOC and low odour interior paint line. The self-priming product seals uncoated and previously painted surfaces. The mildew-resistant finish is 100% a rylic and has a quick drying time. It is highly versatile and available in multiple finishes. It’s Green guard Gold Certified to meet standards for low chemical emissions (ani —_ Fig 2:Behr premium paint Application and Use The use stage begins when the user applies the product to a substrate. Environmental burdens associated with repaints are att muted to the original stage in which they occurred (e.g. production of the coating for the repaint is attributed to Stage 1 - Product). This stage does not require any energy or additional cleaning inputs, but includes the VOCs emitted during application.4.1.1.3 Benjamin Moore Eco Spec Fig 3: ECO spec paints With the phase-out of the Natura line, Eco Spee® is now the “greenest” interior premium acrylic paint from Benjamin Moore. It comes in three finishes—flat, eggshell, and semi-gloss- mixed with all available colours. It’s tinted with the company's Gennex® zero VOC colorant system. EEATURES + Zero VOCs and emissions Excellent holdout properties 100% Acrylic Quick-drying for same-day return to service Spatter-resistant CERTIFIED Asthma & allergy friendly* Green Seal Certified 4.1.1.4 Earth Safe Finishess for two decades. South Carolina-based Earth Safe Finishes has been making VOC-free pa They have a wall paint line for interior, and exterior applications, including one they claim is safe for babies. They also offer a no-VOC water-based varnish, zero-VOC stains and pigments, and sealants specially designed for furniture and arts and craft projects. A non-toxic water-based sealer that completely seals furniture, new or old wood, cabinets, ide or ou craft projects, walls- le, wood floors, terra cotta, cement, brick, conerete and more. 4.1.1.5 Green Planet Paints Fig 5: Green Planet Paints Green Planet Paints are an eco-friendly interior and exterior paint line that comes flat and eggshell finishes, both with built-in primer. They are plant and mineral-based and zero-VOC and contain no heavy metals, biocides, or preservatives. These petroleum-free paints are neither acrylic nor latex but made of soy-based alkyd. You ean choose from 48 zero-VOC colours that are also derived from clay-based and mineral pigments. Custom colours are also available. Excellent performance use in bathrooms and kitchens where traditional coatings require a much high sheen to achieve the same cleaning and durability. designed for use on new or previously painted surfaces including doors and trim work. Has a soft eggshell sheen finish for creating beautifull rooms with much less glare from higher sheen paints. Has max durability and scrubability attributes. Easily clean in high use areas4.1.2 Low-VOC paints ‘As specified by the EPA, these paints can have VOC concentrations ranging from $ to 200 ‘gram per liter of paint, ‘Types of Low-VOC Paints 4.1.2.1 Valspar Signature Semi-gloss Tintable Interior Paints Fig 6: Valspar signature semi-gloss tintable interior paints If we're looking for a combination paint and primer product, look no further than Valspar Signature Semi-Gloss Tintable Interior Paint. This low-VOC paint bears the GREENGUARD certification for low chemical emission standards. It has a dry time of one hour for the initial coat and 4 hours for subsequent coats This Valspar Signature paint comes in a semi-gloss finish, making it durable and washable, and you can have it tinted in your choice of colors. One gallon covers up to 400 square feet and it is also safe to use on fiberglass, metal, and trim. Plus, this paint is tough enough to be washed or scrubbed if needed. Application Stir paint thoroughly. Intermix containers to ensure uniform color. Apply with a premium- quality roller, polyester brush or airless sprayer. Paint the ceiling first, then the walls. If applying by roller, roll from dry area into wet area using firm, crisscross strokes. Finish with Jong, even strokes in one direction. Note: Some deep or bright colors may require an additional coat to obtain complete hide. Surface conditions and application technique can also impact coverage,4.1.2.2 Behr premium plus ultrapure white interior paints Fig 7: Behr premium plus ultrapure white interior paints we don’t have to spend a lot to get quality low-VOC paint. The Behr Premium Plus Ultrapure White Interior Paint delivers a durable, semi-gloss finish that’s well-suited for cabinets, doors, trim, furniture, and more. This paint is GREENGUARD-certified and contains mold and mildew inhibitors, making it suitable for high humidity spaces like bathrooms and laundry rooms. The Behr Premium Plus paint comes with primer mixed in so there’s no need to apply a separate base coat. This paint dries to the touch in one hour, and you can apply a second coat after 2 hours, It comes in bright white but can be tinted, and | gallon covers up to 400 square feet. APPLICATION Apply when air and surface temperatures are between 50-90°F (10-32°C) Stir paint