Table 8.2.

26 Specification and Identification Marking of Bolts, Screws, Studs, Sems a and U Boltsb
(Multiply the strengths in kpsi by 6.89 to get the strength in Mpa)

SAE ASTM Metricc Nominal Proof Tensile Yield^d Core Grade Products^e Material
grade grade grade diameter, in strength strength strength hardness identification
kpsi kpsi kpsi Rockwell marking
min/max
B70/
1 A307 4.6 1/4 ~ 1-1/2 33 60 36 B100 None B,Sc,St Low or medium carbon steel
B80/
2 5.8 1/4 ~ 3/4 55 74 57 B100 None B,Sc,St Low or medium carbon steel
Over 3/4 ~ 1- B70/
4.6 1/2 33 60 36 B100 None B,Sc,St Low or medium carbon steel
C22/ Medium carbon, cold drawn
4 8.9 1/4 ~ 1-1/2 65 115 100 C32 None St. steel

A449 or
A325 C25/
5 Type 1 8.8 1/4 ~ 1 85 120 92 C34 Ỵ B,Sc,St Medium carbon, Q & T
Over 1 ~ 1- C19/
7.8 1/2 74 105 81 C30 Ỵ B,Sc,St Medium carbon, Q & T
Over 1-1/2 ~
8.6 3 55 90 58 Ỵ B,Sc,St Medium carbon, Q & T
C25/ Low medium carbon steel, Q &
5.1 8.8 No. 6 ~ 5/8 85 120 C40 ┴ Se T
C25/ Low or medium carbon steel, Q
8.8 No. 6 ~ 1/2 85 120 C40 ┴ B,Sc,St &T
A325 C26/ Low carbon martensite steel,
5.2 Type 2 8.8 1/4 ~ 1 85 120 92 C36 B,Sc fully killed, fine grained, Q & T
C28/ Medium carbon alloy steel, Q &
7g A354 10.9 1/4 ~ 1-1/2 105 133 115 C34 B,Sc T
Grade C33/ Medium carbon alloy steel, Q &
8 BD 10.9 1/4 ~ 1-1/2 120 150 130 C39 B,Sc,St T
Elevated temperature drawn
C32/ steel medium carbon alloy or
8.1 10.9 1/4 ~ 1-1/2 120 150 130 C38 None St. G15410
 C35/ Low carbon martensite steel,
8.2 10.9 1/4 ~ 1 120 150 130 C42 B,Sc fully killed, fine grained, Q & T
C39/
A574 12.9 0 ~ 1/2 140 180 160 C45 12.9 SHCS Alloy steel, Q & T
C37/
12.9 5/8 ~ 1-1/2 135 170 160 C45 12.9 SHCS Alloy steel, Q & T

Note: Company catalog should be consulted regarding proof loads. However, approximate values of proof loads may be calculated from: proof load = proof strength x stress area

a
Sems are screw and washer assemblies
b
Compiled from ANSI/SAE J429j; ANSI B18.3.1-1978; and ASTM A307, A325, A354, A449 and A574
c
Metric grade is xx.x where xx is approximately 0.01Sut in Mpa and .x is the ratio of the minimum S, to Sut
d
Yield strength is stress at which a permanent set of 0.2% of gauge length occurs
e
B = bolt, Sc = Screw, St = Studs, Se = Sems, and SHCS = Socket head cap screws
f
Entry appears to be in error but conforms to the standard, ANSI/SAE J429j
g
Grade 7 bolts and screws are roll threaded after heat treatment
 Bolt Tensile Strenght as per DIN934
Bolt Size Nut(mm) Grade 8
M4 7
M5 8
M6 10
M7 11
M8 13
M10 15 35.0
M12 18 61.0
M14 22 101.0
M16 24 153.0
M18 27
M20 30 293.0
M22 32
M24 36 510.0
M27 41
M30 46 1050.0
M33 50
M36 1800.0
M42
M48
M56
M64
M72
M80

Metric Strength Grade System Examples

A class 4.6 steel metric bolt has a specified minimum
tensile strength of 400 MPa (4 x 100) and a specified
minimum yield strength of 240 MPa (0.6 x 400). The
numbers 4 and .6 make up the designation, with
the .6 being the ratio of 240 Mpa minimum yield s
Note: It is a mandatory regulation in SAE and ASTM
standards that inch series fasteners of the medium
carbonand alloy steel strength grades and metric
fasteners of all property classes be marked for grade
identification. The only exceptions are slotted an
 Bolt Tensile Strenght as per DIN555
Bolt Size Nut(mm) Grade 5
M4 7
M5 8
M6 10
M7 11
M8 13
M10 15 23.0
M12 18 40.0
M14 22 64.0
M16 24 100.0
M18 27
M20 30 190.0
M22 32
M24 36 330.0
M27 41
M30 46 670.0
M33 50
M36 1280.0
M42
M48
M56
M64
M72
M80

Metric Strength Grade System Examples

A class 4.6 steel metric bolt has a specified minimum
tensile strength of 400 MPa (4 x 100) and a specified
minimum yield strength of 240 MPa (0.6 x 400). The
numbers 4 and .6 make up the designation, with
the .6 being the ratio of 240 Mpa minimum yield s
Note: It is a mandatory regulation in SAE and ASTM
standards that inch series fasteners of the medium
carbonand alloy steel strength grades and metric
fasteners of all property classes be marked for grade
identification. The only exceptions are slotted an
 Bolt Tensile Strenght as per DIN26
Bolt Size Nut(mm) 4.6 5.6 6.9
M4 7 1.0 1.3 2.6
M5 8 2.0 2.6 5.1
M6 10 3.4 4.5 8.7
M7 11 5.6 7.4 14.2
M8 13 8.2 10.8 21.5
M10 15 16.7 21.6 42.2
M12 18 28.4 38.2 73.5
M14 22 45.1 60.8 116.0
M16 24 69.6 93.2 178.0
M18 27 95.1 127.0 245.0
M20 30 135.0 180.0 384.0
M22 32 182.0 245.0 471.0
M24 36 230.0 309.0 598.0
M27 41 343.0 461.0 887.0
M30 46 466.0 623.0 1206.0
M33 50 632.0 848.0 1628.0
M36
M42
M48
M56
M64
M72
M80

Metric Strength Grade System Examples

A class 4.6 steel metric bolt has a specified minimum tensile strength of 400 MPa (4 x 100) and a specified minimu
(0.6 x 400). The numbers 4 and .6 make up the designation, with the .6 being the ratio of 240 Mpa minimum yield s
tensile strength.Not all metric designations give exact tensile and yield valuesas earlier discussed. Each gives rea

