Electronics

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Communication Systems

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Communication Systems
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First Edition: 2015

Second Edition: 2016
Third Edition: 2017
Fourth Edition: 2018
Fifth Edition: 2019
Sixth Edition : 2020
Seventh Edition : 2021
Eighth Edition : 2022

Ninth Edition : 2023

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Contents
Communication Systems

Chapter 1 Chapter 3
Introduction to Communication
Theory of Random Variable & Noise....46-107
Systems........................................ 1-5
3.1 Randomness in the Real World...........................................46
1.1 Historical Sketch........................................................................ 1
1.2 Why Study Communication................................................... 1 3.2 Random Experiments............................................................46

1.3 What is Communication......................................................... 1 3.3 Relation of the Model to the Real World.........................49
1.4 Communication Model........................................................... 2 3.4 Conditional Probability.........................................................49
1.5 Modes of Communication..................................................... 3
3.5 Statistical Independence......................................................49
1.6 Types of Modulation................................................................ 4
3.6 A Communication Problem.................................................50
1.7 An Exam Oriented Approach................................................ 5
3.7 Random Variable.....................................................................51

Chapter 2 3.8 Distribution Function.............................................................52

3.9 Probability Density Function...............................................53

Basics of Signal and System............... 6-45
2.1 Signal and System..................................................................... 6 3.10 Some Special Random Variables........................................55

2.2 Time Domain and Frequency Domain 3.11 Mean, Variance and Moment..............................................58
Representation of a Signal...................................................12
3.12 Transformation of Variables.................................................60
2.3 Signals Versus Vectors............................................................13
2.4 Orthogonal Signal Set...........................................................14 3.13 Functions of One Random Variable..................................62

2.5 The Fourier Series....................................................................14 3.14 Two Dimensional Random Variables

2.6 Fourier Transforms of Signals..............................................19 with Extension to N-dimension..........................................63
2.7 Correlation of Signals.............................................................28
3.15 Functions of Random Variables..........................................67
2.8 Transmission of Signals through
3.16 Statistical Independence......................................................72
Linear Time-Invariant Systems............................................29
2.9 Ideal Filters.................................................................................31 3.17 Distribution and Density of A Sum of
2.10 Hilbert Transform.....................................................................33 Random Variables....................................................................74
2.11 Pre-envelopes...........................................................................38 3.18 Central Limit Theorem...........................................................79
2.12 Complex Envelopes of Band-Pass Signals......................40
3.19 Stochastic Processes...............................................................80
2.13 Canonical Representation of Band-Pass Signals..........41
2.14 Complex Low-Pass Representations of 3.20 Ergodic Processes....................................................................84
Band-Pass Systems..................................................................42 3.21 Transmission of a Weakly Stationary Process
Student’s Assignments-1.........................................................44 through a Linear Time-Invariant Filter.............................85
Student’s Assignments-2.........................................................45

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3.22 Power Spectral Density of a Weakly Stationary Process....86 5.8 Limiting of FM Waves.......................................................... 179

3.23 Noise............................................................................................90 5.9 Comparison between Amplitude Modulation

and Frequency Modulation.............................................. 181
3.24 Noise Calculations...................................................................93
Student’s Assignments-1...................................................... 182
3.25 Noise Figure...............................................................................96
Student’s Assignments-2...................................................... 182
3.26 Ideal Low-pass Filtered White Noise.................................99

3.27 Narrowband Noise............................................................... 102 Chapter 6

Student’s Assignments-1...................................................... 106
Student’s Assignments-2...................................................... 107 AM Transmitters and Receivers...... 184-221
6.1 Transmitter.............................................................................. 184

Chapter 4 6.2 Receivers.................................................................................. 188

6.3 Noise Figure of the Receiver............................................. 198

Amplitude Modulation................ 108-146
6.4 Noise Performance of Continuous Wave Modulation.....200
4.1 Amplitude Modulation....................................................... 108
6.5 Preemphasis, Deemphasis & SNR Improvement....... 216
4.2 Single Tone Amplitude Modulation............................... 112 Student’s Assignments-1...................................................... 220
4.3 Power Relations in AM........................................................ 113 Student’s Assignments-2...................................................... 221