occasionally. Intermix containers of same product to ensure color and sheen uniformity. Use a high quality 3/8-1/2" nap roller cover, nylon/polyester brush or airless sprayer (.015- 019" spray tip, 60 mesh filter) Do not thin if using a roller or brush; however, if using a sprayer and thinning is required, thin with water at a rate of no more than 1/2 pint per gallon, Certain colors may require additional coats for complete hide.Darker colors may require idity may prolong ig time. Afler 4 weeks, cured paint film may be cleaned with a mild, non-abrasive liquid additional dry time between coats. Cooler temperatures or higher hu di detergent. Dry paint film is mildew resistant. Do not use on floors.4.1.2.3 Rust-Oleum Ultra Matte Interior Chalked Paint <> = Fig 8: Rust-Oleum Ultra Matte Interior Chalked Paint If we're looking for chalk paint, consider Rust-Oleum Ultra Matte Interior Chalked Paint. and is suitable for use on your favorite This low-VOC paint dries to a sof, matte f furniture and home decor projects. The paint features high adhesion for metal, ceramic, canvas, and pre-painted items, and it dries to the touch in just 30 minutes. The Rust-Oleum Ultra Matte Interior Chalked Paint comes in a variety of pre-mixed colors in 2 30-ounce can, which is about a quarter of a gallon. One can provide up to 150 square feet of coverage. APPLICATION Apply only when air and surface temperatures are between 50-90°F (10-32°C) and humidity is below 85% to ensure proper drying. Stir thoroughly to ensure any settled pigment is re- dispersed, Do not shake the can. Thinning is not required, In hot, dry conditions, thin with up to 2 ounces of fresh water per quart to extend the dry time. Avoid painting in direct sunlight or on hot surfaces. Use a high quality synthetic brush. Roller application is not recommended. Avoid excessive brushing as this will reduce film thickness and protection. Use light even brush strokes to ensure even flow and the smoothest finish. 4.1.3 Natural paints Th and natural dyes. They do not contain any VOCs. Water-based paints do not have an odour, © paints are made of natural compounds such as tree resins, water, plant oil, essential oil while oil-based paints have a smell. Types of Natural Paints 4.1.3.1 Milk paint Milk paint is an attractive option because it’s both environmentally and user-friendly. It provides an incredibly vibrant color that will look great on the proper unfinished surface. Youcan increase its strength and create a water-insoluble version by adding lime powder to the binder. Milk paint is aesthetically attractive and toxin-free, and it can accept any sealer on top. APPLICATION While milk paint can be applied to virtually anything, it adheres best to porous surfaces, such as wood; raw wood is ideal, as it takes milk paint well without priming. Bonding agents may be added to help milk paint stick to non-porous surfaces such as glass, metal, and plastic, as well as surfaces that were previously painted with oil or latex paint 4.1.3.2 Oil paint You can use pigment and oil to create your own natural oil paint. People often use linseed oil, though there are other drying oil options as well. This type of paint only requires a few ingredients, and it’s incredibly easy to make—once you've done it yourself, you'll see how easy it is to master! Oil can also be mixed into quark to create a decorative glaze. Use ourmica color powder with the oil to create a metallic tone. APPLICATIONS se on metals, walls, doors, windows and stained surfaces for durability Highly recommended for trim work Use in non-humid areas since drying time takes longer than 24 hours Easy to clean and easy to apply 4.1.3.3 Egg tempera This is another simple paint that uses one component as the binder for your pigment or mica powder: egg yolk! add a little water as your vehicle, and use wine or vodka to make it miscible—you'll end up with a beautiful medium for use with pigments and micas. APPLICATIONS Egg tempera was used in the ancient world, including in the famously life-like Fayum mummy portraits, produced in Egypt from around the Ist century BC to the 3rd century AD. Inthe early Christian era it was used to paint icons, a tradition that has survived in the Eastern Orthodox Church until today.4.2 The following suppliers sell eco-friendly and non-toxic paints in India 4.2.1 Asian Paints Sal Fig 9: Asian Paints Asian Paints is India's largest paint company that provides paint products for personal, industrial and automotive needs. Asian Paints began its joumey into non-toxic paints by removing lead and heavy metals from its paints. The company has also substantially reduced the VOC content in its paints to comply with international standards, as specified by the Green Seal Standard for Paints & Coatings. For example, its Ace Exterior Emulsion (White) has 22.22 grams of VOC per liter of paint, which is substantially less than the international standard of 50 grams of VOC. APPLICATION The choice of application can be affected by the type of finishes to be used. A finish formulated for compressed air spraying is suitable for compressed air hot-spraying or airless spraying by adjustment with thinner. Some types of finishes may be ill-suited or impractical for a certain method of application. For example, some catalysed finishes with ‘pot lives’ of only few minutes would be a hazard in hot spraying application. A good finishing system depends on having the right equipment, materials and processing techniques, thus requiring co-operation between the equipment supplier, the paint manufacturer and the user.