Note: It is a mandatory regulation in SAE and ASTM standards that inch series fasteners of the medium carbonand alloy s
fasteners of all property classes be marked for grade identification. The only exceptions are slotted and recessed head scr
Also of major importance is that these same standards require that all steel fasteners be marked to identify the manufactur
nght as per DIN267
8.8 10.9 12.9
3.0 4.3 5.1
6.0 8.5 10.2
10.3 14.7 17.6
17.1 24.5 28.4
25.5 35.3 42.2
50.0 70.6 85.3
87.3 122.0 147.0
138.0 194.0 235.0
211.0 299.0 358.0
289.0 412.0 490.0
412.0 579.0 696.0
559.0 784.0 941.0
711.0 1000.0 1196.0
1049.0 1481.0 1775.0
1422.0 2010.0 2403.0
1932.0 2716.0 3266.0

Pa (4 x 100) and a specified minimum yield strength of 240 MPa

ratio of 240 Mpa minimum yield strength to 400 MPa minimum
s earlier discussed. Each gives reasonable approximates.

ers of the medium carbonand alloy steel strength grades and metric
ns are slotted and recessed head screws and bolts smaller than 5mm.
be marked to identify the manufacturer.
 Bolt Tensile Strenght as per ISO
Bolt Size Nut(mm) 4.6 4.8 5.6 5.8 6.6 8.8 9.8 10.9 12.9 14.9
FLS Coarse Fine Coarse Fine FLS Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Coarse Fine FLS Flender Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Coarse Fine
M1.5 3.2 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.13 0.11 0.20 0.23 0.29 0.34 0.40
M2 4 0.16 0.21 0.19 0.26 0.23 0.42 0.47 0.58 0.70 0.82
M2.5 5 0.32 0.43 0.40 0.40 0.53 0.85 0.96 1.20 1.44 1.70
M3 5.5 0.57 0.76 0.71 0.95 0.85 1.50 1.70 2.10 2.60 3.00
M4 7 120* 1.30 1.80 220* 1.70 2.20 2.00 3.50 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
M5 8 2.70 3.60 3.30 4.50 4.00 7.10 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00
M6 10 4.50 6.10 5.70 7.60 6.80 12.10 13.60 17.00 20.40 23.80
M7 11 7.6 10.2 9.5 12.7 11.4 20.3 22.8 28.6 34.30 40.0
M8 13 6* 11.0 11.8 14.7 15.7 13.8 14.8 18.4 19.7 16.5 17.7 29.4 31.5 33.1 35.4 41.3 44.3 49.6 53.2 57.9 62.0
M10 15 14.0 21.8 23.0 29.1 30.7 20.0 27.3 28.8 36.4 38.4 32.8 34.6 45.0 60.0 58.3 61.0 66.0 69.0 82.0 86.0 98.0 104.0 115.0 121.0
M12 18 25.0 38.1 41.6 50.8 55.5 36.0 47.6 52.0 64.0 69.0 57.0 62.0 50*-80 105.0 102.0 111.0 114.0 125.0 143.0 156.0 171.0 187.0 200.0 219.0
M14 22 60.6 66.0 81.0 88.0 76.0 82.0 101.0 110.0 91.0 99.0 162.0 176.0 182.0 198.0 227.0 247.0 273.0 297.0 318.0 346.0
M16 24 53.0 95.0 101.0 126.0 134.0 75.0 118.0 126.0 158.0 168.0 142.0 151.0 125*-170 255.0 252.0 268.0 284.0 302.0 355.0 377.0 426.0 453.0 497.0 528.0
M18 27 130.0 146.0 174.0 195.0 163.0 183.0 217.0 224.0 195.0 220.0 347.0 391.0 391.0 439.0 488.0 549.0 586.0 656.0 683.0 769.0
M20 30 110.0 185.0 205.0 246.0 273.0 150.0 231.0 256.0 308.0 342.0 277.0 307.0 250*-335 500.0 492.0 546.0 554.0 615.0 693.0 768.0 830.0 922.0 969.0 1076.0
M20x1.5 30 100*
M22 32 120* 251.0 276.0 335.0 368.0 314.0 345.0 419.0 460.0 377.0 414.0 670.0 736.0 753.0 828.0 941.0 1035.0 1130.0 1241.0 1318.0 1448.0
M24 36 180.0 319.0 347.0 425.0 463.0 250.0 399.0 434.0 532.0 579.0 479.0 521.0 560.0 870.0 851.0 926.0 957.0 1041.0 1196.0 1301.0 1436.0 1562.0 1675.0 1822.0
M27 41 467.0 504.0 622.0 672.0 583.0 630.0 778.0 841.0 700.0 757.0 1245.0 1344.0 1401.0 1513.0 1750.0 1891.0 2100.0 2269.0 2450.0 2648.0
M30 46 320*-335 475.0 1060.0 1750.0
M33 50
M36 55 600.0 850.0 1900.0 3050.0
M42 65 850.0 1180.0 2650.0 4950.0
M48 75 1320.0 1800.0 4250.0 7400.0
M56 85 1750*-2220 3000.0 6700.0 11700.0
M64 95 2800.0 4000.0 9000.0
M72 3650.0 5450.0 12200.0
M80 4600.0 6850.0 15400.0

*- Abrrivated for FLS Gypsum Crsuher Manual

The international standard for metric screws is defined by ISO 898, specifically ISO 898-1. SAE J1199 and ASTM F568M are two North American metric standards that closely mimic the ISO standard. In case of imperial sizes the grade is dictated by the number of radial shapes plus a value of two.
And imperial bolts use integer values to indicate grades but metric bolts use numbers with one decimal. The two North American standards use the same property class markings as defined by ISO 898. [30] The ASTM standard only includes the following property classes from the ISO standard: 4.6,
4.8, 5.8, 8.8, 9.8, 10.9, and 12.9; it also includes two extra property classes: 8.8.3 and 10.9.3. [31] ASTM property classes are to be stamped on the top of screws and it is preferred that the marking is raised. [32]

Head markings and strengths for metric hex-head cap screws[32]