4.4 Modulation by a Multiple Single Tone Signals

(Multi-Tone Modulation).................................................... 116 Chapter 7
4.5 Generation of AM Waves................................................... 120
Pulse Modulation......................... 222-273
4.6 Double-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier Modulation.......126
7.1 Analog Communication Versus
4.7 Single Side-Band................................................................... 136 Digital Communication...................................................... 222
7.2 Sampling Theory................................................................... 223
4.8 Vestigial Side-band Modulation (VSB).......................... 141
7.3 Pulse Amplitude Modulation........................................... 232
4.9 Independent Single Sideband (ISB)............................... 142
7.4 Pulse Width Modulation.................................................... 233
Student’s Assignments-1...................................................... 145
7.5 Pulse Position Modulation................................................ 235
Student’s Assignments-2...................................................... 146
7.6 PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)......................................... 237
7.7 Companding.......................................................................... 241
Chapter 5 7.8 Mathematical Analysis of PCM........................................ 243
7.9 Noise in PCM.......................................................................... 251
Angle Modulation......................... 147-183
7.10 Encoding in PCM.................................................................. 251
5.1 Time Domain Description of Angle Modulation....... 147
7.11 Intersymbol Interference................................................... 254
5.2 Single-Tone Frequency Modulation.............................. 150 7.12 Merits and Demerits of PCM............................................. 259
5.3 Spectrum Analysis of Sinusoidal FM wave.................. 154 7.13 Delta Modulation................................................................. 259

5.4 Types of Frequency Modulation (FM)........................... 158 7.14 Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM)................................ 263
7.15 Differential Pulse Code Modulation............................... 264
5.5 Generation of Frequency Modulation Waves............. 160
7.16 Multiplexing........................................................................... 266
5.6 Demodulation of Frequency Modulation Waves...... 164
Student’s Assignments-1...................................................... 272
5.7 PLL Characteristics............................................................... 172 Student’s Assignments-2...................................................... 273

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Chapter 8 Chapter 10

Data Transmission Schemes........ 274-306 Information Theory and Coding..... 332-371

8.1 Geometric Representation of Signal............................. 275 10.1 Need of Information Theory............................................. 332
8.2 Schwarz Inequality............................................................... 278
10.2 Information............................................................................. 333
8.3 Digital Modulation Schemes............................................ 280
10.3 Entropy..................................................................................... 334
8.4 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).......................................... 280
8.5 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)........................................... 283 10.4 Discrete Memoryless Channels....................................... 337
8.6 Phase Shift Keying................................................................ 286 10.5 Special Channels................................................................... 338
8.7 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying....................................... 290
10.6 Mutual Information............................................................. 341
8.8 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation............................... 295
10.7 Channel Capacity................................................................. 342
8.9 Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK).......................... 298
8.10 Minimum Shift Keying(MSK)............................................ 299 10.8 Entropy of Continuous Channel...................................... 344

Student’s Assignments-1...................................................... 304 10.9 Additive White Gaussian Noise Channel (AWGN)..... 344
Student’s Assignments-2...................................................... 305 10.10 Source Coding....................................................................... 345

10.11 Entropy Coding..................................................................... 347

Chapter 9
10.12 Channel Coding Theorem................................................. 351

Optimum Receivers for 10.13 Error Control Coding........................................................... 353

AWGN Channels............................ 307-331 10.14 Linear Code............................................................................. 356
9.1 Detection of Signal in Noise............................................. 308
10.15 Cyclic Redundancy Checks (CRC)................................... 370
9.2 Optimum Detection in a Binary Communication
Student’s Assignments-1...................................................... 372
System Using MAP Criteria................................................ 309
Student’s Assignments-2...................................................... 372
9.3 Probability of Error............................................................... 311

9.4 Matched Filter........................................................................ 312

Chapter 11
9.5 Generalized Probability of Error Expression
of Digital Signalling Schemes.......................................... 317 Multiple Access Technique and
9.6 Probability of Error for Binary Signalling Schemes..... 319 Communication Standards.......... 374-391
9.7 Probability of Error in PSK.................................................. 320 11.1 Multiple Access Technique................................................ 374

9.8 Probability of Error in FSK.................................................. 320 11.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA).............. 375

9.9 Probability of Error of QPSK.............................................. 323 11.3 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)......................... 376

9.10 Calculation of Probability of Error 11.4 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)........................ 379

Using Constellation Diagram........................................... 325 11.5 Standards of Mobile Communication System........... 384

9.11 Probability of Error for 16-QAM....................................... 328 11.6 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)........386

Student’s Assignments-1...................................................... 330 11.7 Bluetooth................................................................................. 389

Student’s Assignments-2...................................................... 331
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