© Berger Paints Bérgér WEATHERCOAT Wistar) FigiO :BergerPaint Berger Paints is another leading paint company that has a broad customer base in India Through their Green Horizon endeavour, the company seeks to protect the environment by producing better products. Berger Paintshas removed lead, mercury and chromium from its paints, which are toxic to the human body. The company has also greatly reduced VOCs (8.4 gram per liter in its Breathe Easy Emulsions) and decreased the content of aromatics so that their products have zero negative health impact, Berger Paints has also diversified into water-based paints, custom-made for the pharmaceutical industry. Their Breathe Easy Emulsions are also water-based, ¢ Dulux India Paints Fig 11: Dulux India Paints Dulux is a UK-based multinational company that has several production units in India. The company complies with the highest environmental standards on paints, especially in the area of VOC content. Dulix promotes water-based substitutes actively through its website andother promotional activities. The company offers a wide variety of water-based products such as Paint Mixing Kitchen, Endurance Silk, Magic White Silk, Quick Dry Gloss, Watershield Exterior Satin, and many more. ¢ Kansai Nerolac Fig 12: Kanasal Nerolac Nerolac is now the second largest player in the paints market in India, The company had switched to lead-free paints years ago due to the several health hazards associated with lead, All its manufacturing plants are ISO- 14001 certified, which helps the company to achieve sound environmental performance. Recently, Kansai Nerolac launched a line of water-based, low-VOC paints that has the National Test House (NTH) certification. Itis clear that eco-friendly and non-toxic varieties of paints come at a higher cost than regular paints, but that they do fast long, They also benefit you and your family’s health, as well as the environment. APPLICATIONS * Interior and exterior wall paint © Wood Coating © Metal Enamel Paints © Adhesive Hygiene care Range © Waterproofing4.3MATERIALS AND METHODS A green commercial product, i.e., free from volatile organic compounds (VOC), consisting of a fluorine- based polymer dispersed in water (trademark PROTECT IT R 100/HBG, provided by IBIX s.r... Santa Mari n Fabriago, Ravenna, Italy), was applied to a stone substrate. This system is able to generate oleo/hydrophobic coatings and it is suggested for the protection of absorptive porous materials. The product is especially recommended for the treatment of valuable stone surfaces and architectonic elements; it can be applied to both vertical and horizontal surfaces, without further dilution, The supplied product is a transparent colorless liquid (Figure 1a) and, as reported in the technical data sheet [21], its densityis 1.0 kg/L at 25 (a) Liquid fluorine-based polymer for stone protection. (b) Spray cans of erylie paint (©) Chemical remover for graffiti cleaning. (@) Set-up for the application of the coating and detail of brushing on a specimen of Lecce stone. (c) Staining by the blue-colored paint, (1) Application of the chemical remover and subsequent rinsing by running tap water and a sponge. (g) Stone specimens during the outdoor exposure. 4.4NEED FOR ECO PAINTS. ‘© More than 10,000 chemicals that can be used in conventional paints. + Low level exposure to paint may irritate or burn the eyes, nose, throat and skin and cause reactionssuch as headaches, dizziness or nausea. * Save the ecosystem with non-toxic elements. «Environmental friendly choices are made for a healthier lifestyle. * The paints, strains, thinners and waxes are made from naturally-derive raw materials including citrus peel extracts, essential oils, seed oils, tree resins, inert mineral fillers, tree and bee waxes, lead-free dryers and natural pigments.4.5 ECO FRIENDLY PAINTS OPTION Fig 13: Milk paints are organic, biodegradable and have zero VOC. The typical ingredients Milk paints in milk paint includeclay, limestone, casein (a milk protein) and natural earth based pigments. + Milk paint can be used for both interior and exterior applications. + Milk paint can dry in as little as 30 minutes. + As milk paint is a “natural” product, there can be subtle color variations between batches. 4.6 Clay Paints © Clay paints are VOC free and are made from plant and mineral based ingredients such as oils, claysand pigments. © The performance specifications for clay paint varies drastically from manufacturer to manufacturer. © Clay paints are now available in a wide variety of colors. We ean also create custom colors by mixing together stock colors and/or we can mix color pigments with white or off-white clay paint to create custom pastel colors. 