Yield Tensile Core
Proof
Head Grade, material Nominal size strength strength hardness
strength
marking & condition range [mm] (min) (min) [Rockwel
[MPa]
[MPa] [MPa] l]
Class 3.6[33] 1.6–36 180 190 330 B52–95
Class 4.6
Low or medium
carbon steel 5–100 225 240 400 B67–95
Class 4.8
Low or medium
carbon steel;
fully or partially
annealed 1.6–16 310 340 420 B71–95
Class 5.8
Low or medium
carbon steel;
cold worked 5–24 380 420 520 B82–95
Under 16
Class 8.8[22] (inc.) 580 640 800
Medium carbon
steel; quench
and tempered
Class 8.8 low
carbon
Low carbon
boron steel;
quench and
tempered
Class 8.8.3[31]
Atmospheric
corrosion
resistant steel;
quench and
tempered 17–72
ASTM A325M -
Type 1[34][35]
Medium carbon
steel; quench
and tempered
ASTM A325M -
Type 3[34][35]
Atmospheric
corrosion
resistant steel;
quench and
tempered 12–36 600 660 830 C23–34
Class 9.8
Medium carbon
steel; quench
and tempered
Class 9.8 low
carbon
Low carbon
boron steel;
quench and
tempered 1.6–16 650 720 900 C27–36
Class 10.9
Alloy steel;
quench and
tempered
Class 10.9 low
carbon
Low carbon
boron steel;
quench and
tempered

Class 10.9.3[31]
Atmospheric
corrosion
resistant steel;
quench and
tempered 5–100
ASTM A490M -
Type 1[34][36]
Alloy steel;
quench and
tempered
ASTM A490M -
Type 3[34][36]
Atmospheric
corrosion
resistant steel;
quench and
tempered 12–36 830 940 1040 C33–39
Class 12.9
Alloy steel;
quench and
tempered 1.6–100 970 1100 1220 C38–44
210 500
A2[22] minimum minimum
Stainless steel
with 17–19%
chromium and 450 700
8–13% nickel Up to 20 typical typical

ISO 3506-1 A2-50[citation needed]

304 stainless
steel-class 50
(annealed) 210 500

ISO 3506-1 A2-70[citation needed]

450 700
 304 stainless
steel-class 70
(cold worked) 450 700

ISO 3506-1 A2-80[citation needed]

304 stainless
steel-class 80 600 800

[edit] Shapes of screw head

(a) pan, (b) button, (c) round, (d) truss, (e) flat (countersunk), (f) oval

Pan head
A low disc with chamfered outer edge
Button or dome head
Cylindrical with a rounded top
Round head
Dome-shaped, commonly used for machine screws
Truss head
Lower-profile dome designed to prevent tampering
Flat head or countersunk
Conical, with flat outer face and tapering inner face allowing it to sink into the material
Oval or raised head
Countersunk with a rounded top
Bugle head
Similar to countersunk, but there is a smooth progression from the shank to the angle of the head, similar to the bell of a bugle
Cheese head
Disc with cylindrical outer edge, height approximately half the head diameter
Fillister head
Cylindrical, but with a slightly convex top surface. Height to diameter ratio is larger than cheese head.
Socket head
Cylindrical, relatively high, with different types of sockets (hex, square, torx, etc.)
Mirror screw head
Countersunk head with a tapped hole to receive a separate screw-in chrome-plated cover, used for attaching mirrors
Headless (set or grub screw)
Has either a socket or slot in one end for driving
Square head
A 4 sided head used for high torque driving with a wrench.

Some varieties of screw are manufactured with a break-away head, which snaps off when adequate torque is applied. This prevents tampering and disassembly and also provides an easily-inspectable joint to guarantee proper assembly. An example of this is the shear bolts used on car steering columns, to secure the
ignition switch.

Notes on Nuts and Bolts

A screw thread is a helical groove on a shaft. When used for delivering power, it is called a drive screw. Drive screws aren't really all that efficient, as they loose a significant amount of power to friction. However, this friction can be put to use in the case of threaded fasteners. You might say that a drive screw is an inclined plane wrapped around a post, while a fastener is a wedge wrapped around a po
Bolt Terms

-2A-3 bolt, with a 2" thread and a 1" shank.

As nuts and bolts are not perfectly rigid, but stretch slightly under load, the distribution of stress on the threads is not uniform. In fact, on a theoretically infinitely long bolt, the first thread takes a third of the load, the first three threads take three-quarters of the load, and the first six threads take essentially the whole load. Beyond the first six threads, the remaining threads are under essentially no load a

Stress on bolt
threads. Note
how the majority
of Thread % %Sum
the stress is on
the first thread to
the left. 1 34% 34%

Image from Spiralock. 2 23% 55%

3 16% 71%
4 11% 82%
5 9% 91%
6 7% 98%
There is little point in having more than six threads in anything. Nuts with National Coarse threads typically have 5 threads in them, whereas nuts with National Fine threads have about 8 threads. Nuts are usually stronger than the bolts they are on, which is to say that the bolt will usually break before the nut strips.
It is often said that two threads must be exposed above a nut. The reason for this is that the first two threads of a bolt are often poorly formed, and may not engage the nut properly. If they're not doing their share, the other threads in the nut will be overloaded, and the nut may strip.
Thread Terms
Metric and American threads both conform to the same profile, a series of equilateral triangles with the crests chopped off and the roots rounded.