4,7 Paint Manufacturing Process The key operation in paint making is the dispersion of fine pigment particles into a liquid polymer binding medium, using high speed dispersers which wet the pigments. A typical process flowsheet forthe paint plant and general layout of the paint plant. Making paint consists of following carefully, a series of systematic procedures which have been described below ®© Raw material testing and storage. © Weighing & transfer of appropriate raw materials into the mill. © Dispersion / Grinding operation © Stabilizing the dispersion. The dispersion is pumped into the blending / mixing tank. © Incorporation of other additives by mixing to a uniform state, © Tinting is carried out at this stage if required. © Samplesare taken for colour evaluation and analysis of other rheological properties of film. Final check for viscosity, density ete is carried out. Eventual addition of additives/water, and or driers if necessary to meet viscosity and drying specifications. * Material is strained and filtered for filling into cans. * Product is gravimetrically or volumetrically filled into cans and labelled. * Storage in warehouse & dispatch to customers. 4.8 Water based Paint Manufacturing process: Water Based Paints manufacturing process consists mainly of dispersion of Pigments & extenders (c.g, Tale,CaCO3,Clay, ete.) in water under vigorous agitation & followed by fine grinding through Sand mill(whenever necessary). The slurry is diluted by adding Emulsion, water & thickeners to get the required physical parameters. The final paint is filled in the containers & dispatched Dispersion Measured quantities of raw materials — pigments, extenders, water and small additives are addedas per the batch card (recipe sheet), into the dispersion equipment (high speed disperser), to. manufactureslurry. The disperser is run for specified time, as required by the recipe. The finish and particle size distribution of the slurry is checked. The slurry is transferred to mixing tanks. The mixing tanks are intermittently agitated. Mixing Other raw materials like balance emulsion resin, water, and other additives are also measured and added into the mixers, as per the recipe. The mixer is run for specified time as required by the recipe to prepare the paint. The density, viscosity, strength are checked in laboratory. Filling If the paint meets all quality parameters in the mixer, the paint is filled into the containers of different pack sizes — 250 ml, 500 ml, !litre, 4litre, 10litre and 20litre.4.9 Emulsion manufacturing process Production process consists of following steps: Pre Emulsion Stage: De-ionised water, surfactants and Monomers are mixed at Room temperature in Pre Emulsion Vessel. Initiators and chain terminators solutions prepared in De mineralized water will be charged after thorough Emulsification of Monomers in Water. Reactor Charge Stage: De mineralized water and Surfactants are charged into reactor at 35-40 deg C followedby Initiator and buffer solution. Raise the Temperature to 50 deg C and charge 3% of Pre Emulsion from Pre Emulsion tank. Start Heating and after attaining 78 deg C take out the sample and check for wetting. If wetting is good continue Pre Emulsion addition for Four hours by means of metering pump. Digestion Stage: After Pre Emulsion addition add chaser catalyst and digest for one hour at 80 deg Cto remove Free Monomers if any Additive Stage: After digestion, cool the batch to 40 deg C and add Additives such as defoamers and Preservatives. This is followed by pH adjustment using Neutralizers. After Neutralization the batch is filtered using 80 mesh Filter cloth and transfer to Emulsion Storage Tank. 4.10 Paint typically consists of different chemicals © Pigment, © Resin, © Solvent * Additives Pigment: To provide colour, hiding and control gloss. Pigments are usually divided into” two groups. One called “Prime Pigments’ includes pigments such as Titanium Dioxide (white), Chrome Green Oxide, Yellow and Red Iron Oxides, etc. The other group of pigments is called “Extender Pigments’ and includes Calcite (Calcium Carbonate), Tale (Magnesium Silicate), Mica, Barytes (Barium Sulphate), ete. Resin: The binder to hold the pigment particles together and provide adhesion to thé surface painted. Waterborne paints most often use acrylic emulsion polymers as binders. These come in a wide variety of types and combinations. Common acrylic polymer types are based on monomers such as methyl methacrylate and buty! methacrylate. Traditionally, lower cost paints have been formulated on PVA (Poly Vinyl Acetate) binders. Solvent Based resins come in a very wide range of types. The most common solvent based resins are termed ‘alkyd resins’ that are normally used in enamel paints. Urethane alkyds often used inclear vamishes. Protective coating resins include types such as