xternal Standard Thread Profile

The depth of the threads is 54.127% of the distance between threads, and the radius of the rounded root is 14.434% of the distance between threads. Another way of looking at it would be to say that 1/8 of the height of each equilateral triangle is chopped off the top, and 1/4 of the height off the bottom, leaving only 5/8 of the height available. (The height of an equilateral triangle is equal to the width times
The root diameter of the thread is the nominal diameter minus 108.3% of the pitch of the thread. This means that fine threads have larger root diameters than coarse threads, and thus larger tap drill sizes. For threading using a tap or die, most threads are not cut to full depth, but to 75% or so. The resulting threads are not quite as strong, but full depth threading is very hard on the tap or die. Threading o
Thread Specifications
Thread specifications are written thus:
1/2-13UNC-2
which means:
· bolt diameter
· threads per inch
· thread type
· fit class
 There are four Fit Classes, ranging from falling-off-loose to scientific-instrument-tight.
· Class 1 = Loose
· Class 2 = Free
· Class 3 = Medium
· Class 4 = Close
The class is followed by an A for external (screw) threads and a B for internal (nut) threads. Most are class 2. 3 is for precision assembly, and 4 is used for things like lathe lead screws and measuring instruments.
In November 1948, NATO issued a new standard for threads, the Unified National system. American bolts had flat-bottomed groves between threads, which interfered with British round-topped threads. Likewise, British bolts wouldn't fit American nuts. The Unified system uses a round-bottom grove to fit the British threads, and a flat-topped thread to fit the American threads, so it not only fit itself,
merican/United National Threads
TPI TPI Root Dia. Hex SAE SAE SAE
Coarse Fine Coarse Head Washer Washer Washer
Size Diameter Size ID OD Thickness
#0 0.06 - 80 0.0447
#1 0.073 64 72 0.056
#2 0.086 56 64 0.0668 3
/32" 1
/4" 1
/32"
#3 0.099 48 56 0.0771
#4 0.112 40 48 0.0813 1
/8" 5
/16" 1
/32"
#5 0.125 40 44 0.0971
#6 0.138 32 40 0.1073 5
/32" 3
/8" 3
/64"
#8 0.164 32 36 0.1299 3
/16" 7
/16" 3
/64"
#10 0.19 24 32 0.157 7
/32" 1
/2" 1
/16"
#12 0.216 24 28 0.1722 1
/4" 9
/16" 1
/16"
1
/4" 0.25 20 28 0.185 3
/8" 9
/32" 5
/8" 1
/16"
5
/16" 0.3125 18 24 0.24 1
/2" 11
/32" 11
/16" 1
/16"
3
/8" 0.375 16 24 0.294 9
/16" 13
/32" 13
/16" 1
/16"
7
/16" 0.4375 14 20 0.344 5
/8" 15
/32" 15
/16" 1
/16"
1
/2" 0.5 13 20 0.4 3
/4" 17
/32" 1- /16"
1 3
/32"
9
/16" 0.5625 12 18 0.454 7
/8" 19
/32" 1- /16"
3 3
/32"
5
/8" 0.625 11 18 0.507 15
/16" 21
/32" 1-5/16" 3
/32"
3
/4" 0.75 10 16 0.62 1-1/8" 13
/16" 1-1/2" 1
/8"
7
/8" 0.875 9 14 0.731 1-5/16" 15
/16" 1-3/4" 1
/8"
1" 1 8 12 0.837 1-1/2" 1-1/16" 1-3/4" 1
/8"
A much more complete table is available here.
Metric Threads
Metric threads use the same thread profile as SAE threads. The biggest difference is that the thread pitch (distance between consecutive threads) is given instead of threads per unit distance.
Coarse Fine Root Dia. Hex ISO ISO ISO
Pitch Pitch Coarse Head Washer Washer Washer
mm mm mm Size ID OD Thickness
Diameter mm mm mm mm
1 0.25 0.7294
1.1 0.25 0.8294
1.2 0.25 0.9294
1.4 0.3 1.075
1.6 0.35 1.221 3.2
1.8 0.35 1.421
2 0.4 1.567 4
2.2 0.45 1.713
2.5 0.45 2.013 5
3 0.5 2.459 5.5 3.4 7 0.6
3.5 0.6 2.85
4 0.7 0.5 3.242 7 4.5 9 0.9
4.5 0.75 0.5 3.688
5 0.8 0.5 4.134 8 5.5 10 11
5.5 0.5
6 1 0.5 4.917 10 6.7 12.5 1.8
7 1 0.75 5.917
8 1.25 0.75 6.647 13 8.7 17 1.8
9 1.25 0.75 7.647
10 1.5 0.75 8.376 16 10.9 21 2.2
11 1.5 0.75 9.376
12 1.75 0.75 10.11 18 13.4 24 2.7
14 2 1 11.83 21
16 2 1 13.83 24 17.4 30 3.3
18 2.5 1 15.29
20 2.5 1 17.29 30 21.5 37.9 3.3
Bolt Strength
The Society of Automotive Engineering has issued standard J429, which sets forth standards for both strength. The SAE grade of a bolt is marked on it's head in the form of short radial lines, the number of lines being two less than the SAE grade (i.e.. 3 lines for grade 5).
SAE Grade Size Range Strength (psi)
1 1
/4" to 1-1/2" 60,000
2 /4" to 3/4"
1
74,000
2 7
/8" to 1-1/2" 60,000
5 1
/4" to 1" 120,000
5 1-1/8" to 1-1/2" 105,000
7 1
/4" to 1-1/2" 133,000
8 1
/4" to 1-1/2" 150,000
ASTM standards are sometimes used as well; A325 bolts are the equivalent of SAE 5, and A490 bolts are the equivalent of SAE 8.
 Preload
A very misunderstood part of bolting stuff together is preload, which is the tension placed on the bolt by the nut (as opposed to the load). A sufficiently high preload will protect the bolt from fatigue as the load changes, as the varying load will change the clamping force on the bolted components, rather than the tension on the bolt. (This is not strictly true, but for a tinkerer like me, it's adequate.) As a
In order for this to work, however, the joint must be stiffer than the bolt. For this reason, the shank of high-tech bolts are often necked down to the same diameter of the root of the thread. As long as it isn't thinner than the root of the thread, it isn't any weaker than the thread, and therefore doesn't effect overall bolt strength, but it is significantly less stiff than the original shank.
There are two ways to measure preload on a bolt; a torque wrench, and by measuring the angle the nut has turned. Of the two, the latter is more accurate, as friction plays a significant - and more importantly, indeterminate - role when using a torque wrench.
orque = K × preload × diameter
K, the so-called Nut Factor, usually varies between 0.3 and 0.1, and is very sensitive to a number of factors, ranging from temperature to thread condition, even to how fast the bolt is tightened.
Measuring the angle the nut has turned is simply measuring how much the bolt is stretching, equal to the pitch (distance between threads) times the number of turns. Using this requires that the components being bolted don't compress much (or compress a known amount), and that the "spring rate" of the bolt be known.
s = preload ÷ (spring rate × pitch)
For example, if the "spring rate" of a 1/2-13 bolt is 50,000 pounds per inch (note that I made that up, and that most bolts will yield long before stretching an inch), and you need 500 pounds of preload, you'll need to stretch the bolt 500 ÷ 50000 = 0.01 inch. At 13 threads per inch (0.0769 inches per thread), this would equate to 0.13 turns, or about 45° past snug.
If more than one bolt is used in a joint, and those bolts are closer together than about four diameters, the preload on one bolt will effect the preload on the other bolts by compressing the joint. This effect is called "crosstalk", and then all bets are off. Joints that are significantly less stiff than the bolts, such as joints involving gaskets, suffer much worse from crosstalk. The best way to control crosstalk i

Hex Head Bolt Markings

The strength and type of steel used in a bolt is supposed to be indicated by a raised mark on the head of the bolt. The type of mark depends on the standard to which the bolt was manufactured. Most often, bolts used in machinery are made to SAE standard J429, and bolts used in structures are made to various ASTM standards. The tables below give the head markings and some of the most commonly-needed information concerning the bolts. For f

SAE Bolt Designations

SAE Size Tensile
Grade range strength,
No. ksi Material Head marking
1 1/4 thru 1-1/2 60 Low or
medium
carbon steel
2 1/4 thru 3/4 74
7/8 thru 1-1/2 60
5 1/4 thru 1 120 Medium
carbon steel,
1-1/8 thru 1-1/2 105 quenched &
tempered
5.2 1/4 thru 1 120 Low carbon
martensite
steel,
quenched &
tempered
7 1/4 thru 1-1/2 133 Medium
carbon
alloy steel,
quenched &
tempered
8 1/4 thru 1-1/2 150 Medium
carbon
alloy steel,
quenched &
tempered
8.2 1/4 thru 1 150 Low carbon
martensite
steel,
quenched &
tempered

ASTM Bolt Designations

ASTM Size Tensile
standard range strength,
ksi Material Head marking
A307 1/4 thru 4 60 Low carbon
steel

A325 1/2 thru 1 120 Medium

carbon steel,

Type 1 1-1/8 thru 1-1/2 105 quenched &

tempered

A325 1/2 thru 1 120 Low carbon

Type 2 1-1/8 thru 1-1/2 105 martensite
steel,
quenched &
tempered
A325 1/2 thru 1 120 Weathering
steel,
Type 3 1-1/8 thru 1-1/2 105 quenched &
tempered
A449 1/4 thru 1 120 Medium
carbon steel,
1-1/8 thru 1-1/2 105 quenched &
tempered
1-3/4 thru 3 90
A490 1/4 thru 1-1/2 150 Alloy steel,
 1/4 thru 1-1/2 150
Type 1 quenched &
tempered
A490 1/4 thru 1-1/2 150 Weathering
steel,
Type 3 quenched &
tempered

Often one will find "extra" marks on a bolt head--marks in addition to those shown above. Usually these marks indicate the bolt's manufacturer.

ASTM A325 Type 2 bolts have been discontinued, but are included above because they can be found in existing structures. Their properties can be important in failure investigations. While the bolts shown above are among the most common in the U.S., the list is far from exhaustive. In addition to the other bolts covered by the SAE and ASTM standards, there are a host of international standards, of which ISO is perhaps the most well known.
ed around a post.

tially no load at all. Therefore, a nut or bolt with six threads acts very much like an infinitely long nut or bolt (and it's a lot cheaper).

he width times half of the square root of three; 5/8 of this is 0.54127.)
ie. Threading on a lathe presents no difficulty cutting to full depth.
only fit itself, but both existing systems.
equate.) As a rule of thumb, the preload should exceed the maximum load by 15% or so.

trol crosstalk is to use a carefully thought out tightening sequence (usually a spiral starting at the center, or for circular patterns, alternating bolts), and to tighten the bolts in small steps. Even so, it's a crap shoot.

g the bolts. For further information, see the appropriate standard.

well known.
at all. Therefore, a nut or bolt with six threads acts very much like an infinitely long nut or bolt (and it's a lot cheaper).

s half of the square root of three; 5/8 of this is 0.54127.)

on a lathe presents no difficulty cutting to full depth.
but both existing systems.
rule of thumb, the preload should exceed the maximum load by 15% or so.

is to use a carefully thought out tightening sequence (usually a spiral starting at the center, or for circular patterns, alternating bolts), and to tighten the bolts in small steps. Even so, it's a crap shoot.

further information, see the appropriate standard.

 Bolt Grade Markings and Strength Chart

Head Grade
Material
Markings or Class

American Bolts
Grade 2 Low or Medium Carbon Steel

No Markings

Grade 5 Medium Carbon Steel, Quenched and Tempered

3 Radial Lines
Grade 8 Medium Carbon Alloy Steel, Quenched and Tempered

6 Radial Lines
Stainless 18-8 Steel alloy with 17-19% Chromium and 8-13% Nickel
markings vary. Stainless
Most stainless
is non-
magnetic

Metric Bolts
Class 8.8 Medium Carbon Steel, Quenched and Tempered
 Class 8.8 Medium Carbon Steel, Quenched and Tempered

8.8
Class 10.9 Alloy Steel, Quenched and Tempered

10.9
Stainless A-2 Steel alloy with 17-19% Chromium and 8-13% Nickel
markings vary. Stainless
Most stainless
is non-
magnetic

Bolt Grade Markings and Strength Chart

US Bolts

Grade and
Head Marking Nominal Size Range (inches)
Material

Grade 2

Low or 1/4 thru 3/4

medium
carbon steel

No Markings Over 3/4 thru 1-1/2

Grade 5

Medium
Carbon Steel, 1/4 thru 1
Quenched
and
Tempered

3 Radial Lines Over 1 thru 1-1/2

Grade 8

1/4 thru 1-1/2

 Medium
Carbon Alloy
Steel, 1/4 thru 1-1/2
Quenched
and
Tempered

6 Radial Lines

18-8
1/4 thru 5/8

Steel alloy
with 17-19%
Chromium
and 8-13%
3/4 thru 1
Nickel

Stainless
markings vary.
Most stainless in
Above 1
non-magnetic

Source: http://www.boltdepot.com/fastener-information/Materials-and-Grades/Bolt-Grade-Chart.aspx

Metric Bolts

Class and
Head Marking Nominal Size Range (mm)
Material

Class 8.8

Medium
Carbon Steel, All Sizes below 16mm
Quenched
and
Tempered

8.8 16mm - 72mm

Class 10.9

Alloy Steel,
Quenched 5mm - 100mm
and
Tempered
 5mm - 100mm

10.9
Class 12.9

Alloy Steel,
Quenched 1.6mm - 100mm
and
Tempered
12.9

Stainless
markings vary.
Most stainless in A-2
non-magnetic Stainless

All Sizes thru 20mm

Steel alloy
with 17-19%
Chromium
Usually stamped and 8-13%
A-2 Nickel

Source: http://www.boltdepot.com/fastener-information/Materials-and-Grades/Bolt-Grade-Chart.aspx

Definitions
Tensile Strength: The maximum load in tension (pulling apart) which a material can withstand before breaking or fracturing.

Yield Strength: The maximum load at which a material exhibits a specific permanent deformation.

Proof Load: An axial tensile load which the product must withstand without evidence of any permanent set.