Epoxy, Urethane, Polysiloxane and Moisture Cured Urethane. Solvent ~ To act as a carrier for the pigments and resin ~ the solvent may be organic (such as Mineral Turps)or water. Additives - To enhance certain properties such as ease of brushing, mould resistance, scuff resistance, drying and sag resistance.CHAPTER-5S 5.1 Benefits of Eco-Friendly Paints Since eco-friendly paints are low in VOCs, they're much safer to use in homes, hospitals, or schools, Additionally, there are set specific standards, such as the one mentioned here, that paints must meet to quali as ‘eco-friendly* With advanced manufacturing techniques, eco-friendly paints are durable and greener than the conventional options. These paints are designed in a large selection of hues to supplement any style while offering better performance, improving the overall atmosphere of your household, and safeguarding the environment, Eco-friendly paint also offers a variety of other benefits, as shown in Figure below: tow vor comreNT + 0 REDUCED WASTAGE «- o a -¢ COST-EFFECTIVE OPTIONS SUPERIOR COVIRAGE 08 03 9 nana ieee MEALDMERALTORMATVE gOS 04 MANUAL PavmonmaenTaL mADACT @ Low VOC Content As discussed initially, VOCs are present in most commercial chemical paints. These VOCs not only leave behind a characteristic odour and floating pollutants that affect indoor atmosphere, but are also non-biodegradable and non-recyclable. On the other hand, eco- friendly paints have no or low VOCS, producing much less waste and damage.© Cost-Effective Options Superficially, environment-friendly paints may seem more expensive than traditional paints. However, along with their eco-friendly benefit, these paints may also feature superior quality than chemical-based products, justifying the associated cost. Besides, they have better color retention, improved coverage. viscosity, abrasion resistance, paint coverage, and rare chances of yellowing. @ Natural Raw Materials Eco-friendly paints are manufactured only from natural ingredients such as lemon peel extract, seed oil, bees wax, milk protein, ete. These natural raw materials do not produce harmful emissions and adverse effects on the em nment during manufacturing and upon product application, © Minimal Environmental Impact Eco-friendly paints help reduce carbon footprint and are biodegradable since they Utilize water or alternative environment-friendly materials as a base. The use of water or other eco-friendly material as a solvent cuts the risk of harmful VOCs emission that is generated isphenol A (BPA), N- from the conventional paints containing harmful chemicals such as: methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent, Isothiazolinone preservatives, and Nonyl phenol-based surfactants. @ Healthier Alternative The VOCs found in chemical paints are active up to five years after the ini application. Hence, individuals continuously exposed to VOCs are at a higher risk of developing respiratory illness, sensitivity, and lung cancer. On the other hand, eco-friendly paints manufactured from natural and environment-friendly ingredients are entirely safe for humans and the environment. © Superior Coverage Besides reducing the impact of harmful emissions on the environment, eco-friendly paints are also qualitatively better than their chemical counterparts. Eco-friendly paints will give your walls superior coverage, improved colour retention capacity, viscosity, offer wide range of colors, © Reduced Wastage imal abrasion, and avoid issues such as yellowing of paint. While analyzing the reduced waste production, eco-friendly paints are far better than conventional chemical-based paints. Chemical paints emit toxic VOCs when manufactured and even years after their application. But, natural ones are without any such by-products.CHAPTER 6 ADVANTAGES OF ECO FRIENDLY PAINT © Health Benefits — Particularly important if you have children in the home or you already suffer frombreathing difficulties. © Environmental benefits — both from the more ecological approach to making the paint and thematerials used. © Perormance has struggled to compete with some traditional paints — drying time, durability, colourfade, ete — but they are catching up fast. © Breathable — being made from synthetic products they are naturally © Disposal — if our paint is inert and made entirely of natural ingredients it is much easier to get rid of it. © Natural pigments are highly prized due to the richer they often give. 6.2 DISADVANTAGES OF ECO FRIENDLY PAINT © Longer drying times ~ the solvents used are not so volatile so drying times can be 12- 16 hours in somecases. © Smaller range of colors — some of the vivid colors derived from synthetic or toxic minerals cannot bereproduced ea © Water solubility means that they can wear more quickly or “wash of?” © Price ~ they can be expensive due to the extra processes required to make the consti parts © Coverage might be poor or inconsistent meaning you might need an extra coat. @ Local mixing can cause colour and paint consistency issues.CASE STUDY pated to grow at a CAGR of 