1MPa = 1N/mm2 = 0.2248 pounds/mm2

s and Strength Chart

Nominal Size
Range Mechanical Properties
Minimu
m
Proof Tensile
Load Minimum Yield Strengt
(Inches) (psi) Strength (psi) h (psi)
can Bolts
1/4 thru 3/4 55,000 57,000 74,000

Over 3/4 thru 1-1/2 33,000 36,000 60,000

1/4 thru 1 85,000 92,000 120,000

Over 1 thru 1-1/2 74,000 81,000 105,000

1/4 thru 1-1/2 120,000 130,000 150,000

1/4 thru 5/8 40,000 Min. 80,000 – 100,000

90,000 Typical –
125,000
Typical
3/4 thru 1 40,000 Min. 45,000 – 100,000
70,000 Typical Typical
Above 1 80,000 –
90,000
Typical

ic Bolts
All Sizes thru 1-1/2 85,000 92,000 120,000
 All Sizes thru 1-1/2 85,000 92,000 120,000

All Sizes thru 1-1/2 120,000 130,000 150,000

1/4 thru 5/8 40,000 Min. 80,000 – 100,000

90,000 Typical –
125,000
Typical
3/4 thru 1 40,000 Min. 45,000 – 100,000
70,000 Typical Typical
Above 1 80,000 –
90,000
Typical

and Strength Chart

olts
Mechanical Properties
Min.
Proof Min. Tensile
Yield
Load Strength Strength
(psi) (psi) (psi)

55,000 57,000 74,000

33,000 36,000 60,000

85,000 92,000 120,000

74,000 81,000 105,000

120,000 130,000 150,000

 120,000 130,000 150,000
40,000
Min
80,000 -
90,000 100,000 - 125,000
Typical Typical

40,000
Min. 100,000
45,000 -
70,000
Typical Typical
80,000 - 90,000
Typical

Bolt-Grade-Chart.aspx

Bolts
Mechanical Properties
Min.
Proof Min. Tensile
Yield
Load Strength Strength
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa)

580 640 800

600 660 830

830 940 1040

 830 940 1040

970 1100 1220

210 Min.
450
Typical

500 Min. 700 Typical

Bolt-Grade-Chart.aspx

ions
al can withstand before breaking or fracturing.

manent deformation.

dence of any permanent set.

 Metric Bolt Strength
6. General Fasteners.

a. USA industry is now using metric fasteners extensively. The remainder of the world uses ISO metric fasteners almost ex

b. The Thomas Register lists hundreds of firms under Metric Fasteners, Metric Screws, and Metric Bolts. The Industrial Fas

c. Metric fasteners for all aerospace applications are made readily and easily available at "rock" bottom price to all NASA an

d. Metric fastener size designation.

i. Metric fastener size designation nomenclature. As fully explained in ISO 965-1, Sect. 5, metric fastener size design

ii. Default metric fastener thread pitch and engagement length. If metric thread pitch designation (e.g., " x 1.5") is om

iii. Default metric fastener thread tolerance class. If thread tolerance class designation (e.g., "-6g") is omitted (e.g., M

iv. Equivalent imperial thread tolerance classes. Imperial internal and external thread tolerance class 2B/2A is essent

v. Metric fastener thread profile compatibility. Metric fastener thread profile M is the normal, commercially-available th

e. ISO metric fastener material strength property classes (grades). As given in ISO 898-1, ISO metric fastener materia

f. Preferred diameters. Preferred nominal diameters for bolts and threaded rod are as listed below. The fourth series liste

M2 2.5 3
4 5 6 8 10
12 16 20
First 24 30 36
choice: 42
M3.5 14
Second 18 22 27
choice: 33 39 45
Third M15 17
choice: 25 40
M7 9 11
26 28 32
Avoid: 35 38

g. Bolt versus screw definition. The correct definition of bolt and screw is as follows. Bolts are headed fasteners having ext

h. Handy conversion factors. Imperial conversion factors, verified accurate to the decimal places shown via multiple, inde

i. Metric system (SI). The abbreviation for the metric system is SI, the International System of Units (from the French,
8. Fastener Data. Tables 9 and 10 provide much of the data available for different metric fasteners. Table 9 comes verbatim

Table 9
FASTENER DATA

Basic Product Available For For

Product Type and Size thread mechanic
Head Range and al
Style dimension property
details details
refer to: refer to
Table 10
or:

Metric hex M5-M100 ANSI/

Bolts ASME
B18.2.3.5 ASTM
M F568M
heavy hex M12-M36 ANSI/
ASME
B18.2.3.6 ASTM
M F486M
round M8-M20 ANSI/
head ASME
short B18.5.2.1
square M
neck
ASTM
(carriage)
F738M
round M5-M24 ANSI/
head ASME
square B18.5.2.2
neck M
(carriage)
bent M5 and IFI 528
larger [sic]
heavy hex M12-M36 ANSI/ ASTM
structural ASME A325M
B18.2.3.7 ASTM
M A490M
hex M16-M24 IFI 541 IFI 541
transmissi [sic] [sic]
on tower

Metric hex cap M5-M100 ANSI/

Screws ASME
B18.2.3.1 ASTM
M F568M
Metric
Screws

formed M5-M24 ANSI/

hex ASME
B18.2.3.2 ASTM
M F468M
heavy hex M12-M36 ANSI/
ASME
B18.2.3.3 ASTM
M F738M
hex M5-M16 ANSI/
flange ASME
B18.2.3.4
M
heavy hex M10-M20 ANSI/
flange ASME
B18.2.3.9
M
hex lag M5-M24 ANSI/ see note
ASME 3 [sic]
B18.2.3.8
M

Metric double M5-M100 ASTM

Studs end F568M
ASTM
F468M
continuou M5-M100 IFI 528 ASTM
s thread [sic] F736M

Metric prevailing M1.6-M36 see note IFI 524

Locking torque, 3 [sic]
Screws non-
metallic
insert
chemical M6-M20 see note IFI 525
coated 3 [sic]

Metric socket M1.6-M48 ANSI/ ASTM

Socket head cap ASME A574M
Screws B18.3.1M ASTM
F837M
socket M6.5-M25 ANSI/
head ASME ASTM
shoulder B18.3.3M F835M
socket M3-M16 ANSI/
button ASME ASTM
head cap B18.3.4M A574M
socket M3-M20 ANSI/
countersu ASME
nk head B18.3.5M ASTM
cap F879M
 socket set M1.6-M24 ANSI/ ANSI/
ASME ASME
B18.3.6M B18.3.6M
ASTM
F912M
ASTM
F880M

Metric hex, style M1.6-M36 ANSI/

Nuts 1 ASME
B18.2.4.1 ASTM
M A563M
hex, style M3-M36 ANSI/
2 ASME
B18.2.4.2 ASTM
M F467M
slotted M5-M36 ANSI/
hex ASME
B18.2.4.3 ASTM
M F836M
hex M5-M20 ANSI/
flange ASME
B18.2.4.4 ASTM
M A194M
hex jam M5-M36 ANSI/
ASME
B18.2.4.5
M
heavy hex M12- ANSI/
M100 ASME
B18.2.4.6
M

Metric hex, steel M3-M36 ANSI/

Prevailing ASME
- B18.16.1
M
Torque hex M6-M20 ANSI/ ANSI/
Nuts flange, ASME ASME
steel B18.16.3 B18.16.2
M M

Notes for Table 10.

a. When only the ISO property class number is shown in Table 10, below, the class is standard in both ISO 898-1 and ASTM

b. To compute the tensile proof load, tensile yield strength, or tensile ultimate strength in kilonewtons (kN) for a bolt, screw,

c. In general, identification markings are located on the top of the head and preferably are raised.
 d. Class 5.8 products are available in lengths 150 mm and less.

e. Caution is advised when considering the use of property class 12.9 products. The capabilities of the fastener manufactur

Table 10
MECHANICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CARBON STEEL
EXTERNALLY-THREADED METRIC FASTENERS

Property Nominal Material Mechanical Requirements Property

Class Size of and Proof Tensile Tensile Prod. Hardness, Rockwell Class
Designati Product Treatment Load Yield Ultimate Ident.
on Stress, Strength, Strength, Marking
MPa MPa, Min. MPa, Min. Surface, Core
Max. Min. Max.

4.6 M5-M100 low or 225 240 400 -- B67 B95 4.6

medium
carbon
steel
4.8 M1.6-M16 low or 310 340 420 -- B71 B95 4.8
medium
carbon
steel, fully
or partially
annealed

5.8 M5-M24 low or 380 420 520 -- B82 B95 5.8

medium
carbon
steel, cold
worked

8.8 M16-M72 medium 600 660 830 30N56 C23 C34 8.8
carbon
steel,
quenched
and
A325M M16-M36 tempered A325M
Type 1 8S
8.8 M16-M36 low 600 660 830 30N56 C23 C34 8.8
carbon
boron
steel,
quenched
and
A325M tempered A325M
Type 2 8S
A325M M16-M36 atmosphe 600 660 830 30N56 C23 C34 A325M
Type 3 ric 8S3
corrosion
resistant
steel,
quenched
and
tempered

9.8 M1.6-M16 medium 650 720 900 30N58 C27 C36 9.8
carbon
steel,
quenched
and
tempered

9.8 M1.6-M16 low 650 720 900 30N58 C27 C36 9.8
carbon
boron
steel,
quenched
and
tempered

10.9 M5-M20 medium 830 940 1040 30N59 C33 C39 10.9
carbon
steel,
quenched
and
tempered

10.9 M5-M100 medium 830 940 1040 30N59 C33 C39 10.9
carbon
alloy
steel,
quenched
and
A490M M12-M36 tempered A490M
Type 1 10S
10.9 M5-M36 low 830 940 1040 30N59 C33 C39 10.9
carbon
boron
steel,
quenched
and
A490M M12-M36 tempered A490M
Type 2 10S
A490M M12-M36 atmosphe 830 940 1040 30N59 C33 C39 A490M
Type 3 ric 10S3
corrosion
resistant
steel,
quenched
and
tempered
 12.9 M1.6- alloy 970 1100 1220 30N63 C38 C44 12.9
M100 steel,
quenched
and
tempered

Return to Structural Analysis Reference Library.

metric fasteners almost exclusively, due to their superiority in proportions, fatigue strength, pitch, size and specification designations, and int

Bolts. The Industrial Fasteners Institute (IFI) has guides for fastener types and producers.

ttom price to all NASA and contractor employees via NASA GSFC Fastener Inventory.

etric fastener size designations always begin with capital M or MJ followed by fastener nominal diameter and thread pitch, both in units of m

nation (e.g., " x 1.5") is omitted, it specifies coarse pitch threads. For example, M10 or M10-6g, by default, specifies M10 x 1.5. The standa

"-6g") is omitted (e.g., M10 x 1.5), it specifies "medium" thread tolerance, which is 6H/6g. The 6H/6g fit is the standard ISO tolerance clas

nce class 2B/2A is essentially equivalent to ISO thread tolerance class and fit 6H/6g. Imperial tolerance class 3A is approximately equivale

commercially-available thread profile. Thread profile MJ designates the external thread has an increased root radius (shallower root relativ

O metric fastener material property classes (grades) should be used. For example, fastener material ISO property class 5.8 means nomina

w. The fourth series listed below should be limited to unusual requirements when none of the preceding series can be used. Reference in

aded fasteners having external threads that meet an exacting, uniform bolt thread specification (such as M, MJ, UN, UNR, and UNJ) such th

s shown via multiple, independent, credible sources, are 25.4 mm/inch (exact), 4.4482216152605 N/lbf, 6.89475729318 MPa/ksi, 47.88025

its (from the French, Systeme International d'Unites). It evolved from the original French metric system and is currently being used virtually
Table 9 comes verbatim from Ref. 1, including what appear to be a few typos, marked "[sic]," below. Table 10, on the other hand, has bee
both ISO 898-1 and ASTM documents. Properties specified in each are identical except for minor exceptions. Where differences exist, the

ns (kN) for a bolt, screw, or stud, multiply the stress value (MPa) in Table 10 by the tensile stress area (mm^2) of the product's screw threa
of the fastener manufacturer, as well as the anticipated service environment, should be carefully considered. Some environments may caus
 tion designations, and international availability.

ad pitch, both in units of millimeters (mm), separated by the symbol "x", as follows. M10 x 1.5-6g-S means metric fastener thread profile M,

es M10 x 1.5. The standard metric fastener thread series for general purpose threaded components is the M thread profile and the coarse p

ndard ISO tolerance class for general use.

is approximately equivalent to ISO tolerance class 4g6g, though class fit 3B/3A is approximately equivalent to ISO class fit 4H5H/4h6h. Fo

dius (shallower root relative to external M thread profile), thereby having higher fatigue strength (due to reduced stress concentrations), but

y class 5.8 means nominal (minimum) tensile ultimate strength 500 MPa and nominal (minimum) tensile yield strength 0.8 times tensile ultim

an be used. Reference individual standards prior to specification. Sizes M5 to M45 are commonly used in construction.