6.92% during 2020-25 and reach around $12.8 billion by 2025. Asia-Pacific dominated the low VOC paint market in the last few years with a share of more than 47.2%, followed by North America and Europe. India, China, Japan, and Korea are some of the key markets in the Asia-Pacific region. It is expected that the supply of affordable housing in India wi increase by about 70% by 2024, In addition, the growing demand for infrastructural projects provide continuous impetus to the construction and building industry APAC, propelling the demand for low VOC paints in the architectural industry. Besides India, China is also one of the attractive markets for low VOC paints. One of the many reasons for that is the legislation by Chinese government that mandates the stoppage of emission of VOCs from manufacturing plants in recent years. Popular Eco-Friendly Paints in the Market Some of the leading companies in the world who are manufacturing eco-friendly products are ~ AkzoNobel NV, American Formulating & Manufacturing, Asian Paints Ltd, Auro Pflanzenchemie AG, Axalta Coating Systems LLC, BASF SE, Benjamin Moore & Co., Berger Paints India Limited, Bioshield Paint — Eco Design Co.. et. @ =AkzoNobel NV is the premier global paints and performance coating company, supplying essential protection, essential ingredients, and colors to consumers and industries worldwide, The company’s operation is divided into two segments: Decorative Paints and Performance Coatings. In addition, it’s brand ~ Dulux Trade offers low VOCs coatings. Along with Dulux, other famous brands are also discussed below: © Asian Paints Its eco-friendly paint Nilaya claims to be environment safe and formulated with around ‘95% natural ingredients such as soya bean extract, casein, calcium carbonate, castor seeds, and neem oil with the benefits such as breathability, clean and fresh smell, perfect finishing, and ten long years of performance warranty.© Berger ‘The Silk Breath Easy from Berger is a luxury interior paint formulated with acrylic emulsions and pigments having low VOC and formaldehyde reducing abilities. © Dulux The Ultra Zero VOC by Dulux line is an interior latex paint used for painting interior surfaces such as a dry wall, conerete, wood, and plasters, It delivers a great finish with ease of application and excellent touch-up. © Nerolae Their impressions eco clean product is a water-based emulsion with a low VOC content of less than Sg/L and almost no odour. Its key benefits include its anti-bacterial properties with a smooth finish, stain resistance, and excellent washability.CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION While doing the study on consumer perception about Eco-friendly paints in the Pune city, we came to know about various things associated with it. The awareness of Eco-friendly paints is very low not among the potential customers. Some people perceive the Eco-friendly paints to be expensive than normal paints while others complain about lack of sufficient information about it, Some customers, who have conservative mindset, think that no paint can be made without synthetic chemicals that are harmful to health and environment. By and large, users seem to be happy with the product experience and are willing to recommendto others. Broadly, customers seem to be driven by both product motive and altruistic motive while buying. Paint companies need to position the Eco-friendly paint accordingly and create massive awareness in the market so as to clear the misconception and create the right perception. Even though the product has two broad set of appeals among the users, overall the idea of Eco-friendly paint has not diffused in the market, the singular reason being lack of awareness among traders and the customers. These paints provide a large variety of colors and textures to choose from, sowed do not have to compromise on quality or aesthetic appeal, so there is absolutely no reason to overlook them. As the cost effective techniques of manufacturing natural paints will replace the toxic paints from the environment. The buyers must also be aware of the choices they made and learn the importance of buying natural paints. It should be the duty of the consumers to buy the paints after going through the ingredients added to the paints. It is clear that eco-friendly and non-toxic varieties of paints come at a higher cost than regular paints, but that they do last long. They also benefit you and your family’s health, as well as the environment.CHAPTER 9 REFRENCES 1. Poorvi rai — Impact of toxic paints on environment and human health(2 feb 2021) ISSN: 2320-2882 www.ijertorg 2. K.P.Mishra - Consumers perception about eco-friendly paints in Pune(2018), ISSN:2395-5929 www. Researchgate.net 3. HM Hajar, N Ismail- Non-destructive tests on eco-friendly anti corrosion paint(2019), DOI- https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.11.3.2017.5.0256 4. Godferd Darko- Chemistry and application of emerging eco-ftiendly antifouling paints: a review https://doiorg/10.1007/s11998-019-00294-3,