N, UNR, and UNJ) such that they can accept a nontapered nut. Screws are headed, externally-threaded fasteners that do not meet the abo

29318 MPa/ksi, 47.880259 Pa/psf, 112.98483 (N mm)/(in lbf), 157.08746 (N/m^3)/pcf, 16.0184634 (kg/m^3)/(lbm/ft^3), 27679.9047 (kg/m^

rently being used virtually worldwide. Long the language universally used in science and among technically adept individuals, SI has also
n the other hand, has been verified accurate per ISO 898-1 and ASTM F 568M.
here differences exist, the ASTM F 568M values are given.

the product's screw thread as given in Table 9 or Standard Metric Bolt Shank Dimensions, then divide this result by 1000.
e environments may cause stress corrosion cracking of nonplated, as well as electroplated, products.
 fastener thread profile M, fastener nominal size (nominal major diameter) 10 mm, thread pitch 1.5 mm, external thread tolerance class 6g,

ad profile and the coarse pitch thread series. If thread engagement length group designation (e.g., "-S") is omitted, it specifies thread engag

O class fit 4H5H/4h6h. For full details, see ISO 965-1, Sects. 5.2, 7, and 12.

ress concentrations), but requires the truncated crest height of the MJ internal thread to prevent interference at the external MJ thread root

ngth 0.8 times tensile ultimate strength or 0.8(500) = 400 MPa. (In a few cases, the actual tensile ultimate strength may be approximately 2

s that do not meet the above definition of bolts. For full discussion of misdefinitions and corresponding confusion regarding these two word

/ft^3), 27679.9047 (kg/m^3)/(lbm/in^3), 9.80665 (m/s^2)/gravity (exact). Rounding these conversion factors to a few less decimal places, w

t individuals, SI has also become the dominant language of international commerce and trade. All new USA standards (ASTM, ANSI, SAE
hread tolerance class 6g, and thread engagement length group S ("short"). If referring to internal thread tolerance, "g" would be capitalized

d, it specifies thread engagement length group N meaning "normal."

e external MJ thread root (just as the UNJ external thread profile requires the UNJ internal thread). However, M external threads are comp

h may be approximately 20 MPa higher than nominal tensile ultimate strength indicated via the nominal property class code. Consult Table

regarding these two words, see details.

ew less decimal places, we have 4.448222 N/lbf, 6.89476 MPa/ksi, 47.8803 Pa/psf, 113.0 (N mm)/(in lbf), 157.087 (N/m^3)/pcf, 16.01846 (k

dards (ASTM, ANSI, SAE, IEEE, ASME, etc.) are now written in metric, as the lead engineers in these organizations recognize the importa
, "g" would be capitalized. A fit between threaded parts is indicated by internal thread tolerance class followed by external thread tolerance

external threads are compatible with M and MJ internal threads (just as UN and UNR external threads are compatible with UN and

lass code. Consult Table 10, below, for exact values.) Many anchor bolts (L, J, and U bolts, and threaded rod) are made from low carbon

(N/m^3)/pcf, 16.01846 (kg/m^3)/(lbm/ft^3), 27679.9 (kg/m^3)/(lbm/in^3).

ns recognize the importance of trying to get the USA on track with technically advanced countries, in an effort to regain lost USA competitiv
external thread tolerance class separated by a slash; e.g., M10 x 1.5-6H/6g.

ble with UN and UNJ internal threads).

re made from low carbon steel grades, such as ISO classes 4.6, 4.8, and 5.8.

egain lost USA competitiveness in a global economy, as there is essentially no global market for the archaic, oddball, incompatible product
ball, incompatible product dimensions USA arbitrarily comes up with, while they forfeit industries and jobs to third-world countries who have
world countries who have no problem understanding something so simple and fulfilling the need efficiently. IEEE was intelligent enough to
was intelligent enough to recognize this decades ago. Japan also was intelligent enough to recognize simple matters such as this long ago
tters such as this long ago. This small country, defeated in WWII only 60 years ago, has since captured a large portion of the global econo
ortion of the global economy due to their intelligent progress, and consequently has become a major global financier, while USA has becom
ier, while USA has become a world-class debtor to the tune of trillions due to inefficient business practices, low educational level, slackerism
ducational level, slackerism, and inability to solve or understand even simple problems such as metric conversion.
 MECHANICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CARBON STEEL
EXTERNALLY-THREADED METRIC FASTENERS
Property Class Nominal Material Mechanical Requirements
Designation Size of and Proof Tensile Tensile Prod. Hardness, Rockwell
Product Treatmen Load Yield Ultimate Surface, Core
t Stress, Strength, Strength, Max. Min.
MPa MPa, Min. MPa, Min.
4.6 M5-M100 low or 225 240 400 -- B67
medium
carbon
steel
4.8 M1.6-M16 low or 310 340 420 -- B71
medium
carbon
steel, fully
or partially
annealed

5.8 M5-M24 low or 380 420 520 -- B82

medium
carbon
steel, cold
worked

8.8 M16-M72 medium 600 660 830 30N56 C23

carbon
steel,
quenched
and
A325M Type 1 M16-M36 tempered

8.8 M16-M36 low 600 660 830 30N56 C23

carbon
boron
steel,
quenched
and
A325M Type 2 tempered

A325M Type 3 M16-M36 atmosphe 600 660 830 30N56 C23

ric
corrosion
resistant
steel,
quenched
and
tempered

9.8 M1.6-M16 medium 650 720 900 30N58 C27

carbon
steel,
quenched
and
tempered
 9.8 M1.6-M16 low 650 720 900 30N58 C27
carbon
boron
steel,
quenched
and
tempered

10.9 M5-M20 medium 830 940 1040 30N59 C33

carbon
steel,
quenched
and
tempered

10.9 M5-M100 medium 830 940 1040 30N59 C33

carbon
alloy
steel,
quenched
and
A490M Type 1 M12-M36 tempered

10.9 M5-M36 low 830 940 1040 30N59 C33

carbon
boron
steel,
quenched
and
A490M Type 2 M12-M36 tempered

A490M Type 3 M12-M36 atmosphe 830 940 1040 30N59 C33

ric
corrosion
resistant
steel,
quenched
and
tempered

12.9 M1.6- alloy 970 1100 1220 30N63 C38

M100 steel,
quenched
and
tempered
EL

ents Property
Hardness, Rockwell Class
Core Ident.
Max. Marking

B95 4.6

B95 4.8

B95 5.8

C34 8.8

A325M
8S
C34 8.8

A325M
8S
C34 A325M
8S3

C36 9.8
C36 9.8

C39 10.9

C39 10.9

A490M
10S
C39 10.9

A490M
10S
C39 A490M
10S3

C44 12.9